scholarly journals HCV-Related Nervous System Disorders

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore Monaco ◽  
Sergio Ferrari ◽  
Alberto Gajofatto ◽  
Gianluigi Zanusso ◽  
Sara Mariotto
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Chronic Infection ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Extrahepatic Manifestations ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Extrahepatic Replication ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Neural Tissues

Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with a wide spectrum of extrahepatic manifestations, affecting different organ systems. Neurological complications occur in a large number of patients and range from peripheral neuropathy to cognitive impairment. Pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for nervous system dysfunction are mainly related to the upregulation of the host immune response with production of autoantibodies, immune complexes, and cryoglobulins. Alternative mechanisms include possible extrahepatic replication of HCV in neural tissues and the effects of circulating inflammatory cytokines and chemokines.

scholarly journals Neurological manifestations in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients: a systematic review of literature

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Wael Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Neurological Patients

Abstract Background The exact incidence of neurological complications from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection remains unknown. Neurological symptoms are more common with severe form of the disease. Through neuro-invasion, the virus can affect both neurons and glial cells and induce wide range of neurological pathologies. Objectives To systematically assess the neurological manifestations in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Methods A systematic literature search of the PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases was performed. Randomized controlled trials, nonrandomized controlled trials, observational studies of neurological manifestations in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Results All three-database search identified 89 publications. A total of 22 full-text articles assessed for eligibility with 12 articles excluded. Altogether, the included studies reported 290 patients with neurological manifestations. Neurological manifestations were subdivided into central causes (CNS) and peripheral causes (PNS). CNS symptoms is commoner representing 91% of all neurological patients with 9% only with PNS. Headache represented the commonest neurological symptoms in regard to number of patients, meanwhile dizziness has the highest incidence with 11.9%. Neurological manifestations were divided according to COVID-19 severity into: (1) nonsevere and (2) severe; with all CNS manifestations were more in severe patients except headache were more in nonsevere patients. All included studies were on adult patients except one study in pediatric patients with limited number of participants. Conclusions From the descriptive analyses and available data of relatively small sample-sized studies, it can be concluded that in spite of the aforementioned limitations, that a wide spectrum of neurological manifestations including CNS and PNS can occur in COVID-19 patients.

scholarly journals Age-Associated Neurological Complications of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brianne N. Sullivan ◽  
Tracy Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Neurological Injury ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Organ Systems

The outbreak of the novel and highly infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in hundreds of millions of infections and millions of deaths globally. Infected individuals that progress to coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) experience upper and lower respiratory complications that range in severity and may lead to wide-spread inflammation and generalized hypoxia or hypoxemia that impacts multiple organ systems, including the central and peripheral nervous systems. Since the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, multiple reports continue to emerge that detail neurological symptoms, ranging from relatively mild (e.g., impaired taste and/or smell) to severe (e.g., stroke), suggesting SARS-CoV-2 may be neurotropic and/or contribute to nervous system injury through direct and/or indirect mechanisms. To gain insight into the types of neurological complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and their possible relationship with age, sex, COVID-19 severity, and comorbidities, we performed a systematic review of case reports and series published in 2020 – April 4, 2021 of infected patients with neurological manifestations. Meta-analyses were conducted using individual patient data from reports where these data could be extracted. Here, we report neurological injury occurs across the lifespan in the context of infection, with and without known comorbidities, and with all disease severities, including asymptomatic patients. Older individuals, however, are more susceptible to developing life-threatening COVID-19 and cerebrovascular disease (CVD), such as stroke. A mild but inverse correlation with age was seen with CNS inflammatory diseases, such as encephalitis, as well as taste and/or smell disorders. When reported, increased age was also associated with comorbid cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and lipid disorders, but not with obesity. Obesity did correlate with development of critical COVID-19. Discussion into potential pathophysiological mechanisms by which neurological symptoms arise and long-term consequences of infection to the nervous system is also provided.

scholarly journals Neurological Problems in COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (04) ◽  
pp. 191-196
Author(s):  
Shiv Kumar Saini ◽  
Kuljeet Singh Anand ◽  
Abhishek Juneja ◽  
Rakesh Kumar Mahajan
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
System Involvement ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Systemic Factors

