Physiological and metabolic differences between visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) have different structures and metabolic functions and play different roles in the regulation of the mammal endocrine system. However, little is known about morphology and physiological and metabolic functions between VAT and SCAT in fish. We compared the morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of VAT and SCAT in Nile tilapia and measured their functions in energy intake flux, lipolytic ability, and gene expression patterns. SCAT contained more large adipocytes and nonadipocytes than VAT in Nile tilapia. VAT had higher lipid content and was the primary site for lipid deposition. Conversely, SCAT had higher hormone-induced lipolytic activity. Furthermore, SCAT had a higher percentage of monounsaturated and lower polyunsaturated fatty acids than VAT. SCAT had higher mitochondrial DNA, gene expression for fatty acid β-oxidation, adipogenesis, and brown adipose tissue characteristics, but it also had a lower gene expression for inflammation and adipocyte differentiation than VAT. SCAT and VAT have different morphological structures, as well as physiological and metabolic functions in fish. VAT is the preferable lipid deposition tissue, whereas SCAT exhibits higher lipid catabolic activity than VAT. The physiological functions of SCAT in fish are commonly overlooked. The present study indicates that SCAT has specific metabolic characteristics that differ from VAT. The differences between VAT and SCAT should be considered in future metabolism studies using fish as models, either in biomedical or aquaculture studies.

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282 ADIPOGENIC DIFFERENTIATION IN VITRO OF PORCINE ADULT MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS

Reproduction Fertility and Development ◽

10.1071/rdv21n1ab282 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 238 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. Monaco ◽

A. Lima ◽

S. Wilson ◽

S. Lane ◽

M. Bionaz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Bone Marrow ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Adipogenic Differentiation ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Mrna Abundance ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

The quantity and accessibility of subcutaneous adipose tissue in humans make it an attractive alternative to bone marrow as a source of adult stem cells for therapeutic purposes. However, before such a cell source substitution can be proposed, the properties of stem cells derived from adipose tissue (ADSC) and bone marrow (BMSC), and their differentiated progeny must be compared in an animal model, such as swine, that adequately simulates the structure and physiology of humans. The objective of this work was to induce adult porcine stem cells isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue and bone marrow to differentiate in vitro along the adipogenic lineage and to compare their transcript profile properties. ADSC and BMSC were isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue and femurs of adult pigs, respectively, and differentiated along the adipogenic lineage using specific inducing medium. Cells were incubated up to 4 weeks with medium replaced every 3 days. Histological staining with Oil Red O was performed at 0, 2, 4, 7, 14, 21, 28 days of differentiation (dd) to confirm the adipogenic differentiation. RNA was also extracted at these time points. qPCR was performed on PPARG, DBI, ACSL1, CD36, CEBPA, DGAT2, ADFP, ADIPOQ, SCD. The geometrical mean of GTF2H3, NUBP, and PPP2CB was used as an internal control. Gene expression was analyzed using a mixed model of SAS with repeated time. The adipogenic differentiation of both ADSC and BMSC was confirmed by the Oil Red O positive staining. The relative mRNA abundance of all the genes at dd0 was similar between the ADSC and BMSC. The relative mRNA abundance of most of the genes was also similar between ADSC and BMSC throughout the adipogenic differentiation. ACSL1 and ADIPOQ had analogous expression patterns among the cell types. ACSL1 had relatively large mRNA abundance before differentiation, but ADIPOQ was barely detectable. As a consequence of differentiation, ACSL1 increased in relative mRNA abundance about 10-fold, whereas ADIPOQ mRNA increased about 1000-fold. Temporal expression patterns of SCD, DGAT2, and ADFP were similar. The increase in gene expression was >800% for SCD, >500% for ADFP, and >50 000% for DGAT2 after 7dd. ADSC had significantly higher expression of those genes compared to BMSC at 14 and 28dd. Both ADIPOQ and DGAT2 were almost undetectable prior to differentiation. mRNA expression of CD36 and DBI was similar with a significantly larger increase in expression of ADSC compared with BMSC. Relative mRNA abundance of CEBPA and PPARG was also larger in ADSC compared with BMSC; however, BMSC had a remarkable increase in temporal expression of those genes throughout adipogenic differentiation. These results suggest both cell types can differentiate towards the adipogenic lineage but with quantitatively different gene expression patterns. More investigation is needed before the ADSC can be considered a practical alternative source for stem cells in future human clinical applications. This research was supported by the Illinois Regenerative Medicine Institute.

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Dynamic gene expression profiles during postnatal development of porcine subcutaneous adipose

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.1768 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. e1768 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jie Zhang ◽

Jideng Ma ◽

Keren Long ◽

Long Jin ◽

Yihui Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Cell Cycle ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Model Organism ◽

Digital Gene Expression ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

A better understanding of the control of lipogenesis is of critical importance for both human and animal physiology. This requires a better knowledge of the changes of gene expression during the process of adipose tissue development. Thus, the objective of the current study was to determine the effects of development on subcutaneous adipose tissue gene expression in growing and adult pigs. Here, we present a comprehensive investigation of mRNA transcriptomes in porcine subcutaneous adipose tissue across four developmental stages using digital gene expression profiling. We identified 3,274 differential expressed genes associated with oxidative stress, immune processes, apoptosis, energy metabolism, insulin stimulus, cell cycle, angiogenesis and translation. A set of universally abundant genes (ATP8,COX2,COX3,ND1, ND2,SCDandTUBA1B) was found across all four developmental stages. This set of genes may play important roles in lipogenesis and development. We also identified development-related gene expression patterns that are linked to the different adipose phenotypes. We showed that genes enriched in significantly up-regulated profiles were associated with phosphorylation and angiogenesis. In contrast, genes enriched in significantly down-regulated profiles were related to cell cycle and cytoskeleton organization, suggesting an important role for these biological processes in adipose growth and development. These results provide a resource for studying adipose development and promote the pig as a model organism for researching the development of human obesity, as well as being used in the pig industry.

