In Vivo Visualization of Intracardiac Structures With Gaseous Carbon Dioxide

1956 ◽  
Vol 186 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Oppenheimer ◽  
T. M. Durant ◽  
H. M. Stauffer ◽  
G. H. Stewart ◽  
P. R. Lynch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Left Heart ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Gas ◽  
Great Vessels ◽  
Gaseous Carbon Dioxide ◽  
The Right

Carbon dioxide gas was injected a) intravenously, b) into the left heart, c) into the peripheral end of the carotid artery. Resulting cardiovascular and respiratory changes were observed by cinefluorography and by measurements of pressure pulses in various locations. Blood and respiratory gas changes were also observed. All changes were minimal (seconds duration) when the gas was introduced on the right or left side of the circulation. Injection into the peripheral carotid produced no untoward effects. The gas gave good visualization of valves and great vessels. Body position was not an important factor in mortality and morbidity when carbon dioxide was the gas used for contrast visualization by a cinefluorography x-ray technique. Carbon dioxide is a safe contrast medium to use for in vivo study of intracardiac structures. The gas has been used successfully by intravenous injection in human cases.

Lung volumes and distribution of regional air content determined by cine X-ray CT of pneumonectomized rabbits

1994 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 1774-1785 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Olson ◽  
E. A. Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Lung Volume ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Vertical Gradient ◽  
Volume Distribution ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Air Content ◽  
The Right

Lung volume, gradients in lung air content, and maximum in vivo lung dimensions were determined in rabbits in the prone, supine, and right and left lateral positions with a high-speed electron beam X-ray computed tomography scanner (Imatron C-100). Measurements were made at lung volumes corresponding to tracheal pressures of 0, 10, and 25 cmH2O. Three groups of rabbits were studied > or = 8 wk after surgery: sham-operated controls, left pneumonectomized, and left pneumonectomized with wax plombage. The magnitudes of the gradients in each direction (lung, length, width, and height) depended on lung volume and body position. The vertical gradient in air content was the largest in each group in each posture. In general, pneumonectomy did not influence the effects of the prone and supine positions on lung volume and volume distribution but did influence the effects of the right and left lateral positions on those variables. These results may be attributed to the variable effects of the mediastinal and abdominal contents on regional distending pressures.

scholarly journals Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport Characteristics of the Blood of the Nile Monitor Lizard (Varanus Niloticus)

1987 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38
Author(s):  
JAMES W. HICKS ◽  
ATSUSHI ISHIMATSU ◽  
NORBERT HEISLER
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Transport ◽  
Monitor Lizard ◽  
The Right ◽  
Dissociation Curves

Oxygen and carbon dioxide dissociation curves were constructed for the blood of the Nile monitor lizard, Varanus niloticus, acclimated for 12h at 25 and 35°C. The oxygen affinity of Varanus blood was low when Pco2 w a s in the range of in vivo values (25°C: P50 = 34.3 at PCOCO2 = 21 mmHg; 35°C: P50 = 46.2 mmHg at PCOCO2 = 35 mmHg; 1 mmHg = 133.3 Pa), and the oxygen dissociation curves were highly sigmoidal (Hill's n = 2.97 at 25°C and 3.40 at 35°C). The position of the O2 curves was relatively insensitive to temperature change with an apparent enthalpy of oxygenation (ΔH) of −9.2kJ mol−1. The carbon dioxide dissociation curves were shifted to the right with increasing temperature by decreasing total CCOCO2 at fixed PCOCO2, whereas the state of oxygenation had little effect on total blood CO2 content. The in vitro buffer value of true plasma (Δ[HCO3−]pl/-ΔpHpl) rose from 12.0 mequiv pH−1−1 at 25°C to 17.5 mequiv pH−11−1 at 35°C, reflecting a reversible increase of about 30% in haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit levels during resting conditions in vivo.

Morphometric Characterization and Finite Element Modeling of the Physiological Tricuspid Valve

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Stevanella ◽  
Emiliano Votta ◽  
Massimo Lemma ◽  
Carlo Antona ◽  
Alberto Redaelli
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Tricuspid Valve ◽  
Heart Valves ◽  
Heart Surgery ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Left Heart ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Right

The tricuspid valve (TV) is the right atrio-ventricular valve. The most common TV disease is secondary or functional tricuspid regurgitation (FTR), an important complication of left-sided valvular heart lesions, which frequently persists after mitral and aortic valve operations. FTR is associated with high mortality and morbidity and requires surgical intervention, the preferential solution being TV repair through techniques such as annuloplasty performed during left heart surgery. However, significant residual regurgitation persists or recurs in 10% to 20% after annuloplasty, thus highlighting the incomplete understanding of the underlying mechanisms and the need for deeper insight into TV pathophysiology. At this purpose finite element models (FEMs) could be adopted, as suggested by their effective application to the biomechanical analysis of left heart valves. However, while for those several data are available regarding morphology and tissue mechanical properties, such information is missing for the TV, making it difficult to implement a FEM of the TV.

