Inhibition of fibronectin polymerization alleviates kidney injury due to ischemia-reperfusion

Fibrosis is a common feature of chronic kidney disease; however, no clinical therapies effectively target the progression of fibrosis. Inhibition of fibronectin polymerization with the small peptide pUR4 attenuates fibrosis in the liver and heart. Here, we show that pUR4 decreases renal fibrosis and tissue remodeling using a clinically relevant model of kidney injury, unilateral ischemia-reperfusion. This work highlights the benefits of inhibiting matrix polymerization, alone or in conjunction with cell-based therapies, as a novel approach to diminish the maladaptive responses to ischemic kidney injury that lead to chronic renal failure.

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Inhibition of PTEN Activity Aggravates Post Renal Fibrosis in Mice with Ischemia Reperfusion-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry ◽

10.1159/000484070 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 43 (5) ◽

pp. 1841-1854 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Jun Zhou ◽

Jiying Zhong ◽

Sen Lin ◽

Zhenxing Huang ◽

Hongtao Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Acute Kidney Injury ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Renal Fibrosis ◽

Smooth Muscle Actin ◽

Ischemia Reperfusion ◽

Specific Inhibitor ◽

Kidney Injury ◽

Control Group ◽

Kidney Fibrosis

Background: Renal fibrosis is a common pathophysiological feature of chronic kidney disease. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as an independent causal factor of chronic kidney disease, with a pathological representation of post renal fibrosis. However, the etiopathogenesis underlying post renal fibrosis induced by AKI is not completely understood. Methods: BALB/c mice were treated with bpv or vehicle controls and were, respectively, the ischemia reperfusion (IR) model group and control group. All of the animals had blood taken from the orbital venous plexus at 24 hours after IR. Six mice in each group were randomly chosen and euthanized 7 days after IR treatment, and the remaining six mice in each group were euthanized 14 days after IR treatment. We examined the effect on post kidney fibrosis of inhibiting PTEN activity in mice in an IR induced AKI experimental model. Results: Compared with vehicle mice, bpv-(PTEN specific inhibitor) treated mice accumulated more bone marrow-derived fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in the kidneys. Inhibition of PTEN activity increased the expression of α-smooth muscle actin and extracellular matrix proteins and post kidney fibrosis. Furthermore, inhibition of PTEN activity resulted in more inflammatory cytokines in the kidneys of mice subjected to IR-induced renal fibrosis. Moreover, inhibition of PTEN activity up-regulated PI3K protein expression and Akt phosphorylation. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that PTEN played an important role in post renal fibrosis in mice with ischemia reperfusion-induced AKI. These results indicated that the PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway may serve as a novel therapeutic target for AKI-induced chronic kidney disease.

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Avaliação da Resiliência em Pacientes com Insuficiência Renal Crônica Submetidos à Hemodiálise / Assessment of Resilience in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Hemodialysis

REVISTA CIÊNCIAS EM SAÚDE ◽

10.21876/rcsfmit.v6i1.461 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 5-13

Author(s):

Renata Izabel dos Santos ◽

Otávia Regina Souza Costa

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Renal Failure ◽

Health Status ◽

Chronic Renal Failure ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Renal Insufficiency ◽

Social Economic ◽

Descriptive Study ◽

Psychological Resilience ◽

Resilience Scale

RESUMOObjetivo: Avaliar o nível de resiliência dos portadores de insuficiência renal crônica em tratamento de hemodiálise. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo prospectivo, quantitativo e de abordagem descritiva. A amostra foi constituída por 61 pacientes em tratamento dialítico. Para obtenção dos resultados, foi utilizada a escala de resiliência, desenvolvida por Wagnild e Young (1993) e adaptada por Pesce et al., (2005). Foi aplicado, também, um questionário para caracterização pessoal, familiar, social, econômica e de saúde do grupo. Resultados: Foi constatado que 61% dos pacientes apresentaram tendência à resiliência. O gênero masculino obteve maior pontuação, sugerindo maior tendência à resiliência, bem como os pacientes que são praticantes de uma religião. Conclusão: Os resultados assinalam que os pacientes em tratamento dialítico no hospital apresentam capacidade à resiliência, o que sugere melhor adaptação ao tratamento.Palavras-chave: Avaliação, Resiliência psicológica, Insuficiência renal crônica.ABSTRACTObjective: To evaluate de the level of resilience in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing dialysis. Materials and Methods: Prospective, quantitative and descriptive study. The sample consisted of 61 patients on dialysis. To obtain the results we used Resilience Scale developed by Wagnild and Young (1993) and adapted by Pesce et al., (2005). A questionnaire to characterize personal, familiar, social, economic and health status was applied. Results: It was found that 61% of patients showed trend to resilience. Males had higher scores, suggesting more likelihood to resilience, as well as patients who were practitioners of a religion. Conclusion: The results indicate that the majority of patients on dialysis have capability of resilience, which suggests better adaptation to treatment.Keywords: Evaluation, Psychological resilience, Chronic renal insufficiency.

