scholarly journals Role of gut metabolism of adrenal corticosteroids and hypertension: clues gut-cleansing antibiotics give us

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 83-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Morris ◽  
Andrew S. Brem
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Systemic Hypertension ◽  
Hypertensive Animal ◽  
Metabolic Products

Intestinal bacteria can metabolize sterols, bile acids, steroid hormones, dietary proteins, fiber, foodstuffs, and short chain fatty acids. The metabolic products generated by some of these intestinal bacteria have been linked to a number of systemic diseases including obesity with Type 2 diabetes mellitus, some forms of inflammation, and more recently, systemic hypertension. In this review, we primarily focus on the potential role selected gut bacteria play in metabolizing the endogenous glucocorticoids corticosterone and cortisol. Those generated steroid metabolites, when reabsorbed in the intestine back into the circulation, produce biological effects most notably as inhibitors of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) types 1 and 2. Inhibition of the dehydrogenase actions of 11β-HSD, particularly in kidney and vascular tissue, allows both corticosterone and cortisol the ability to bind to and activate mineralocorticoid receptors with attended changes in sodium handling and vascular resistance leading to increases in blood pressure. In several animal models of hypertension, administration of gut-cleansing antibiotics results in transient resolution of hypertension and transfer of intestinal contents from a hypertensive animal to a normotensive animal produces hypertension in the recipient. Moreover, fecal samples from hypertensive humans transplanted into germ-free mice resulted in hypertension in the recipient mice. Thus, it appears that the intestinal microbiome may not just be an innocent bystander but certain perturbations in the type and number of bacteria may directly or indirectly affect hypertension and other diseases.

Modulation of instinal microbiom in the formation and progression of ulterative colitis.

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 577-584
Author(s):  
G. R. Bikbavova ◽  
M. A. Livzan
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Post Industrial

In recent decades, an increase in the incidence of ulcerative colitis has been observed throughout the world. The purpose of this review is to generalize the available information on the influence of environmental factors and intestinal microbiome on the occurrence and development of ulcerative colitis, the role of bacteria metabolism products in the pathogenesis of the disease. Studied literature, we came to the conclusion that lifestyle in the era of post-industrial society has a significant impact on the microbial composition of the intestine and leads to changes in its diversity in patients suffering from ulcerative colitis. The changes include a decrease in the number of residential flora with anti-inflammatory activity, which synthesize short-chain fatty acids, and an increase in the number of potentially pathogenic and pathogenic microorganisms. Within the phylums Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, the proportional ratio changes. The combination of aggression factors (deterioration of the intestinal microbiome composition, the presence of aggressive intestinal metabolites) leads to intestinal mucosa permeability disfunction, impairing its barrier function. Food and bacterial agents can penetrate deeper layers of the intestinal wall through mucosal defects, which then stimulate the development of inflammatory and immune responses.

scholarly journals MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Gut microbiota in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

2015 ◽  
Vol 172 (4) ◽  
pp. R167-R177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine H Allin ◽  
Trine Nielsen ◽  
Oluf Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Intestinal Content ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Bacterial Fermentation ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Perturbations of the composition and function of the gut microbiota have been associated with metabolic disorders including obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Studies on mice have demonstrated several underlying mechanisms including host signalling through bacterial lipopolysaccharides derived from the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, bacterial fermentation of dietary fibres to short-chain fatty acids and bacterial modulation of bile acids. On top of this, an increased permeability of the intestinal epithelium may lead to increased absorption of macromolecules from the intestinal content resulting in systemic immune responses, low-grade inflammation and altered signalling pathways influencing lipid and glucose metabolism. While mechanistic studies on mice collectively support a causal role of the gut microbiota in metabolic diseases, the majority of studies in humans are correlative of nature and thus hinder causal inferences. Importantly, several factors known to influence the risk of type 2 diabetes, e.g. diet and age, have also been linked to alterations in the gut microbiota complicating the interpretation of correlative studies. However, based upon the available evidence, it is hypothesised that the gut microbiota may mediate or modulate the influence of lifestyle factors triggering development of type 2 diabetes. Thus, the aim of this review is to critically discuss the potential role of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Role of SCFAs for Fimbrillin-Dependent Biofilm Formation of Actinomyces oris