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Differential Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Gene Expression Patterns in a Randomized Clinical Trial of Efavirenz or Lopinavir-Ritonavir in Antiretroviral-Naive Patients

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.03481-14 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 58 (11) ◽

pp. 6717-6723 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

L. Egaña-Gorroño ◽

E. Martínez ◽

P. Domingo ◽

M. Loncà ◽

T. Escribà ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Clinical Trial ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Randomized Clinical Trial ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Expression Change ◽

Adipose Tissue Gene Expression ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose ◽

Tissue Gene Expression

ABSTRACTGene expression studies of subcutaneous adipose tissue may help to better understand the mechanisms behind body fat changes in HIV-infected patients who initiate antiretroviral therapy (ART). Here, we evaluated early changes in adipose tissue gene expression and their relationship to fat changes in ART-naive HIV-infected patients randomly assigned to initiate therapy with emtricitabine/tenofovir plus efavirenz (EFV) or ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV/r). Patients had abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies at baseline and week 16 and dual-energy-X-ray absorptiometry at baseline and weeks 16 and 48. mRNA changes of 11 genes involved in adipogenesis, lipid and glucose metabolism, mitochondrial energy, and inflammation were assessed through reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Additionally, correlations between gene expression changes and fat changes were evaluated. Fat increased preferentially in the trunk with EFV and in the limbs with LPV/r (P< 0.05). After 16 weeks of exposure to the drug regimen, transcripts ofCEBP/A,ADIPOQ,GLUT4,LPL, andCOXIVwere significantly down-regulated in the EFV arm compared to the LPV/r arm (P< 0.05). Significant correlations were observed betweenLPLexpression change and trunk fat change at week 16 in both arms and betweenCEBP/AorCOXIVchange and trunk fat change at the same time point only in the EFV arm and not in the LPV/r arm. When combined with emtricitabine/tenofovir as standard backbone therapy, EFV and LPV/r induced differential early expression of genes involved in adipogenesis and energy metabolism. Moreover, these mRNA expression changes correlated with trunk fat change in the EFV arm. (This was a substudy of a randomized clinical trial [LIPOTAR study] registered atClinicalTrials.govunder identifier NCT00759070.)

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DNA methylation in adipocytes from visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue influences insulin-signaling gene expression in obese individuals

International Journal of Obesity ◽

10.1038/s41366-020-00729-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Aneta Cierzniak ◽

Dorota Pawelka ◽

Krzysztof Kaliszewski ◽

Jerzy Rudnicki ◽

Tadeusz Dobosz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Dna Methylation ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Insulin Signaling ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

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Eicosapentaenoic Acid Increases Browning Markers in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue and Primary Adipocytes from Wild Type and UCP-1 Deficient Mice (P15-007-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz037.p15-007-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Shasika Jayarathne ◽

Mandana Pahlavani ◽

Latha Ramalingam ◽

Shane Scoggin ◽

Naima Moustaid-Moussa

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Eicosapentaenoic Acid ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Uncoupling Protein ◽

Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 ◽

Chow Diet ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Wild Type ◽

Brown Adipose ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

Abstract Objectives Brown adipose tissue (BAT) regulates energy balance through thermogenesis, in part via uncoupling protein -1 (UCP-1). White adipose tissue (WAT), namely subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) can convert to a beige/brite adipose tissue phenotype (browning) under thermogenic conditions such as cold. We previously reported that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) reduced obesity and glucose intolerance, and increased UCP-1 in BAT of B6 mice at ambient temperature (22°C); and these effects were attenuated at thermoneutral environment (28–30°C). We hypothesized that EPA exerts anti-obesity effects on SAT, including increased browning, adipocyte hypotrophy; and these effects require UCP-1. Methods Six-week-old B6 wild type (WT) and UCP-1 knock-out (KO) male mice were maintained at thermoneutral environment and fed high fat diet (HF) with or without 36 g/kg of AlaskOmega EPA-enriched fish oil (800 mg/g) for 14 weeks; and SAT was collected for histological, gene and protein analyses. SAT was also prepared from chow diet-fed WT and KO mice at ambient environment to prepare stroma vascular cells, which were differentiated into adipocytes, treated with 100uM EPA for 48 hours then harvested for mRNA and protein analyses. Results KO mice fed HF diets had the highest body weight (P < 0.05) among all groups. EPA reduced fat cell size in both WT and KO mice fed the EPA diet. mRNA levels of fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) were higher in SAT of WT mice fed EPA compared to WT mice fed HF (P < 0.05), with no differences between the KO genotype. KO mice fed HF diets had lower levels of UCP-3 in SAT compared to WT mice fed HF (P < 0.05), which was rescued only in the KO mice fed EPA (P < 0.05). UCP-1 protein levels were very low in SAT tissues, and UCP-2 mRNA levels were similar across all groups in SAT. Interestingly, EPA significantly (P < 0.05) increased mRNA expression of UCP-2, UCP-3 and FGF21 in differentiated SAT adipocytes from both WT and KO compared to control. Furthermore, UCP-1 mRNA levels were significantly higher in WT adipocytes treated with EPA, compared to non-treated cells (P < 0.05). Additional mechanistic studies are currently underway to further dissect adipose depot differences in EPA effects in WT vs. KO mice. Conclusions Our data suggest that EPA increases SAT browning, independently of UCP-1. Funding Sources NIH/NCCIH.

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