scholarly journals Capsaicin-treated rats permanently overingest low- but not high-concentration sucrose solutions

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (5) ◽  
pp. R1805-R1812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Kelly ◽  
Silvia Morales ◽  
Brenda K. Smith ◽  
Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Visceral Afferents ◽  
Gastric Distension ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Sucrose Consumption ◽  
Constant Energy ◽  
Unfamiliar Food ◽  
Sucrose Solutions ◽  
Chemical Ablation

The effect of capsaicin-induced chemical ablation of visceral afferents on 1-h liquid sucrose consumption was investigated in food-deprived rats. We first show that although 10% sucrose is permanently overconsumed by capsaicin-treated (CAPs) compared with vehicle-treated (VEHs) control rats, 40% sucrose is only overconsumed during the first but not subsequent 1-h exposures. Furthermore, one group of CAPs lost the overconsumption response at 20% when exposed to progressively increasing sucrose concentrations of 10–40%, and another group recovered the overconsumption response at 10% when exposed to a series of decreasing concentrations. Control rats ingested relatively constant volumes of sucrose over the range of 10, 15, and 20%, resulting in significantly different energy intakes. In contrast, CAPs generally showed a concentration-dependent decrease in volume intake, resulting in relatively constant energy intake. These results suggest that capsaicin-sensitive visceral afferents, likely from gastric distension and other preabsorptive sensors, provide major control over volume ingested. In the absence of these signals, rats initially overconsume, but rapidly learn to use other signals from capsaicin-resistant preabsorptive or postabsorptive sites, to control future intake. This redundant satiety system appears to be sensitive to the osmotic value or caloric content of the unfamiliar food, but only if this is above a threshold of about 15% sucrose.

The effect of level and pattern of energy intake during late pregnancy on the performance of housed Scottish Blackface ewes

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. McClelland ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Total Period ◽  
Constant Energy

SUMMARYSixty Scottish Blackface ewes were used in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment in which two levels of metabolizable energy (ME) were given during the final 6 weeks of pregnancy. In two treatments 1600 and 2000 kcal M E were given daily over the total period while in the remaining treatments daily ME intakes were 1200 and 1600 kcal ME during the first 3 weeks of the feeding period and 2000 and 2400 kcal ME during the last 3 weeks. Digestible crude protein (DCP) intakes were constant at approximately 30 g per head daily in the constant energy treatments and 15 and 45 g per head daily in the first and second periods respectively for the low-high energy treatments.Energy intake had no statistically significant effect on lamb birth weight nor on ewe net body-weight change (change from the start of the experimental feeding period to immediately post partum). Ewes on low-high energy intakes had a significantly lower net body-weight loss than did ewes on constant energy intakes. Pattern of feeding had no significant effect on lamb birth weights. Negative nitrogen balances were found during the first feeding period where the daily DCP intake was approximately 15 g per head.

scholarly journals The Response to Exercise with Constant Energy Intake in Identical Twins

1994 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 400-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Bouchard ◽  
Angelo Tremblay ◽  
Jean-Pierre Després ◽  
Germain Thériault ◽  
André Nadeauf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Identical Twins ◽  
Constant Energy ◽  
Response To Exercise

Enhanced initial and sustained intake of sucrose solution in mice with an oxytocin gene deletion

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (6) ◽  
pp. R1798-R1806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet A. Amico ◽  
Regis R. Vollmer ◽  
Hou-ming Cai ◽  
Julie A. Miedlar ◽  
Linda Rinaman
Keyword(s):  
Gene Deletion ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Sucrose Intake ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Sucrose Consumption ◽  
Initial Exposure ◽  
Sucrose Solutions ◽  
Ad Libitum

Laboratory mice drink little sucrose solution on initial exposure, but later develop a strong preference for sucrose over water that plateaus after a few days. Both the initial neophobia and later plateau of sucrose intake may involve central oxytocin (OT) signaling pathways. If so, then mice that lack the gene for OT [OT knockout (KO)] should exhibit enhanced initial and sustained sucrose intake compared with wild-type (WT) cohorts. To test this hypothesis, female OT KO and WT mice (11–13 mo old) were given a two-bottle choice between 10% sucrose and water available ad libitum for 4 days. On the first day, sucrose intake was 20-fold greater in OT KO mice compared with WT cohorts. The avid sucrose consumption by OT KO mice increased further on day 2 and was sustained at significantly higher levels than intake by WT mice. Enhanced initial and sustained sucrose intake also was observed in 5- to 7-mo-old male OT KO mice. The effect of genotype was observed over a range of sucrose concentrations and was maintained over at least 8 days of continual exposure. However, there was no effect of genotype on daily intake of sucrose-enriched powdered chow. These findings indicate that the genetic absence of OT in mice is associated with enhanced initial and sustained intake of sucrose solutions. Thus central OT pathways may normally participate in limiting initial intake of novel ingesta and may also participate in limiting intake of sweet, highly palatable familiar ingesta.