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itaru Suzuki ◽  
Takehiko Shimizu ◽  
Hidenobu Senpuku
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Flow Cell ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Microtiter Plates ◽  
Metabolic Products

Actinomyces oris expresses type 1 and 2 fimbriae on the cell surface. Type 2 fimbriae mediate co-aggregation and biofilm formation and are composed of the shaft fimbrillin FimA and the tip fimbrillin FimB. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are metabolic products of oral bacteria, but the effects of exogenous SCFAs on FimA-dependent biofilm formation are poorly understood. We performed two types of biofilm formation assays using A. oris MG1 or MG1.ΔfimA to observe the effects of SCFAs on FimA-dependent biofilm formation in 96-well and six-well microtiter plates and a flow cell system. SCFAs did not induce six- and 16-hour biofilm formation of A. oris MG1 and MG1.ΔfimA in saliva-coated 96-well and six-well microtiter plates in which metabolites produced during growth were not excluded. However, 6.25 mM butyric acid and 3.125 mM propionic acid induced FimA-dependent biofilm formation and cell death in a flow cell system in which metabolites produced during growth were excluded. Metabolites produced during growth may lead to disturbing effects of SCFAs on the biofilm formation. The pure effects of SCFAs on biofilm formation were induction of FimA-dependent biofilm formation, but the stress responses from dead cells may regulate its effects. Therefore, SCFA may play a key role in A. oris biofilm formation.

scholarly journals The Role of Gut Microbiota in an Ischemic Stroke

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 915
Author(s):  
Ryszard Pluta ◽  
Sławomir Januszewski ◽  
Stanisław J. Czuczwar
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Gut Dysfunction ◽  
Development And Aging ◽  
Host Metabolism ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

The intestinal microbiome, the largest reservoir of microorganisms in the human body, plays an important role in neurological development and aging as well as in brain disorders such as an ischemic stroke. Increasing knowledge about mediators and triggered pathways has contributed to a better understanding of the interaction between the gut-brain axis and the brain-gut axis. Intestinal bacteria produce neuroactive compounds and can modulate neuronal function, which affects behavior after an ischemic stroke. In addition, intestinal microorganisms affect host metabolism and immune status, which in turn affects the neuronal network in the ischemic brain. Here we discuss the latest results of animal and human research on two-way communication along the gut-brain axis in an ischemic stroke. Moreover, several reports have revealed the impact of an ischemic stroke on gut dysfunction and intestinal dysbiosis, highlighting the delicate play between the brain, intestines and microbiome after this acute brain injury. Despite our growing knowledge of intestinal microflora in shaping brain health, host metabolism, the immune system and disease progression, its therapeutic options in an ischemic stroke have not yet been fully utilized. This review shows the role of the gut microflora-brain axis in an ischemic stroke and assesses the potential role of intestinal microflora in the onset, progression and recovery post-stroke.

scholarly journals Role of the Intestinal Microbiome, Intestinal Barrier and Psychobiotics in Depression

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 927
Author(s):  
Paulina Trzeciak ◽  
Mariola Herbet
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Excessive Activation

