scholarly journals Measuring and Modeling the Interaction Among Reward Size, Delay to Reward, and Satiation Level on Motivation in Monkeys

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 437-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takafumi Minamimoto ◽  
Giancarlo La Camera ◽  
Barry J. Richmond
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Instrumental Task ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Accumulated Reward ◽  
Choice Tasks ◽  
Quantitative Account

Motivation is usually inferred from the likelihood or the intensity with which behavior is carried out. It is sensitive to external factors (e.g., the identity, amount, and timing of a rewarding outcome) and internal factors (e.g., hunger or thirst). We trained macaque monkeys to perform a nonchoice instrumental task (a sequential red-green color discrimination) while manipulating two external factors: reward size and delay-to-reward. We also inferred the state of one internal factor, level of satiation, by monitoring the accumulated reward. A visual cue indicated the forthcoming reward size and delay-to-reward in each trial. The fraction of trials completed correctly by the monkeys increased linearly with reward size and was hyperbolically discounted by delay-to-reward duration, relations that are similar to those found in free operant and choice tasks. The fraction of correct trials also decreased progressively as a function of the satiation level. Similar (albeit noiser) relations were obtained for reaction times. The combined effect of reward size, delay-to-reward, and satiation level on the proportion of correct trials is well described as a multiplication of the effects of the single factors when each factor is examined alone. These results provide a quantitative account of the interaction of external and internal factors on instrumental behavior, and allow us to extend the concept of subjective value of a rewarding outcome, usually confined to external factors, to account also for slow changes in the internal drive of the subject.

scholarly journals Psychological Factors Influence EFL Students’ Interest

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-34
Author(s):  
Yolanda Resta Clasa Kanter
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Efl Students ◽  
Class Viii ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Learning English

The subject of this research was the students of SMP Negeri 34 Samarinda, and the object was this research was the factors that influence students’ interest in learning English. The population and sample of this research were all of the students in class VIII at SMP N 34 Samarinda. They consisted of eight D classes. The total were number of the population was 27 students. The technique used in collecting data was questionnaire. To analyze the data, the researcher used descriptive statistic to analyze the data. The researcher used mean to known the score. Based on the data analysis, it can be seen that the factor that influence of students’ interest is categorized into middle (63%). There are some factors that influence students’ interest in learning English. They are: internal factors (come from the students themselves such as attention, intelligence, and readiness) and external factors such us parent and teacher. The dominant factors that influence students interest is external factors from the teacher factor

scholarly journals PEREMPUAN BERTATO (STUDI MAKNA SIMBOLIK TATO DI KOTA MAKASSAR)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Widya Okta Pangestika ◽  
Idham Irwansyah ◽  
Mario S.M
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Symbolic Meaning ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Tattooed Women ◽  
Snowball Sampling Technique

This study aims to determinan (1)the factors that cause womwn to use tattoos. (2) The symbolic meaning of  tattoo images in tattoed women.This type of research is qualitatiive by determining the subject through the snowball sampling technique. The date collection techniques used were observation, interview and  documentation, which were used to obtain concrete data related to problem in this study. The date obtained in this study were analyzed with qualitative descriptive analysis.The results of the study indicate that: (1). The factors that cause tattooed women to use tattoos include: a) internal factors, including interests and self-expression. b) external factors, including the enironment and idol figures. (2). The symbolic meaning of tattoo images in tattooed women include: a) as hope, b) as expression, c) as identity. 

scholarly journals IDENTIFIKASI KESULITAN BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATA PELAJARAN IPA KELAS V DI SD MUHAMMADIYAH SEMINGIN

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Nurhikmah Nurhikmah ◽  
Ika Maryani
Keyword(s):  
Student Learning ◽  
Learning Difficulties ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Scientific Language ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Science Material

This study aimed to find out how to identify student learning difficulties in grade V science subjects at SD Muhammadiyah Semingin. This research is a type of qualitative research. The subject of research is the class teacher's and all of the V students of SD Muhammadiyah Semingin which amounted to 14 students, 10 male students and 4 female students. The object of research is identifying student learning difficulties. The data collection techniques in the form of observation, interviews and documentation. The data analysis tehnuque using descriptive quality analysis. The results showed that learning difficulties were caused by 1) the difficulty of difficult science material that often uses scientific language, 2) learning difficulties lack of concentration while studying, 3) learning difficulties arising from internal factors and external factors. Student internal factors include psycho-physical impairment or lack of students (cognitive, affective, and psychomotor). While the external factors of students include all the situations and conditions of the surrounding environment that do not support student learning activities. Learning difficulties must be taken in several stages of activities such as 1) Identifying students who are expected to experience learning difficulties; 2) Determine the factors causing learning difficulties; 3) Determine how to overcome them.

scholarly journals A Case Study of Students’ Barriers in Passive Voice Sententes

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-109
Author(s):  
Diah Ayu Pratiwi Pratiwi ◽  
Zahratul Idami
Keyword(s):  
External Factors ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Past Participle ◽  
Passive Voice ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Present Tense