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CONDITION AFTER HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME IN A CHILD WITH 3RD STAGE CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (case report)

Inter Collegas ◽

10.35339/ic.4.3.136-138 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 136-138

Author(s):

M.O. Gonchar ◽

T.B. Ishenko ◽

N.V. Orlova ◽

G.R. Muratov ◽

T.F. Kolibaeva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Renal Failure ◽

Case Report ◽

Chronic Renal Failure ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome ◽

Clinical Case ◽

Disease Case ◽

Uremic Syndrome ◽

The Given

Gonchar M.O., Ishchenko T.B., Orlova N.V., Muratov G., Kolibaeva T., Khmara N., Podvalnaya N.Currently, hemolytic-uremic syndrome is one of the frequent causes of acute kidney failure in children, so the timeliness of diagnosis and treatment determines the outcome of the disease. In the given clinical case, a set of certain factors that lead to an unfavorable outcome of the disease and the progression of chronic renal failure are presented. Clinical case of a 14-year-old child K., who was admitted to the nephrology department of the Regional Children's Clinical Hospital with the diagnosis: 3rd stage CKD, subcompensated stage of chronic renal failure and condition after hemolytic-uremic syndrome.KeyWords: hemolytic-uremic syndrome in children, chronic kidney disease. СТАН ПЫСЛЯ ПЕРЕНЕСЕНОГО ГЕМОЛІТИКО-УРЕМІЧНОГО СИНДРОМУ У ДИТИНИ З III СТАДІЄЮ ХРОНІЧНОГО ЗАХВОРЮВАННЯ НИРОК (КЛІНІЧНЕ СПОСТЕРЕЖЕННЯ)Гончарь М.О., Іщенко Т.Б., Орлова Н.В., Муратов Г.Р., Колібаєва Т.Ф., Хмара Н.В., Підвальна Н.А. В даний час гемолітико-уремічний синдром є однією з найчастіших причин гострої ниркової недостатності у дітей, тому своєчасність постановки діагнозу і лікування визначає результат захворювання. На наведеному клінічному випадку, представлено сукупність певних факторів, які привели до несприятливого результату захворювання і прогресування хронічної ниркової недостатності. Клінічний випадок дитини К. 14 років, який знаходився в нефрологічному відділенні Обласної дитячої клінічної лікарні з діагноз: ХХН III ст. Хронічна ниркова недостатність субкомпенсированная стадія. Стан після перенесеного гемолітико-уремічного синдрому.Ключові слова: гемолітико-уремічний синдром, діти, клінічний випадок, хронічне захворювання нирок. СОСТОЯНИЕ ПОСЛЕ ПЕРЕНЕСЕННОГО ГЕМОЛИТИКО-УРЕМИЧЕСКОГО СИНДРОМА У РЕБЕНКА С III СТАДИЕЙ ХРОНИЧЕСКОГО ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯ ПОЧЕК (КЛИНИЧЕСКОЕ НАБЛЮДЕНИЕ)Гончарь М.А., Ищенко Т.Б., Орлова Н.В., Муратов Г.Р., Колибаева Т.Ф., Хмара Н.В., Подвальная Н.А. В настоящее время гемолитико-уремический синдром является одной из частых причин острой почечной недостаточности у детей, поэтому своевременность постановки диагноза и лечения определяет исход заболевания. На приведенном клиническом случае, представлено совокупность определенных факторов, которые привели к неблагоприятному исходу заболевания и прогрессированию хронической почечной недостаточности. Клинический случай ребенка К. 14 лет, который находился в нефрологическом отделении Областной детской клинической больнице с диагноз: ХБП III ст. Хроническая почечная недостаточность субкомпенсированная стадия. Состояние после перенесенного гемолитико-уремического синдрома.Ключевые слова: гемолитико-уремический синдром, дети, клинический случай, хроническое заболевание почек.

