Ca exchange under non-perfusion-limited conditions in rat ventricular cells: identification of subcellular compartments

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (2) ◽  
pp. H592-H602
Author(s):  
G. A. Langer ◽  
T. L. Rich ◽  
F. B. Orner
Keyword(s):  
Ventricular Myocytes ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Subsequent Removal ◽  
Perfusion Rate ◽  
Ventricular Cells ◽  
Rat Hearts ◽  
Intermediate Compartment ◽  
Peak Release ◽  
45Ca Release ◽  
Sarcolemmal Integrity

Freshly prepared ventricular myocytes from rat hearts, aliquots of which were tested for sarcolemmal integrity by La exposure, were labeled at high 45Ca specific activity. Isotope was subsequently washed out at a perfusion rate of 2.8 ml/s with washout solution sampled each 1 s. No initial unrecorded period of washout was imposed. Four compartments were distinguishable: 1) a "rapid" compartment (RC) containing 2.6 mmol Ca/kg dry wt of La-displaceable Ca, half time (t1/2) less than 1 s; 2) an "intermediate" compartment(s) (IC) containing 2.1 mmol, t1/2 = 3 and 19 s; 3) a "slow" compartment (SC) containing 1.6 mmol, t1/2 = 3.6 min; 4) an "inexchangeable" compartment that demonstrated no 45Ca uptake after 60-min labeling containing 1.2 mmol. Introduction of 10 mM caffeine as a probe for sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) content at various times during the washouts caused an increased release of 45Ca. The net increased 45Ca release plotted as a function of time at which caffeine was introduced produced a biexponential curve with t1/2s of 2 and 22 s, very similar to the t1/2s of the IC. Ryanodine (1 microM) significantly reduced the caffeine-induced 45Ca release, confirming the SR locus of the IC. Cells were perfused with 10 mM NaH2PO4 to specifically increase mitochondrial 45Ca labeling. Subsequent removal of PO4 at various times during washouts produced large increases in effluent 45Ca. A plot of the net peak release of 45Ca vs. time of PO4 removal was monoexponential with t1/2 = 3.3 min, very similar to the SC t1/2. The large La-accessible RC remains unlocalized, but the rapidity of its exchange places it in the sarcolemma and/or at sites in rapid equilibrium with the sarcolemma.

scholarly journals Cardiac small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels in health and disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 473 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Dong Zhang ◽  
Phung N. Thai ◽  
Deborah K. Lieu ◽  
Nipavan Chiamvimonvat
Keyword(s):  
Ventricular Myocytes ◽  
Pulmonary Veins ◽  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Sk Channels ◽  
Sk Channel ◽  
Ventricular Cells ◽  
Intracellular Ca ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Small Conductance

AbstractSmall-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK, KCa2) channels are encoded by KCNN genes, including KCNN1, 2, and 3. The channels play critical roles in the regulation of cardiac excitability and are gated solely by beat-to-beat changes in intracellular Ca2+. The family of SK channels consists of three members with differential sensitivity to apamin. All three isoforms are expressed in human hearts. Studies over the past two decades have provided evidence to substantiate the pivotal roles of SK channels, not only in healthy heart but also with diseases including atrial fibrillation (AF), ventricular arrhythmia, and heart failure (HF). SK channels are prominently expressed in atrial myocytes and pacemaking cells, compared to ventricular cells. However, the channels are significantly upregulated in ventricular myocytes in HF and pulmonary veins in AF models. Interests in cardiac SK channels are further fueled by recent studies suggesting the possible roles of SK channels in human AF. Therefore, SK channel may represent a novel therapeutic target for atrial arrhythmias. Furthermore, SK channel function is significantly altered by human calmodulin (CaM) mutations, linked to life-threatening arrhythmia syndromes. The current review will summarize recent progress in our understanding of cardiac SK channels and the roles of SK channels in the heart in health and disease.

scholarly journals Altered Na/Ca exchange distribution in ventricular myocytes from failing hearts

2016 ◽  
Vol 310 (2) ◽  
pp. H262-H268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanne C. Gadeberg ◽  
Simon M. Bryant ◽  
Andrew F. James ◽  
Clive H. Orchard
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Ventricular Myocytes ◽  
Cell Voltage ◽  
Coronary Artery Ligation ◽  
Sham Operation ◽  
Ca Current ◽  
Artery Ligation ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Rat Hearts ◽  
T Tubules