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a potentially severe acute respiratory infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This outbreak, which emerged in Wuhan city, rapidly spread throughout China and has now become a global public health concern. SARS-CoV-2 is a highly pathogenic and transmissible virus. Common clinical manifestations of COVID-19 include fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, muscle ache, headache, and confusion. Currently, there is no confirmed effective therapeutic strategy for COVID-19 because the pathological mechanism is poorly understood. In addition to the respiratory system involvement, recent evidence has shown that SARS-CoV-2 can affect other organ systems including nervous, vascular, digestive, and urinary system. Various neurological complications have also been described in various studies. Nervous system involvement in the case of SARS-CoV-2 is explained by direct neuro invasion, immune mechanism, and other systemic factors. Neurological complications due to SARS-CoV-2 include both central and peripheral nervous system involvement. Central nervous system complications range from mild headache to seizures, encephalitis, myelitis, and acute cerebrovascular accidents. Peripheral nervous system complications range from vague muscle pains to Guillain–Barré syndrome. This article briefly discusses the various neurological and mental health issues related to COVID-19.

FEATURES OF FORMATION OF THE MAIN SYSTEMS AND ORGANS IN EARLY LARVAE OF MULLETS (LIZA AURATA, RISSO, 1810)

2017 ◽  
pp. 98-106
Author(s):  
Dariya Aleksandrovna Gavrilova ◽  
Maria Pavlovna Grushko
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Early Ontogeny ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Liza Aurata ◽  
Morphological Organization ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Major Organ ◽  
Well Differentiated

The aim of this work was to study peculiarities of mullet morphological organization during early ontogeny. Sample selection was made on board Caspian research and development Institute of Fisheries’ research vessel in period from June to September, 2015 in Russian waters of the Caspian Sea. Larvae aged 10 days could be characterized by heterochrony in the development of major organ systems. Nervous system and sense organs were well developed. The eyeball had all membranes well-differentiated, in the retina all the layers were formed. The olfactory fossae had cells of 3 types: olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells and basal cells. There was observed intensive formation of respiratory, cardiovascular, excretory and digestive systems. The early development of the nervous system and sensory organs of the larvae indicated adaptation of mullet to active life.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 and the Nervous System: From Clinical Features to Molecular Mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Pennisi ◽  
Giuseppe Lanza ◽  
Luca Falzone ◽  
Francesco Fisicaro ◽  
Raffaele Ferri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
Acute Polyneuropathy ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Impact

Increasing evidence suggests that Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) can also invade the central nervous system (CNS). However, findings available on its neurological manifestations and their pathogenic mechanisms have not yet been systematically addressed. A literature search on neurological complications reported in patients with COVID-19 until June 2020 produced a total of 23 studies. Overall, these papers report that patients may exhibit a wide range of neurological manifestations, including encephalopathy, encephalitis, seizures, cerebrovascular events, acute polyneuropathy, headache, hypogeusia, and hyposmia, as well as some non-specific symptoms. Whether these features can be an indirect and unspecific consequence of the pulmonary disease or a generalized inflammatory state on the CNS remains to be determined; also, they may rather reflect direct SARS-CoV-2-related neuronal damage. Hematogenous versus transsynaptic propagation, the role of the angiotensin II converting enzyme receptor-2, the spread across the blood-brain barrier, the impact of the hyperimmune response (the so-called “cytokine storm”), and the possibility of virus persistence within some CNS resident cells are still debated. The different levels and severity of neurotropism and neurovirulence in patients with COVID-19 might be explained by a combination of viral and host factors and by their interaction.

scholarly journals Response of Severe EV71-Infected Patients to Hyperimmune Plasma Treatment: A Pilot Study

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 625
Author(s):  
Chonnamet Techasaensiri ◽  
Artit Wongsa ◽  
Thanyawee Puthanakit ◽  
Kulkanya Chokephaibulkit ◽  
Tawee Chotpitayasunondh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Antibody Therapy ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Neurological Involvement ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
Enterovirus A71 ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
East And Southeast Asia

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is highly prevalent in East and Southeast Asia. It particularly affects children under five years of age. The most common causative agents are coxsackieviruses A6 and A16, and enterovirus A71 (EV71). The clinical presentation is usually mild and self-limited, but, in some cases, severe and fatal complications develop. To date, no specific therapy or worldwide vaccine is available. In general, viral infection invokes both antibody and cell-mediated immune responses. Passive immunity transfer can ameliorate the severe symptoms of diseases such as COVID-19, influenza, MERS, and SARS. Hyperimmune plasma (HIP) from healthy donors with high anti-EV71 neutralizing titer were used to transfuse confirmed EV71-infected children with neurological involvement (n = 6). It resulted in recovery within three days, with no neurological sequelae apparent upon examination 14 days later. Following HIP treatment, plasma chemokines were decreased, whereas anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines gradually increased. Interestingly, IL-6 and G-CSF levels in cerebrospinal fluid declined sharply within three days. These findings indicate that HIP has therapeutic potential for HFMD with neurological complications. However, given the small number of patients who have been treated, a larger cohort study should be undertaken. Successful outcomes would stimulate the development of anti-EV71 monoclonal antibody therapy.