The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in the pathophysiology of depression. As determined, the microbiota influences the shaping and modulation of the functioning of the gut–brain axis. The intestinal microbiota has a significant impact on processes related to neurotransmitter synthesis, the myelination of neurons in the prefrontal cortex, and is also involved in the development of the amygdala and hippocampus. Intestinal bacteria are also a source of vitamins, the deficiency of which is believed to be related to the response to antidepressant therapy and may lead to exacerbation of depressive symptoms. Additionally, it is known that, in periods of excessive activation of stress reactions, the immune system also plays an important role, negatively affecting the tightness of the intestinal barrier and intestinal microflora. In this review, we have summarized the role of the gut microbiota, its metabolites, and diet in susceptibility to depression. We also describe abnormalities in the functioning of the intestinal barrier caused by increased activity of the immune system in response to stressors. Moreover, the presented study discusses the role of psychobiotics in the prevention and treatment of depression through their influence on the intestinal barrier, immune processes, and functioning of the nervous system.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION IN DECREASE OF ELASTICITY OF MAGISTRAL ARTERIES AND  IN PROGRESSION OF ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC HYPERTENSION,  ObESITY AND TYPE 2 DIAbETES

2018 ◽  
pp. 32-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Statsenko ◽  
M. V. Derevyanchenko
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Collagen Type ◽  
Systemic Hypertension ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Collagen Type 4 ◽  
Group 1

Aim. To evaluate the role of systemic inflammation in decrease of magistral arteries elasticity and progression of endothelial dysfunction in arterial hypertension (AH) patients comorbid with obesity and/or type 2 diabetes (DM2).Material and methods. Ninety patients with AH stages II-III, 45-65 year old, were selected to 3 groups. Group 1 — patients with “isolated” AH, group 2 — AH with obesity, group 3 — AH and DM2 patients. Standard physical examination was done, vascular stiffness assessment by pulse wave velocity (PWV) measurement of the vessels of muscular (PWVm) and elastic (PWVe) types; the levels were measured of systemic inflammation markers, endothelial dysfunction and fibrosis.Results. PWVe and PWVe >10 m/s were significantly more common in group 3 patients comparing to group 1 (10,3 [9,5;11,7] vs 9,0 [8,0;11,3] m/s and 70 vs 40%, respectively). Concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) was significantly higher in AH with DM2 comparing to AH and obesity or only AH (7,92 [4,77;16,15] vs 4,77 [4,53;5,43], 7,92 [4,77;16,15] vs 2,98 [0,65;7,19] mg/L, respectively). Level of endothelin-1 (E1) in blood serum increased significantly in 1 to 3 group, with significant differences in all groups. In AH and DM2 patients, concentration of collagen type 4 in the blood was statistically significantly higher than in AH and obesity patients and only AH (5,67 [3,58;9,20] vs 2,94 [2,57;8,45], 5,67 [3,58;9,20] vs 2,63 [2,23;7,28] ng/mL). Correlational analysis showed the presence of highly significant correlations in concentrations of CRP and PWVe (r=0,41), level of E1 (0,51), in E1 and duration of DM2 anamnesis (r=0,58), body mass index (r=0,35), smoking (r=0,54), PWVm (r=0,47), PWVe (r=0,47), in concentration of collagen type 4 and duration of DM2 anamnesis (r=0,36), PWVe (r=0,31). Conclusion.  The data obtained witness on the negative influence of systemic inflammation on the elasticity of vascular wall of magistral arteries, and on its importance in progression of endothelial dysfunction in AH patients comorbid with obesity and DM2.

scholarly journals The Intestinal Microbiota: Impacts of Antibiotics Therapy, Colonization Resistance, and Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6597
Author(s):  
Taif Shah ◽  
Zulqarnain Baloch ◽  
Zahir Shah ◽  
Xiuming Cui ◽  
Xueshan Xia
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Colonization Resistance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes ◽  
Pathogen Colonization ◽  
Antimicrobial Metabolites

Trillions of microbes exist in the human body, particularly the gastrointestinal tract, coevolved with the host in a mutually beneficial relationship. The main role of the intestinal microbiome is the fermentation of non-digestible substrates and increased growth of beneficial microbes that produce key antimicrobial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, etc., to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microbes besides other functions. Intestinal microbiota can prevent pathogen colonization through the mechanism of colonization resistance. A wide range of resistomes are present in both beneficial and pathogenic microbes. Giving antibiotic exposure to the intestinal microbiome (both beneficial and hostile) can trigger a resistome response, affecting colonization resistance. The following review provides a mechanistic overview of the intestinal microbiome and the impacts of antibiotic therapy on pathogen colonization and diseases. Further, we also discuss the epidemiology of immunocompromised patients who are at high risk for nosocomial infections, colonization and decolonization of multi-drug resistant organisms in the intestine, and the direct and indirect mechanisms that govern colonization resistance to the pathogens.