In mammalian cardiac ventricular myocytes, Ca efflux via Na/Ca exchange (NCX) occurs predominantly at T tubules. Heart failure is associated with disrupted t-tubular structure, but its effect on t-tubular function is less clear. We therefore investigated t-tubular NCX activity in ventricular myocytes isolated from rat hearts ∼18 wk after coronary artery ligation (CAL) or corresponding sham operation (Sham). NCX current ( INCX) and l-type Ca current ( ICa) were recorded using the whole cell, voltage-clamp technique in intact and detubulated (DT) myocytes; intracellular free Ca concentration ([Ca]i) was monitored simultaneously using fluo-4. INCX was activated and measured during application of caffeine to release Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Whole cell INCX was not significantly different in Sham and CAL myocytes and occurred predominantly in the T tubules in Sham myocytes. CAL was associated with redistribution of INCX and ICa away from the T tubules to the cell surface and an increase in t-tubular INCX/ ICa density from 0.12 in Sham to 0.30 in CAL myocytes. The decrease in t-tubular INCX in CAL myocytes was accompanied by an increase in the fraction of Ca sequestered by SR. However, SR Ca content was not significantly different in Sham, Sham DT, and CAL myocytes but was significantly increased by DT of CAL myocytes. In Sham myocytes, there was hysteresis between INCX and [Ca]i, which was absent in DT Sham but present in CAL and DT CAL myocytes. These data suggest altered distribution of NCX in CAL myocytes.

Larger late sodium current density as well as greater sensitivities to ATX II and ranolazine in rabbit left atrial than left ventricular myocytes

2014 ◽  
Vol 306 (3) ◽  
pp. H455-H461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antao Luo ◽  
Jihua Ma ◽  
Yejia Song ◽  
Chunping Qian ◽  
Ying Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Left Atrial ◽  
Ventricular Myocytes ◽  
Sodium Current ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Atrial Myocytes ◽  
Open Probability ◽  
Late Sodium Current ◽  
Ventricular Cells ◽  
Open Time ◽  
Hill Slope

An increase of cardiac late sodium current ( INa.L) is arrhythmogenic in atrial and ventricular tissues, but the densities of INa.L and thus the potential relative contributions of this current to sodium ion (Na+) influx and arrhythmogenesis in atria and ventricles are unclear. In this study, whole-cell and cell-attached patch-clamp techniques were used to measure INa.L in rabbit left atrial and ventricular myocytes under identical conditions. The density of INa.L was 67% greater in left atrial (0.50 ± 0.09 pA/pF, n = 20) than in left ventricular cells (0.30 ± 0.07 pA/pF, n = 27, P < 0.01) when elicited by step pulses from −120 to −20 mV at a rate of 0.2 Hz. Similar results were obtained using step pulses from −90 to −20 mV. Anemone toxin II (ATX II) increased INa.L with an EC50 value of 14 ± 2 nM and a Hill slope of 1.4 ± 0.1 ( n = 9) in atrial myocytes and with an EC50 of 21 ± 5 nM and a Hill slope of 1.2 ± 0.1 ( n = 12) in ventricular myocytes. Na+ channel open probability (but not mean open time) was greater in atrial than in ventricular cells in the absence and presence of ATX II. The INa.L inhibitor ranolazine (3, 6, and 9 μM) reduced INa.L more in atrial than ventricular myocytes in the presence of 40 nM ATX II. In summary, rabbit left atrial myocytes have a greater density of INa.L and higher sensitivities to ATX II and ranolazine than rabbit left ventricular myocytes.

Basis for tetrodotoxin and lidocaine effects on action potentials in dog ventricular myocytes

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (6) ◽  
pp. H1157-H1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Wasserstrom ◽  
J. J. Salata
Keyword(s):  
Action Potential ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Ventricular Myocytes ◽  
Ionic Currents ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Na Channel ◽  
Na Current ◽  
Voltage Range ◽  
Purkinje Fibers ◽  
Ventricular Cells