THE INFLUENCE OF BREED ON THE EFFICIENCY OF GROWTH AND MUSCLE DEPOSITION IN BULLS AND HEIFERS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.D.M. JONES ◽  
M.A. PRICE ◽  
R.T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Constant Amount ◽  
Constant Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Daily Gain

Two breeds (Hereford (HE), and Dairy Synthetic (DY)), and two sexes (bulls and heifers) were compared for various measures of efficiency in beef production. DY animals had greater (P < 0.001) birthweights, and greater weaning weights (P < 0.001) than HE animals. At weaning, 16 animals of each breed-sex combination were grouped four to a pen and fed a high-concentrate cereal diet ad libitum to one of two slaughter weights (485 kg, 575 kg). Average daily gain and liveweight gained per 100 MJ dietary energy (DE) was greater (P < 0.05) for DY bulls than HE bulls. Average daily gain, but not liveweight gained per 100 MJ DE was greater (P < 0.05) for DY heifers than HE heifers. There were no differences (P < 0.05) in muscle gain per unit of liveweight among breed-sex combinations. At a constant liveweight DY bulls produced significantly (P < 0.05) more muscle than HE bulls, and DY heifers, significantly more (P < 0.05) than HE heifers. Muscle gain per 100 MJ DE was highest for DY bulls and lowest for DY heifers. For a constant amount of feed energy (23 241 MJ DE) DY bulls produced 20.1 kg (16%) more muscle than HE heifers. The overall results thus indicate that breed and sex cause important differences in the amount of carcass muscle produced for a constant energy intake.

Kwashiorkor in western Nigeria: a study of traditional weaning foods, with particular reference to energy and linoleic acid

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Naismith
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Eicosatrienoic Acid ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Weaning Foods ◽  
Arachidonic Acids

1. The fatty-acid composition of the plasma total lipids of children with kwashiorkor and of healthy infants was determined by gas–liquid chromatography. Breast milk from Yoruba mothers, and traditional weaning foods, were also analysed for fatty acids, and for protein, fat and carbohydrate.2. Evidence of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency was obtained in the children with kwashiorkor. The proportions of linoleic and arachidonic acids were reduced in the plasma lipids, whereas the endogenous eicosatrienoic acid showed a marked increase. The triene:tetraene ratio had the abnormally high value of 1·08. These changes were consistent with the prolonged ingestion of suboptimal amounts of linoleic acid.3. Breast milk was of good quality, with a particularly high concentration of retinol. The milk was also rich in linoleic acid, and was thus discounted as a factor in the development of EFA deficiency, but the weaning foods were found to provide substantially less than the minimum recommended intake of 1% of the total energy as linoleic acid.4. The maize pap with which the children with kwashiorkor had been fed for several months before the appearance of acute symptoms provided almost 7% of the energy as protein, but only 1·21 MJ (290 kcal)/kg. To satisfy energy requirements, it would have been necessary to consume 3–4 kg of the pap each day.5. It is concluded that the protein deficiency which leads to the development of kwashiorkor in the Yoruba community arises from a very severe restriction in energy intake rather than from the consumption of foods very low in protein at adequate or excessive levels of energy intake.

scholarly journals High Osmolarity Extends Life Span in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a Mechanism Related to Calorie Restriction

2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 8056-8066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Kaeberlein ◽  
Alex A. Andalis ◽  
Gerald R. Fink ◽  
Leonard Guarente
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Calorie Restriction ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
High Osmolarity ◽  
The Media ◽  
Mother Cells

ABSTRACT Calorie restriction (CR) extends life span in many different organisms, including mammals. We describe here a novel pathway that extends the life span of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mother cells but does not involve a reduction in caloric content of the media, i.e., there is growth of yeast cells in the presence of a high concentration of external osmolytes. Like CR, this longevity-promoting response to high osmolarity requires SIR2, suggesting a common mechanism of life span regulation. Genetic and microarray analysis indicates that high osmolarity extends the life span by activating Hog1p, leading to an increase in the biosynthesis of glycerol from glycolytic intermediates. This metabolic shift likely increases NAD levels, thereby activating Sir2p and promoting longevity.