scholarly journals Current Perspectives and Mechanisms of Relationship between Intestinal Microbiota Dysfunction and Dementia: A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Menizibeya O. Welcome
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
The Social ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
Microbial Products ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Neural Signaling

Background: Accumulating data suggest a crucial role of the intestinal microbiota in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. More recently, emerging reports have revealed an association between intestinal microbiota dysfunctions and dementia, a debilitating multifactorial disorder, characterized by progressive deterioration of cognition and behavior that interferes with the social and professional life of the sufferer. However, the mechanisms of this association are not fully understood. Summary: In this review, I discuss recent data that suggest mechanisms of cross-talk between intestinal microbiota dysfunction and the brain that underlie the development of dementia. Potential therapeutic options for dementia are also discussed. The pleiotropic signaling of the metabolic products of the intestinal microbiota together with their specific roles in the maintenance of both the intestinal and blood-brain barriers as well as regulation of local, distant, and circulating immunocytes, and enteric, visceral, and central neural functions are integral to a healthy gut and brain. Key Messages: Research investigating the effect of intestinal microbiota dysfunctions on brain health should focus on multiple interrelated systems involving local and central neuroendocrine, immunocyte, and neural signaling of microbial products and transmitters and neurohumoral cells that not only maintain intestinal, but also blood brain-barrier integrity. The change in intestinal microbiome/dysbiome repertoire is crucial to the development of dementia.

scholarly journals In Vitro Modulatory Effect of Stevioside, as a Partial Sugar Replacer in Sweeteners, on Human Child Microbiota

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 590
Author(s):  
Florentina Gatea ◽  
Ionela Sârbu ◽  
Emanuel Vamanu
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
One Year ◽  
Vitro Effect

The effect of stevioside on human health is still insufficiently highlighted by recent research. The total or partial replacement of sugar with sweeteners influences the general state of health, especially the human microbiota’s response as a determining factor in the onset of type 2 diabetes. The present study aimed to present the long-term (one-year) in vitro effect that regular stevioside consumption had on children’s pattern microbiota. A metabolomic response was established by determining the synthesis of organic acids and a correlation with antioxidant status. An increase in the number of bacterial strains and the variation of amount of butyrate and propionate to the detriment of lactic acid was observed. The effect was evidenced by the progressive pH increasing, the reduction of acetic acid, and the proliferation of Escherichia coli strains during the simulations. Synthesis of the main short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) was interpreted as a response (adaptation) of the microbiota to the stevioside, without a corresponding increase in antioxidant status. This study demonstrated the modulatory role of stevioside on the human microbiota and on the fermentation processes that determine the essential SCFA synthesis in maintaining homeostasis. The protection of the microbiota against oxidative stress was also an essential aspect of reducing microbial diversity.

scholarly journals Influence of Maternal Milk on the Neonatal Intestinal Microbiome

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathyayini P. Gopalakrishna ◽  
Timothy W. Hand
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Maternal Milk ◽  
Health And Disease

The intestinal microbiome plays an important role in maintaining health throughout life. The microbiota develops progressively after birth and is influenced by many factors, including the mode of delivery, antibiotics, and diet. Maternal milk is critically important to the development of the neonatal intestinal microbiota. Different bioactive components of milk, such as human milk oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, and secretory immunoglobulins, modify the composition of the neonatal microbiota. In this article, we review the role of each of these maternal milk-derived bioactive factors on the microbiota and how this modulation of intestinal bacteria shapes health, and disease.

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