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Daily Low-intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Ameliorates Renal Fibrosis and Inflammation in Experimental Hypertensive and Diabetic Nephropathy

Hypertension ◽

10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15237 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 76 (6) ◽

pp. 1906-1914

Author(s):

Yoshiki Aibara ◽

Ayumu Nakashima ◽

Ki-ichiro Kawano ◽

Farina Mohamad Yusoff ◽

Fumitaka Mizuki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Renal Failure ◽

Diabetic Nephropathy ◽

Angiotensin Ii ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Renal Fibrosis ◽

Pulsed Ultrasound ◽

Hypertensive Nephropathy ◽

Low Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound ◽

Low Intensity

The estimated morbidity rate of chronic kidney disease is 8% to 16% worldwide, and many patients with chronic kidney disease eventually develop renal failure. Thus, the development of new therapeutic strategies for preventing renal failure is crucial. In this study, we assessed the effects of daily low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) therapy on experimental hypertensive nephropathy and diabetic nephropathy. Unilateral nephrectomy and subcutaneous infusion of angiotensin II via osmotic mini-pumps were used to induce hypertensive nephropathy in mice. Immunohistochemistry revealed that daily LIPUS treatment ameliorated renal fibrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells induced by angiotensin II. A similar therapeutic effect was also observed in mice with angiotensin II-induced hypertensive nephropathy in which splenectomy was performed. In addition, LIPUS treatment significantly decreased systolic blood pressure after 21 days. Subsequently, db/db mice with unilateral nephrectomy developed proteinuria; daily LIPUS treatment significantly reduced proteinuria after 42 days. In addition, immunohistochemistry revealed that renal fibrosis was significantly ameliorated by LIPUS treatment. Finally, LIPUS stimulation suppressed TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor-β1)-induced phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 in HK-2 (human proximal tubular cell line) cells. LIPUS treatment may be a useful therapy for preventing the progression of renal fibrosis in patients with chronic kidney disease.

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PGC1α in the kidney

AJP Renal Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajprenal.00263.2017 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 314 (1) ◽

pp. F1-F8 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Matthew R. Lynch ◽

Mei T. Tran ◽

Samir M. Parikh

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Acute Kidney Injury ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Renal Fibrosis ◽

Diabetic Kidney Disease ◽

Kidney Injury ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽

The Relationship ◽

Prime Target

Acute kidney injury (AKI) arising from diverse etiologies is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1alpha (PGC1α), a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, has been shown to be protective in AKI. Interestingly, reduction of PGC1α has also been implicated in the development of diabetic kidney disease and renal fibrosis. The beneficial renal effects of PGC1α make it a prime target for therapeutics aimed at ameliorating AKI, forms of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and their intersection. This review summarizes the current literature on the relationship between renal health and PGC1α and proposes areas of future interest.

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Renal Failure

10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0473 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Kianoush B. Kashani ◽

Amy W. Williams

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Acute Kidney Injury ◽

Renal Failure ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Kidney Injury ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Clinical Approach ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Electrolyte Disturbances ◽

Metabolic Bone

Renal failure is caused by acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common, devastating complication that increases mortality and morbidity among patients with various medical and surgical illnesses. Also known as acute renal failure, AKI is a rapid deterioration of kidney function that results in the accumulation of nitrogenous metabolites and medications and in electrolyte and acid-base imbalances. This chapter discusses the definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology of AKI; the clinical approach to patients with AKI; and the management of AKI. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been categorized into 5 stages. When renal function decreases to stage 3, the complications of CKD become evident. These complications include hypertension, cardiovascular disease, lipid abnormalities, anemia, metabolic bone disease, and electrolyte disturbances. To prevent the progression of CKD, therapy must be directed toward preventing these complications and achieving adequate glucose control in diabetic patients with CKD.

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Faktor yang berhubungan dengan tingkat depresi pada pasien gagal ginjal kronis yang menjalani tindakan hemodialisa

HOLISTIK JURNAL KESEHATAN ◽

10.33024/hjk.v14i1.2359 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 101-109

Author(s):

Indra Maulana ◽

Iwan Shalahuddin ◽

Taty Hernawaty

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Renal Failure ◽

Chronic Renal Failure ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Psychosocial Factors ◽

Health Workers ◽

Depression Score ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Depression Level ◽