We studied the effects of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and lidocaine on transmembrane action potentials and ionic currents in dog isolated ventricular myocytes. TTX (0.1-1 x 10(-5) M) and lidocaine (0.5-2 x 10(-5) M) decreased action potential duration, but only TTX decreased the maximum rate of depolarization (Vmax). Both TTX (1-2 x 10(-5) M) and lidocaine (2-5 x 10(-5) M) blocked a slowly inactivating toward current in the plateau voltage range. The voltage- and time-dependent characteristics of this current are virtually identical to those described in Purkinje fibers for the slowly inactivating inward Na+ current. In addition, TTX abolished the outward shift in net current at plateau potentials caused by lidocaine alone. Lidocaine had no detectable effect on the slow inward Ca2+ current and the inward K+ current rectifier, Ia. Our results indicate that 1) there is a slowly inactivating inward Na+ current in ventricular cells similar in time, voltage, and TTX sensitivity to that described in Purkinje fibers; 2) both TTX and lidocaine shorten ventricular action potentials by reducing this slowly inactivating Na+ current; 3) lidocaine has no additional actions on other ionic currents that contribute to its ability to abbreviate ventricular action potentials; and 4) although both agents shorten the action potential by the same mechanism, only TTX reduces Vmax. This last point suggests that TTX produces tonic block of Na+ current, whereas lidocaine may produce state-dependent Na+ channel block, namely, blockade of Na+ current only after Na+ channels have already been opened (inactivated-state block).

scholarly journals Adenosine A1receptor-mediated antiadrenergic effects are modulated by A2a receptor activation in rat heart

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (2) ◽  
pp. H341-H349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin R. Norton ◽  
Angela J. Woodiwiss ◽  
Robert J. McGinn ◽  
Mojca Lorbar ◽  
Eugene S. Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Receptor Agonist ◽  
Ventricular Myocytes ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Receptor Antagonists ◽  
Rat Hearts ◽  
Intracellular Ca ◽  
Perfused Rat Hearts

Presently, the physiological significance of myocardial adenosine A2a receptor stimulation is unclear. In this study, the influence of adenosine A2a receptor activation on A1 receptor-mediated antiadrenergic actions was studied using constant-flow perfused rat hearts and isolated rat ventricular myocytes. In isolated perfused hearts, the selective A2a receptor antagonists 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine (CSC) and 4-(2-[7-amino-2-(2-furyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[2,3-a][1,3,5]triazin-5-ylamino]ethyl)phenol (ZM-241385) potentiated adenosine-mediated decreases in isoproterenol (Iso; 10−8 M)-elicited contractile responses (+dP/d t max) in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of ZM-241385 on adenosine-induced antiadrenergic actions was abolished by the selective A1 receptor antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (10−7 M), but not the selective A3 receptor antagonist 3-ethyl-5-benzyl-2-methyl-4-phenylethynyl-6-phenyl-1,4-(±)-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate (MRS-1191, 10−7 M). The A2a receptor agonist carboxyethylphenethyl-aminoethyl-carboxyamido-adenosine (CGS-21680) at 10−5 M attenuated the antiadrenergic effect of the selective A1 receptor agonist 2-chloro- N 6-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA), whereas CSC did not influence the antiadrenergic action of this agonist. In isolated ventricular myocytes, CSC potentiated the inhibitory action of adenosine on Iso (2 × 10−7 M)-elicited increases in intracellular Ca2+concentration ([Ca2+]i) transients but did not influence Iso-induced changes in [Ca2+]itransients in the absence of exogenous adenosine. These results indicate that adenosine A2areceptor antagonists enhance A1-receptor-induced antiadrenergic responses and that A2a receptor agonists attenuate (albeit to a modest degree) the antiadrenergic actions of A1 receptor activation. In conclusion, the data in this study support the notion that an important physiological role of A2a receptors in the normal mammalian myocardium is to reduce A1 receptor-mediated antiadrenergic actions.

Abstract 1503: Knockdown of Mog1 Expression Reduces Sodium Currents by Reducing the Trafficking of Cardiac Sodium Channel Na V 1.5 to the Cell Membrane

Circulation ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susmita Chakrabarti ◽  
Sandro Yong ◽  
Shin Yoo ◽  
Ling Wu ◽  
Qing Kenneth Wang
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Channel ◽  
Ventricular Myocytes ◽  
Sodium Current ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Heart Association ◽  
Hek293 Cells ◽  
Similar Reduction ◽  
Mammalian Expression ◽  
Ventricular Cells ◽  
Cardiac Sodium Channel