This study was to find out the errors experienced by students in composing passive voice sentences. It also explained the factors that caused students' barriers in constructing passive voice sentences. This study focused on students' errors and bariers in constructing passive voice sentences in the form of Simple Present Tense, Simple Past Tense, and Present Future Perfect Tense. The research approach used was a qualitative method through a case study. The subject of this research was 12 students in class XII of SMKS Yaspenmas Sei Lepan. Data collection techniques were tests and interviews. The findings of this study were the types of student errors on omission 62.4%, misinformation 10.6%, misordering 27%. As well as the location of the error in the passive voice sentence in the form of Simple Present Tense in the use of to be 75%, past participle 100%, then the use of to be in the Simple Past Tense 95, 83% and  past participle 64.6%, then the use of have in Present Future Perfect Tense 36.1%, been 100%, and past participle 33.3%. These errors were due to internal factors and external factors. The internal factors were students’ lack of interest in learning English as well as lack of vocabulary mastery and lack of understanding of grammar. The external factors were lack of parental attention, lack of supporting media in the learning process, inadequate school infrastructures, and the road to school was difficult to pass.

scholarly journals Dinamika Pengambilan Keputusan dan Perkembangan Jiwa Wirausaha pada Mahasiswa

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-130
Author(s):  
Aning Az Zahra ◽  
Aftina Nurul Husna ◽  
Ahmad Liana Amrul Haq
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Interpersonal Skills ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Building Relationships ◽  
Entrepreneurial Spirit ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Strong Commitment ◽  
Entrepreneurial Decision ◽  
Internal And External Factors

This study aims to describe the dynamics of entrepreneurial decision making and the development of entrepreneurial spirit in students who are self-employed. The researcher used phenomenology to understand the psychological dynamics in students who are self-employed. The results of the study are starting from the subject decision making of entrepreneurship is related to several factors, namely internal and external factors. Internal factors related to the desire to be independent to meet needs, want to help, like challenges and seek freedom. External factors related to family and other people. This research found that an entrepreneur must have a strong commitment and consistency towards his business. An entrepreneur should also have good interpersonal skills, this is important for building relationships. Even so, the entrepreneurial spirit in students still needs to be improved, especially on commitment, consistency, and decision making.

scholarly journals Perilaku Siswa yang Tidak Dikehendaki (Off Task Behavior) dan Penanganan Konselor

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-89
Author(s):  
Ridni Eliza ◽  
Neviyarni Neviyarni
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Classroom Teachers ◽  
Student Conduct ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Task Behavior ◽  
The Subject

The purpose of this research was to describe the forms, causes, counselor handling, and counselor in dealing with barriers off-task behavior of a student in Ash - Shidiiqi Islamic Primary School Jambi. The methods used to collect the data are interviews, observation, and documentation. The subject in this research is the headmaster, 2 (two) counselors, 7 (seven) teachers, 3 (three) subject teachers, and 7 (seven) students who have off-task behavior. The results showed that the off-task behavior of students going on Ash - Shidiiqi Islamic Primary School Jambi, around the class, talking with friends, play stationery such as pen, pencil, eraser, or ruler, play or throw paper, do not pay attention to the teacher’s explanation, but the head on the table, make a noise, climbed to the top of the seat, out of the class, joking with friends, drawing on paper, scribble table, opened other textbooks, do homework,. The causes of student conduct off-task behavior consist of internal factors and external factors. Internal factors include the adaptation of school and difficulty in learning. While external factors that underlie the emergence of off-task behavior of the student is the influence of friends and lack of attention from the teacher. There are various kinds of treatment used by a counselor, which are reprimand or warned by giving advice, in addition to dealing with off-task behavior counselor collaborate with classroom teachers and subject teachers to apply operant conditioning by using reinforcement and punishment techniques. Barriers faced counselor is limited provision of counseling.

Kegunaan Informasi Akuntansi dalam Pengambilan Keputusan Internal oleh Unit Akuntansi Kuasa Pengguna Anggaran (UAKPA)

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 73-91
Author(s):  
Karno Pandu Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Information Use ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Accrual Accounting ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Level Of Use ◽  
Accrual Basis ◽  
Cash Basis

This study aims to determine the usefulness level of accounting information (on cash basis and accrual basis) in central goverment agencies internal decision-making process. In addition, this study also aims to determine the influence of the organization’s external factors, the organization's internal factors and Individual Actor’s Characteristic Related Factors on the level of use of accounting information in central goverment agencies internal decision making.The research show that  level of accrual accounting information use in the context of internal decision making is high. In addition it showed differences between  level of cash-based accounting information use and accrual-based accounting information use. This study also addressed that the organization’s external factors, the organization's internal factors and individual actor’s characteristic related factors significantly influence both level of accounting information use  on cash basis and accrual basis in the internal decision-making. Except for the organization’s external factors  did not significantly affect the level of accrual accounting information use  in the internal decision-making.   Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kegunaan informasi akuntansi (berbasis kas dan akrual) dalam proses pengambilan keputusan internal Unit Akuntansi Kuasa Pengguna Anggaran (UAKPA). Selain itu penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh faktor eksternal organisasi, faktor internal organisasi dan faktor karakteristik individu pengguna terhadap tingkat penggunaan informasi akuntansi dalam pengambilan keputusan internal Unit Akuntansi Kuasa Pengguna Anggaran (UAKPA).Temuan peneliti menunjukan bahwa tingkat penggunaan informasi akuntansi berbasis akrual tinggi dalam rangka pengambilan keputusan internal. Selain itu penelitian menunjukan adanya perbedaan tingkat penggunaan antara informasi akutansi berbasis kas dan informasi akutansi berbasis akrual. Penelitian juga menujukan bahwa faktor eksternal organisasi, faktor internal organisasi dan faktor karakteristik individu pengguna berpengaruh signifikan terhadap tingkat penggunaan informasi akuntansi (berbasis kas dan akrual) dalam pengambilan keputusan internal. Kecuali untuk faktor eksternal organisasi tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap tingkat penggunaan informasi akuntansi akrual dalam pengambilan keputusan internal.