The Impact

Psychosocial factors: The depression level in patients with chronic kidney disease maintained on dialysisBackground: Chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis therapy in the world is almost 1.5 million people, and in Indonesia there are approximately 0.2 people with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis therapy. The impact of hemodialysis on the physical that will occur in patients become weak tired in living their daily lives, against the psychological impact that will occur on sleep problems, impurity and depression, the impact on social and economic conditions that will occur to patients on social relationships, and on the environment the client will also have an impact on the social environment in which he lives. Therefore hemodialysis therapy will have an impact on the quality of life of patients.Purpose: To determine Psychosocial factors: the depression level in patients with chronic kidney disease maintained on dialysisMethod: A descriptive correlational study by a cross sectional design approach. The sample used was 40 respondents, data collection techniques using questionnaires and direct observation with results calculated based on the total answers to questions given by respondents with criteria: score <17 = no sign of depression, score 18-24 = mild depression, score 25-34 = moderate depression and a score of 35-51 = severe depression, while the bivariate test used chi-squareResults: There was a relationship among factors such as: age, educational, sex, duration of maintaine of hemodialysis therapy and sleep patterns with the depression level in patients with chronic kidney disease under maintained on dialysis at Garut dr. Slamet Hospital.Conclusion: Health workers (nurses) to provide motivational and therapeutic informing in implementing hemodialysis therapy so that patients are more excited and better understand the importance of hemodialysis and to reduce the level of depression.Keywords: Depression level; Patients; Chronic kidney disease; DialysisPendahuluan: Penyakit gagal ginjal kronik yang menjalani terapi hemodialisis di dunia hampir sekitar 1,5 juta orang, dan di indonesi hampitr sekitar 0,2 jiwa penderita gagal ginjal kronik yang menjalani terapi hemodialisis. Dampak hemodialisis terhadap fisik yang akan terjadi pada pasien menjadi lemah lelah dalam menjalani kehidupan sehari-hari, terhadap psikologis dampak yang akan terjadi pada masalah tidur, kecemasaan dan depresi, dampak terhadap sosial dan ekonomi yang akan terjadi pada pasien pada hubungan sosialnya, dan pada lingkungan klien juga akan berdampak pada sosial lingkungan dimana dia tinggal. Maka dari itu terapi hemodialisis akan berdampak pada kualitas hidup pasien.Tujuan: Mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan tingkat depresi pada pasien gagal ginjal kronis yang menjalani tindakan HemodialisaMetode: Menggunakan rancangan deskriptif korelasional dengan pendekatan desain cross sectional dengan sampel sebanyak 40 responden, teknik pengambilan data menggunakan kuesioner dan observasi langsung dengan hasil dihitung berdasarkan total jawaban dari pertanyaan yang diberikan responden dengan kriteri skor < 17 = tidak ada depresi, skor 18-24 = depresi ringan, skor 25-34= depresi sedang dan skor 35-51= depresi berat sedangkan uji bivariat menggunakan chi-square.Hasil: Menunjukan adanya hubungan antara faktor : usia, pendidikan, jenis kelamin, lamanya periode menjalani terapi hemodialisa dan pola tidur. Semua faktor tersebut sangat berhubungan dengan tingkat depresi pada pasien gagal ginjal kronik yang menjalani tindakan hemodialisa di Ruang Hemodialisa RSUD dr. Slamet Garut.Simpulan: Petugas kesehatan (perawat) agar memberikan motivasi dan terapeutik informing dalam pelaksanaan terapi hemodialisa agar pasien lebih bersemangat dan lebih memahami pentingnya hemodialisa serta untuk mengurangi tingkat depresi.

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Orai1: A New Therapeutic Target for the Acute Kidney Injury-to-Chronic Kidney Disease Transition

Nephron ◽

10.1159/000518177 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

David P. Basile ◽

Jason A. Collett

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Acute Kidney Injury ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Th17 Cells ◽

Ischemia Reperfusion ◽

Kidney Injury ◽

Acute Injury ◽

Chronic Kidney Injury ◽

Sustained Increase

This review focuses on the potential mediation in the acute kidney injury (AKI)-to-chronic kidney disease (CKD) transition by lymphocytes. We highlight evidence that lymphocytes, particularly Th17 cells, modulate the severity of both acute injury and chronic kidney disease. Th17 cells are strongly influenced by the activity of the store-operated Ca<sup>2+</sup>channel Orai1, which is upregulated on lymphocytes in animal models of AKI. Inhibition of this channel attenuates both acute and chronic kidney injury in rodent models. In addition, Oria1+ cells are increased in peripheral blood of patients with AKI. Similarly, peripheral blood cells manifest an early and sustained increase in Orai1 expression in a rat model of ischemia/reperfusion, suggesting that blood cell Orai1 may represent a marker informing potential Th17 activity in the setting of AKI or the AKI-to-CKD transition.