scholarly journals X-ray-based virtual slicing of TB-infected lungs

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Ortega-Gil ◽  
Juan José Vaquero ◽  
Mario Gonzalez-Arjona ◽  
Joaquín Rullas ◽  
Arrate Muñoz-Barrutia
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Agent ◽  
Contrast Agents ◽  
3D Visualization ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Right

AbstractHollow organs such as the lungs pose a considerable challenge for post-mortem imaging in preclinical research owing to their extremely low contrast and high structural complexity. The aim of our study was to enhance the contrast of tuberculosis lesions for their stratification by 3D x-ray–based virtual slicing. Organ samples were taken from five control and five tuberculosis-infected mice. Micro-Computed Tomography (CT) scans of the subjects were acquired in vivo (without contrast agent) and post-mortem (with contrast agent). The proposed contrast-enhancing technique consists of x-ray contrast agent uptake (silver nitrate and iodine) by immersion. To create the histology ground-truth, the CT scan of the paraffin block guided the sectioning towards specific planes of interest. The digitalized histological slides reveal the presence, extent, and appearance of the contrast agents in lung structures and organized aggregates of immune cells. These findings correlate with the contrast-enhanced micro-CT slice. The abnormal densities in the lungs due to tuberculosis disease are concentrated in the right tail of the lung intensity histograms. The increase in the width of the right tail (~376%) indicates a contrast enhancement of the details of the abnormal densities. Postmortem contrast agents enhance the x-ray attenuation in tuberculosis lesions to allow 3D visualization by polychromatic x-ray CT, providing an advantageous tool for virtual slicing of whole lungs. The proposed contrast-enhancing technique combined with computational methods and the diverse micro-CT modalities will open the doors to the stratification of lesion types associated with infectious diseases.

Effects of Kitchen Hood System on Thermal Comfort and Carbon Dioxide Gas Emission From an Urban Residential Kitchen in Developing Countries

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hamidur Rahman ◽  
A. K. M. Sadrul Islam ◽  
M. Ruhul Amin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Breathing Zone ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Gas ◽  
The Right

In this study, a typical kitchen having a standard dimension of 213cm × 243cm × 305cm was modelled with single open door exit. Steady state simulations were performed using three dimensional CFD code with appropriate boundary conditions. Two heat sources were used for modelling the kitchen that resembles the double burner gas stoves of urban residential kitchen in developing countries. In earlier works, the predictions were validated at an optimum grid resolution and the results were presented for thermal comfort [1] and carbon dioxide gas emission [2] under natural, forced and no ventilation cases. In the present work, a kitchen hood system is introduced and the results are presented for both thermal comfort and carbon dioxide gas emission. A comparative analysis has also been reported for the kitchen with and without the hood system. It was observed that the carbon dioxide gas concentration reduced significantly within the breathing zone due to use of kitchen hood system. In the breathing zone, the CO2 concentration is only 500 PPM which is 10 times lower than the close vent case. However, accumulation of high concentration gas was seen in the upper region of the breathing zone. Maximum CO2 concentration was seen about 4500 PPM at 1.2 m height from the breathing point near the roof of the kitchen. Analysis of thermal distributions revealed that high temperature zone in the right and frontal region of the cook’s position exists even for the case with kitchen hood system.

scholarly journals Migrating Souvenir Bullet: The Management Dilemma

2021 ◽  
pp. 097275312096649
Author(s):  
Srikant Kumar Swain ◽  
Rajnish Kumar Arora ◽  
Radhe Shyam Mittal
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Deficit ◽  
Temporal Region ◽  
Occipital Region ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cerebral Trauma ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
The Right

The cranio-cerebral trauma following gunshot injuries has high mortality and morbidity, with 66% to 90% victims dying before reaching hospital and only half of those treated in hospital surviving. However, in case of most salvageable patients, the question which poses dilemma to treating physicians is the decision as to when and why remove the retained missile. A 21-year-old man was observing a gunfight in the street from his balcony. Suddenly something struck his forehead and there was a small amount of bleeding toward the medial end of his left eyebrow. He had moderate headache and dizziness. Because of nonresolution of headache over seven days he was hospitalized and underwent X ray of the skull and CT of the head, which showed a retained metallic bullet in left inferior parieto-occipital region without any significant hemorrhage. As there was no neurological deficit or meningeal signs, he was managed conservatively. His symptoms improved gradually within next week and he was discharged home. His most recent follow-up was 28 months since injury and imaging showed migration of the bullet to the right inferior temporal region. As he was completely asymptomatic throughout, no intervention was offered. However, long-term follow-up for potential complications of migration, hydrocephalus, and abscess formation is advisable.