The cardiac sodium channel (Na v 1.5) plays a significant role in cardiac physiology and leads to cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death when mutated. Modulation of Na v 1.5 activity can also arise from changes to accessory subunits or proteins. Our laboratory has recently reported that MOG1, a small protein that is highly conserved from yeast to humans, is a co-factor of Na v 1.5. Increased MOG1 expression has been shown to increase Na v 1.5 current density. In adult mouse ventricular myocytes, these two proteins were found to be co-localized at the intercalated discs. Here, we further characterize the regulatory role of MOG1 using the RNA interference technique. Sodium current was recorded in voltage-clamp mode from a holding potential of −100 mV and activated to −20 mV. In 3-day old mouse neonatal ventricular cells transfected with siRNA against mouse MOG1 decreased sodium current densities (pA/pF) compared to control or scramble siRNA treated cells (−10.2±3.3, n=11 vs. −165±16, n=20 or −117.9±11.7, n=11). A similar reduction in sodium current was observed in mammalian expression system consisting of HEK293 cells stably expressing human Na v 1.5, by transfecting siRNAs against either human or mouse MOG1 (−41.7±8.3, n=7 or, −82.6±9.6, n=7 vs. −130.6±11.5, n=7; −111.5±8.5, n=7, respectively). Immunocytochemistry revealed that the expression of MOG1 and Na v 1.5 were decreased in both HEK and neonatal cells when compared to scramble siRNAs or control groups. These results show that MOG1 is an essential co-factor for Na v 1.5 by way of a channel trafficking. Such interactions between MOG1 and Na v 1.5 suggest that early localization of MOG1 on the membrane of neonatal cardiomyocytes may be necessary for proper localization and the distribution of Na v 1.5 during cardiac development. This research has received full or partial funding support from the American Heart Association, AHA National Center.

Glutathione and K+ channel remodeling in postinfarction rat heart

2002 ◽  
Vol 282 (6) ◽  
pp. H2346-H2355 ◽  
Author(s):  
George J. Rozanski ◽  
Zhi Xu
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Glutathione Reductase ◽  
Ventricular Myocytes ◽  
K Channel ◽  
Glycolytic Flux ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Tissue Extracts ◽  
Rat Hearts ◽  
Glutamylcysteine Synthetase ◽  
Pentose Pathway

Electrical remodeling of the diseased ventricle is characterized by downregulation of K+ channels that control action potential repolarization. Recent studies suggest that this shift in electrophysiological phenotype involves oxidative stress and changes in intracellular glutathione (GSH), a key regulator of redox-sensitive cell functions. This study examined the role of GSH in regulating K+ currents in ventricular myocytes from rat hearts 8 wk after myocardial infarction (MI). Colorimetric analysis of tissue extracts showed that endogenous GSH levels were significantly less in post-MI hearts compared with controls, which is indicative of oxidative stress. This change in GSH status correlated with significant decreases in activities of glutathione reductase and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Voltage-clamp studies of isolated myocytes from post-MI hearts demonstrated that downregulation of the transient outward K+ current ( I to) could be reversed by pretreatment with exogenous GSH or N-acetylcysteine, a precursor of GSH. Upregulation of I to was also elicited by dichloroacetate, which increases glycolytic flux through the GSH-related pentose pathway. This metabolic effect was blocked by inhibitors of glutathione reductase and the pentose pathway. These data indicate that oxidative stress-induced alteration in the GSH redox state plays an important role in I to channel remodeling and that GSH homeostasis is influenced by pathways of glucose metabolism.

Temperature-dependent expression of sarcolemmal K+ currents in rainbow trout atrial and ventricular myocytes

2002 ◽  
Vol 282 (4) ◽  
pp. R1191-R1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matti Vornanen ◽  
Ari Ryökkynen ◽  
Antti Nurmi
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Cardiac Myocytes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Ventricular Myocytes ◽  
Cardiac Contractility ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
Delayed Rectifier ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Delayed Rectifier Current ◽  
Ventricular Cells

Temperature has a strong influence on the excitability and the contractility of the ectothermic heart that can be alleviated in some species by temperature acclimation. The molecular mechanisms involved in the temperature-induced improvement of cardiac contractility and excitability are, however, still poorly known. The present study examines the role of sarcolemmal K+ currents from rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) cardiac myocytes after thermal acclimation. The two major K+ conductances of the rainbow trout cardiac myocytes were identified as the Ba2+-sensitive background inward rectifier current ( I K1) and the E-4031-sensitive delayed rectifier current ( I Kr). In atrial cells, the density of I K1 is very low and the density of I Kr is remarkably high. The opposite is true for ventricular cells. Acclimation to cold (4°C) modified the two K+ currents in opposite ways. Acclimation to cold increases the density of I Kr and depresses the density of I K1. These changes in repolarizing K+ currents alter the shape of the action potential, which is much shorter in cold-acclimated than warm-acclimated (17°C) trout. These results provide the first concrete evidence that K+channels of trout cardiac myocytes are adaptable units that provide means to regulate cardiac excitability and contractility as a function of temperature.