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Lymphocytes: Versatile Participants in Acute Kidney Injury and Progression to Chronic Kidney Disease

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2021.729084 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Chujin Cao ◽

Ying Yao ◽

Rui Zeng

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Acute Kidney Injury ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Renal Injury ◽

Renal Fibrosis ◽

Kidney Injury ◽

Renal Parenchyma ◽

Health Concern ◽

High Morbidity ◽

Parenchyma Cells

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) remains a major global public health concern due to its high morbidity and mortality. The progression from AKI to chronic kidney disease (CKD) makes it a scientific problem to be solved. However, it is with lack of effective treatments.Summary: Both innate and adaptive immune systems participate in the inflammatory process during AKI, and excessive or dysregulated immune responses play a pathogenic role in renal fibrosis, which is an important hallmark of CKD. Studies on the pathogenesis of AKI and CKD have clarified that renal injury induces the production of various chemokines by renal parenchyma cells or resident immune cells, which recruits multiple-subtype lymphocytes in circulation. Some infiltrated lymphocytes exacerbate injury by proinflammatory cytokine production, cytotoxicity, and interaction with renal resident cells, which constructs the inflammatory environment and induces further injury, even death of renal parenchyma cells. Others promote tissue repair by producing protective cytokines. In this review, we outline the diversity of these lymphocytes and their mechanisms to regulate the whole pathogenic stages of AKI and CKD; discuss the chronological responses and the plasticity of lymphocytes related to AKI and CKD progression; and introduce the potential therapies targeting lymphocytes of AKI and CKD, including the interventions of chemokines, cytokines, and lymphocyte frequency regulation in vivo, adaptive transfer of ex-expanded lymphocytes, and the treatments of gut microbiota or metabolite regulations based on gut-kidney axis.Key Message: In the process of AKI and CKD, T helper (Th) cells, innate, and innate-like lymphocytes exert mainly pathogenic roles, while double-negative T (DNT) cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) are confirmed to be protective. Understanding the mechanisms by which lymphocytes mediate renal injury and renal fibrosis is necessary to promote the development of specific therapeutic strategies to protect from AKI and prevent the progression of CKD.

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Shen Shuai II Recipe Attenuates Renal Interstitial Fibrosis by Improving Hypoxia via the IL-1β/c-Myc Pathway

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2021/5539584 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Liuyi Yang ◽

Meng Wang ◽

Yuan Zhou ◽

Jing Yang ◽

Chaoyang Ye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Renal Failure ◽

Renal Function ◽

Chronic Renal Failure ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Protein Expression ◽

Interstitial Fibrosis ◽

Renal Interstitial Fibrosis ◽

Related Factors

Background. Renal interstitial fibrosis is a pathological manifestation of progression of chronic kidney disease induced by various factors. Shen Shuai II Recipe (SSR) has been used in clinical practice for more than 20 years, and clinical studies have confirmed that SSR significantly improves the renal function of patients with chronic kidney disease. However, the specific mechanisms underlying its efficacy require further research. This study aims to explore the influencing factors of renal interstitial fibrosis in the context of hypoxia via the IL-1β/c-Myc pathway and the potential molecular mechanisms of SSR intervention in vivo and in vitro. Methods. A rat model of chronic renal failure was developed by performing 5/6 (ablation/infarction, A/I) surgery on randomly selected, male Sprague Dawley rats. Thirty-six successfully modeled rats were randomly divided into three groups: 5/6 (A/I), 5/6 (A/I) + SSR, and 5/6 (A/I) + losartan. Another 12 rats were used as the sham group. After 8 weeks of the corresponding intervention, renal function, liver function, and protein expression of renal-fibrosis-related factors, HIF-1α, IL-1β, and c-Myc, were detected. In vitro analysis was performed using hypoxia-induced rat renal tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E) and IL-1β-stimulated rat renal interstitial fibroblasts (NRK-49F). IL-1β concentration in the culture medium and IL-1β protein expression in hypoxic NRK-52E treated with different concentrations of SSR were investigated. Furthermore, we also studied the changes in protein expression of c-Myc and fibrosis-related factors after c-Myc gene silencing in IL-1β-stimulated NRK-49F treated with SSR. Results. Shen Shuai II Recipe significantly reduced RIF and downregulated the expression of HIF-1α, c-Myc, and IL-1β proteins in 5/6 (A/I) rats with chronic renal failure. It also inhibited IL-1β secretion from NRK-52E induced by hypoxia, which in turn inhibited fibroblast activation mediated by the IL-1β/c-Myc pathway, and finally reduced the overproduction of the extracellular matrix. Conclusion. The renoprotective effects of SSR in rats with chronic renal failure may be related to its inhibition of hypoxia via the IL-1β/c-Myc pathway. Thus, SSR is a potentially effective drug for delaying the progression of renal interstitial fibrosis.

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