Dimensional responses of bronchi in apneic dogs to airway pressure, gases and drugs

1960 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaye H. Kilburn
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Airway Pressure ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Consistent Effect ◽  
Airway Pressures ◽  
The Right

To quantitate in vivo the morphological changes produced in bronchial dimensions by various stimuli, 42 sets of bronchograms were made of the right lungs of 23 anesthetized mongrel dogs. The effects of gases and drugs on bronchial length and width were estimated by comparing the bronchograms made at similar airway pressures with control bronchograms without these agents. Negative pressure, acetylcholine, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) and 5% carbon dioxide narrow bronchial segments. Positive pressure, atropine and isoproterenol widen and, to a lesser degree, lengthen them. Theophylline ethylenediamine (aminophyllinè) lacks a consistent effect on dimensions. Modifications of these techniques in man might yield data of value in differentiating bronchial abnormalities in patients with normal inspiratory bronchograms. Submitted on November 5, 1959

Removal of Alkali in the Red Mud Using CO2 at Ambient Conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 875-877 ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
Xin Ke Wang ◽  
Yi He Zhang ◽  
Feng Zhu Lv ◽  
Rong Rong Lu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Laboratory Study ◽  
Red Mud ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Titration Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Gas ◽  
Xrd Patterns

A laboratory study was carried out to investigate the ability of neutralization of red mud(RM) using carbon dioxide gas at ambient conditions. It was to evaluate the removal of alkali in the red mud using CO2.The neutralized red mud was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD) , FP-640 flame photometer and auto titration method. XRD patterns of red mud revealed that the intensity of sodalite was decreased by using CO2. The pH of red mud was decreased from 11 to 8 . The specific advantages of these processes are that, through adding with hydrochloric acid(HCl) and N-Methyldiethanolamine(MDEA), the removal of alkali in the red mud (Na2O) was decreased from 12.5% to 2.3% by adding with HCl.What is more , the removal ratio of sodium oxide in the red mud by adding with HCl can be received at 80%.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF DUAL-ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY IMAGES USING COMPUTER VISION METHODS

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (Suppl.1) ◽  
pp. 114-117
Author(s):  
N. Kirilov
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Automatic Segmentation ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Computer Methods ◽  
Golden Standard ◽  
The Right

PURPOSE: Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the “golden standard” for diagnosing osteoporosis. Its analyzing algorithm (software) makes it possible to distinguish the bone from the soft tissue. Until now there are only attempts to process and acquire images using automatic segmentation with convolutional neural networks (CNN). Machine reconstruction and precise specific models of anatomic structures from medical images could be accomplished using computer vision. The objective of the current work is to introduce the potential of the two computer methods and their application in the diagnostic DXA analysis. METHODS: DXA generates a report in the DICOM format which includes patient data (age, gender, height, weight, bone mineral density, T-score and Z-score) and an image of the scanned spine as well as the region of interest (ROI). The CNN methods are based mainly on intermediate analysis. The learning of the segmentation of CNN by generating segmentation labels using simple heuristic is done using computer vision. The functions of the loss and the architecture of the CNN is then determined. In that manner the right analysis of the existing medical image is made possible. RESULTS: The computer library OpenCV is the way to realize a model for the assessment of a DXA analysis. The library is available for Python programming language. The library has functions for the extraction of colour objects, image smoothing, Canny’s edge detector, Hough transform and methods for work with contours. CONCLUSIONS: The detection and extraction of images is fundamental for the analysis of DXA which is a step forward in the precision of the in-vivo diagnostic of the bone.

Use of Intravascular Carbon Dioxide Gas to Demonstrate Interatrial Septal Defects

1958 ◽  
Vol 195 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Winters ◽  
Michael Wilson ◽  
Dithi Chungcharoen ◽  
Herbert M. Stauffer ◽  
Thomas M. Durant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Left Atrium ◽  
Systolic Pressure ◽  
Systemic Blood Pressure ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Ventricular Systolic Pressure ◽  
Systemic Pressure ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Gas ◽  
The Right

Carbon dioxide gas injected intravenously will safely demonstrate experimental interatrial defects using a cinefluorographic technique. Under these experimental conditions gas may be demonstrated in the left atrium and ventricle. At the time gas passes through the defect the systemic pressure rises. In the absence of a defect the systemic pressure falls. Left ventricular systolic pressure levels parallel the changes in systemic blood pressure. The presence of gas in the right atrium elevates pressure in the left atrium only a few millimeters of mercury in controls and in the presence of interatrial defects.

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