Pengaruh Inflasi, BI Rate, NPF, dan BOPO terhadap Profitabilitas Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-153
Author(s):  
Toufan Aldian Syah
Keyword(s):  
Banking Industry ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Muslim Country ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
The World ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Test Correlation ◽  
The Ideal

Banking industry has a very important role in economic development in a country. Indonesia, which is the largest Muslim country in the world, certainly has the prospect of the development of Sharia Banking Industry is very good in the future. However, the development of Sharia Bank has been slowing down in recent years and the profitability of sharia comercial banking is still below the ideal value. This study aims to determine the internal factors and external factors that affect the profitability of Sharia Bank in the year of January 2012 until August 2017. The variables used in this study are ROA, Inflation, NPF, and BOPO. The data used is aggregate data of all Sharia Commercial Banks recorded at Bank Indonesia. Measurement of Statistic Description, F-Test, T-Test, Correlation Coefficient, Coefficient of Determination and Multiple Linear Regression using IBM SPSS 21 software. The results showed that significant negative effect of BI rate, NPF and BOPO was found, while Inflation variable showed negative but not significant. Overall, the above variables affect the ROA of 87.7%, while 12.3% is likely to be influenced by other factors.

ANALISIS PENGARUH ERUBAHAN TINGKAT SUKU BUNGA SBI DAN PERUBAHAN KURS US$ TERHADAP HARGA PASAR SAHAM SEMEN GRESIK, TBK PERIODE JANUARI 2002 – DESEMBER 2006

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oktafalia Marisa ◽  
Maya Syafriana
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Cash Flow ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Investment Climate ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Price Fluctuation ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Investment Behaviour

<p class="Pendahuluan">Investment climate has begun to rise since a few years ago. Stock price fluctuations keep stable and move to the positive position. Stock price fluctuation affected by two factors, internal factors and external factors. Internal factors consist of company’s cash flow, dividend and investment behaviour. External factors consist of monetary policy, exchange rate, interest volatility, globalization, companies’ competition, and technology. This research, try to find out the effects of SBI rate and exchanged rate (USD/Rp) to PT. Semen Gresik’s stock price.</p><p class="Pendahuluan"> </p><p class="Pendahuluan">Keywords : Investment, stock price, SBI’s rate, and Exchanged rate.</p>

STRATEGI MENINGKATKAN LOYALITAS KONSUMEN MAKANAN KHAS KOTA CURUP KABUPATEN REJANG LEBONG

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Onsardi Onsardi
Keyword(s):  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Consumer Loyalty ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
The Public ◽  
Typical Food ◽  
Internal And External Factors

The title of this study is the Strategy of Increasing Consumer Food Loyalty in CurupCity, Rejang Lebong Regency (Case Study in "Henvian" Typical Food Industry). Thisresearch is based on the importance of strategies in increasing business and consumerloyalty to products sold.Strategies to increase business and consumer loyalty can bedone with a SWOT analysis. Place of this research is the "Henvian" shop that sellstypical Rejang lebong food. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative.Informants in this study were people who were considered to know for certain about theHENVIAN Specialty Food Store in Curup City, Rejang Lebong Regency. The dataanalysis technique used in this study is a SWOT analysis to determine the strengths,weaknesses, opportunities and threats in a typical Rejang Lebong food business.By using SWOT analysis techniques that consist of strengths (weakness), weaknesses(weakness), opportunities (opportnity) and threats (threath). The results of this studycan be concluded that the internal factors that are the strength of the marketing strategyare the quality of the product that is good at a price affordable to the public andtourists, service that is friendly and responsive to consumer needs, as well astechnological advancements that facilitate the promotion of business. Internal factorsthat are a weakness are often lack of stock, there are some products that do not meet thestandard packaging, the product shelf life is short, employees do not use uniforms.External factors that become opportunities are a fairly high economic community,abundant raw materials while external factors that are a threat are the manycompetitors, an unstable economy, the price of basic needs increases. Based on theresults of the SWOT analysis of internal and external factors, the strategy used is toimprove product quality by improving the appearance of packaging and quality ofcontent and quality of service by providing uniforms to employees and providingstandards of service to consumers. .Keywords: Strategy, Consumer Loyalty, SWOT

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