Determinants of action potential initiation in isolated rabbit atrial and ventricular myocytes

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (6) ◽  
pp. H1902-H1913 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Golod ◽  
Rajiv Kumar ◽  
Ronald W. Joyner
Keyword(s):  
Action Potential ◽  
Ventricular Myocytes ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Resting Membrane Potential ◽  
Isolated Cells ◽  
Atrial Cells ◽  
Ventricular Cells ◽  
Action Potential Initiation ◽  
Potential Initiation

Action potential conduction through the atrium and the ventricle of the heart depends on the membrane properties of the atrial and ventricular cells, particularly with respect to the determinants of the initiation of action potentials in each cell type. We have utilized both current- and voltage-clamp techniques on isolated cells to examine biophysical properties of the two cell types at physiological temperature. The resting membrane potential, action potential amplitude, current threshold, voltage threshold, and maximum rate of rise measured from atrial cells (−80 ± 1 mV, 109 ± 3 mV, 0.69 ± 0.05 nA, −59 ± 1 mV, and 206 ± 17 V/s, respectively; means ± SE) differed significantly ( P < 0.05) from those values measured from ventricular cells (−82.7 ± 0.4 mV, 127 ± 1 mV, 2.45 ± 0.13 nA, −46 ± 2 mV, and 395 ± 21 V/s, respectively). Input impedance, capacitance, time constant, and critical depolarization for activation also were significantly different between atrial (341 ± 41 MΩ, 70 ± 4 pF, 23.8 ± 2.3 ms, and 19 ± 1 mV, respectively) and ventricular (16.5 ± 5.4 MΩ, 99 ± 4.3 pF, 1.56 ± 0.32 ms, and 36 ± 1 mV, respectively) cells. The major mechanism of these differences is the much greater magnitude of the inward rectifying potassium current in ventricular cells compared with that in atrial cells, with an additional difference of an apparently lower availability of inward Na current in atrial cells. These differences in the two cell types may be important in allowing the atrial cells to be driven successfully by normal regions of automaticity (e.g., the sinoatrial node), whereas ventricular cells would suppress action potential initiation from a region of automaticity (e.g., an ectopic focus).

scholarly journals Adeno-Associated Viral Transfer of Glyoxalase-1 Blunts Carbonyl and Oxidative Stresses in Hearts of Type 1 Diabetic Rats

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 592
Author(s):  
Fadhel A. Alomar ◽  
Abdullah Al-Rubaish ◽  
Fahad Al-Muhanna ◽  
Amein K. Al-Ali ◽  
JoEllyn McMillan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Ventricular Myocytes ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Confocal Imaging ◽  
Glyoxalase 1 ◽  
Microvascular Leakage ◽  
Oxidative Stresses ◽  
Rat Hearts ◽  
Longitudinal Strains

Accumulation of methylglyoxal (MG) arising from downregulation of its primary degrading enzyme glyoxalase-1 (Glo1) is an underlying cause of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DC). This study investigated if expressing Glo1 in rat hearts shortly after the onset of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) would blunt the development of DC employing the streptozotocin-induced T1DM rat model, an adeno-associated virus containing Glo1 driven by the endothelin-1 promoter (AAV2/9-Endo-Glo1), echocardiography, video edge, confocal imaging, and biochemical/histopathological assays. After eight weeks of T1DM, rats developed DC characterized by a decreased E:A ratio, fractional shortening, and ejection fraction, and increased isovolumetric relaxation time, E: e’ ratio, and circumferential and longitudinal strains. Evoked Ca2+ transients and contractile kinetics were also impaired in ventricular myocytes. Hearts from eight weeks T1DM rats had lower Glo1 and GSH levels, elevated carbonyl/oxidative stress, microvascular leakage, inflammation, and fibrosis. A single injection of AAV2/9 Endo-Glo1 (1.7 × 1012 viron particles/kg) one week after onset of T1DM, potentiated GSH, and blunted MG accumulation, carbonyl/oxidative stress, microvascular leakage, inflammation, fibrosis, and impairments in cardiac and myocyte functions that develop after eight weeks of T1DM. These new data indicate that preventing Glo1 downregulation by administering AAV2/9-Endo-Glo1 to rats one week after the onset of T1DM, blunted the DC that develops after eight weeks of diabetes by attenuating carbonyl/oxidative stresses, microvascular leakage, inflammation, and fibrosis.

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