Sucrose and Dental Caries

1987 ◽  
Vol 5 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aubrey Sheiham
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Sharp Rise ◽  
Sucrose Consumption ◽  
Extracellular Synthesis ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Relationship

Sucrose is unequivocally implicated in the cause of dental caries. Biochemical, microbiological, animal and human clinical and epidemiological evidence support a causal relationship. The risk of caries is related both to the amount and the frequency of intake of sucrose. The evidence that sucrose is important is that a) extracellular synthesis of polysaccharides by plaque bacteria is dependent on high concentration of sucrose. Without synthesis of polymers S. mutans cannot colonize the mouth in large numbers, b) studies on animals show a relationship between sucrose content of a food and its cariogenicity, c) there is a direct relationship between the quantity of sucrose consumed and caries in humans, d) the relationship between dietary sucrose and caries in humans approximates an S-shaped curve that rises more steeply when the sucrose-containing products are consumed frequently and when newly erupted teeth are present in young children and adolescents. Following the sharp rise, the curve flattens out. Sucrose is much more cariogenic than starch in humans. Reduction in sucrose consumption levels by half will benefit dental health and is unlikely to have any detrimental effects on health.

Endurance training with constant energy intake in identical twins: Changes over time in energy expenditure and related hormones

Metabolism ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 499-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Tremblay ◽  
E.T. Poehlman ◽  
J.-P. Després ◽  
G. Thériault ◽  
E. Danforth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Identical Twins ◽  
Constant Energy ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals Acute Sleep Curtailment Increases Sweet Taste Preference, Appetite and Food Intake in Healthy Young Adults: A Randomized Crossover Trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eri Tajiri ◽  
Eiichi Yoshimura ◽  
Yoichi Hatamoto ◽  
Hideki Shiratsuchi ◽  
Shigeho Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Crossover Trial ◽  
Taste Preference ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Blood Tests ◽  
Randomized Crossover Trial ◽  
Sucrose Solutions ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

This study aimed to examine the effect of acute sleep curtailment on sweet taste preference, appetite and food intake, and the correlation between food intake and sweet taste preference or active ghrelin using a randomized crossover design (5 h sleep curtailment vs. 8 h control). Twenty-four participants (11 men) aged 21.4 ± 1.0 years, with BMI 19.8 ± 1.7 kg/m2, who habitually slept 5 h/night or more experienced interventions lasting three consecutive nights. Participants came into the laboratory for testing on day 4. Fasting blood tests were conducted at 8:00 a.m. to measure active ghrelin and leptin levels. Sweet taste preference was assessed by presenting five different concentration sucrose solutions at 9:00 a.m. Ad libitum intake at breakfast was assessed for 30 min from 9:30 a.m. Sweet taste preference was higher following sleep curtailment than control. Active ghrelin was likewise higher following sleep curtailment than control. Leptin did not differ between conditions. Energy intake was higher following sleep curtailment than control, being derived primarily from carbohydrates. However, sweet taste preference and active ghrelin did not correlate with energy intake. These results suggest that acute consecutive sleep curtailment increases sweet taste preference, active ghrelin, and energy intake in healthy young adults.

scholarly journals The Systemic–Evolutionary Theory of the Origin of Cancer (SETOC): A New Interpretative Model of Cancer as a Complex Biological System

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 4885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Mazzocca
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Eukaryotic Cell ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Complex Biological System ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Constant Energy ◽  
Unicellular Organisms ◽  
Cellular Components

The Systemic–Evolutionary Theory of Cancer (SETOC) is a recently proposed theory based on two important concepts: (i) Evolution, understood as a process of cooperation and symbiosis (Margulian-like), and (ii) The system, in terms of the integration of the various cellular components, so that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts, as in any complex system. The SETOC posits that cancer is generated by the de-emergence of the “eukaryotic cell system” and by the re-emergence of cellular subsystems such as archaea-like (genetic information) and/or prokaryotic-like (mitochondria) subsystems, featuring uncoordinated behaviors. One of the consequences is a sort of “cellular regression” towards ancestral or atavistic biological functions or behaviors similar to those of protists or unicellular organisms in general. This de-emergence is caused by the progressive breakdown of the endosymbiotic cellular subsystem integration (mainly, information = nucleus and energy = mitochondria) as a consequence of long-term injuries. Known cancer-promoting factors, including inflammation, chronic fibrosis, and chronic degenerative processes, cause prolonged damage that leads to the breakdown or failure of this form of integration/endosymbiosis. In normal cells, the cellular “subsystems” must be fully integrated in order to maintain the differentiated state, and this integration is ensured by a constant energy intake. In contrast, when organ or tissue damage occurs, the constant energy intake declines, leading, over time, to energy shortage, failure of endosymbiosis, and the de-differentiated state observed in dysplasia and cancer.

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