scholarly journals Risk factors and disposition in development of the nervous system infections

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 461-467
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Nesic ◽  
Predrag Canovic ◽  
Zeljko Mijailovic ◽  
Jelena Djokovic
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Final Diagnosis ◽  
Medical Documentation ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Number Of Patients

Introduction. Although well protected, brain is not resistant to infection agents. Acute infections of our nervous system appear more often in children and in persons who have medical history data about previous disorders, especially disorders of the nervous system. It is difficult to list possible risk factors which can be responsible for the appearance of infections of CNS and the resulting conditions. It is often difficult or impossible to determine what previous neural damage was (trauma, anoxic damages etc.) from those appearing during infections of CNS. All-inclusive anamnestic research reduces the possibility of approximate judgments. Material and methods. The research was based on the retrospective analysis of medical documentation of 275 patients. All patients were divided into three groups according to the final diagnosis. The first group consisted of 125 patients who were treated for acute virus encephalitis, the second group consisted of 125 patients who were treated for acute bacterial meningoencephalitis and the third group consisted of 25 patients who were treated for cerebritis. Discussion. In our studies sample, the youngest patient was 3 years old and the oldest was 87 years old. The highest number of patients with virus infection of the CNS was in the group under 25 years of age (45.6%). The highest number of patients with bacterial infections of the CNS and cerebritis was in the group of patients over 45 years of age (64%, 37%). Conclusion. Risk factors were more present in bacterial infections of the nervous system and cerebrit thanin virus infection of CNS. In virus infections of the CNS, 28% of patients had some risk factor, most often-chronic ethylism, diabetes mellitus and acquired heart diseases. In bacterial infections of the CNS, 64% of patients had some predisposed factor. The most frequent factor of risk in these patients were chronic otitis (21.6%) and craniotrauma (14.4%). In cerebritis, risk factors were present in 76% of patients and they were: sepsis (20%), chronic otitis (12%) and systemic lupus erythematosus (8%).

scholarly journals Involvement of fractalkine and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha in moderate-severe depression

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosaria Alba Merendino ◽  
Giuseppe Di Pasquale ◽  
Filippo De Luca ◽  
Laura Di Pasquale ◽  
Edoardo Ferlazzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Therapy ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Mononuclear Phagocytes ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Inflammatory Protein ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Macrophage Inflammatory Protein

MODERATE-severe depression (MSD) is linked to overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Fractalkine (FKN) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α) are, respectively, members of CX3C and C-C chemokines, and both are involved in recruiting and activating mononuclear phagocytes in the central nervous system. We analysed the presence of FKN and MIP-1α in sera of untreated MSD patients and healthy donors. High FKN levels were observed in all MSD patients as compared with values only detectable in 26% of healthy donors. MIP-1α was measurable in 20% of patients, while no healthy donors showed detectable chemokine levels. In conclusion, we describe a previously unknown involvement of FKN in the pathogenesis of MSD, suggesting that FKN may represent a target for a specific immune therapy of this disease.

scholarly journals FIXATION OF NEURAL TISSUES FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPY BY PERFUSION WITH SOLUTIONS OF OSMIUM TETROXIDE

1962 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanford L. Palay ◽  
S. M. McGee-Russell ◽  
Spencer Gordon ◽  
Mary A. Grillo
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Microscopic Level ◽  
Electron Microscopic Level ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Vascular Perfusion ◽  
Neural Tissues ◽  
Structural Relations ◽  
Cellular Components

This paper describes in detail a method for obtaining nearly uniform fixation of the nervous system by vascular perfusion with solutions of osmium tetroxide. Criteria are given for evaluating the degree of success achieved in the preservation of all the cellular components of the nervous system. The method permits analysis of the structural relations between cells at the electron microscopic level to an extent that has not been possible heretofore.

Hyper-eosinophilic syndrome: An uncommon cause of chronic abdominal pain in an elderly male

2021 ◽  
pp. 004947552098776
Author(s):  
Dibya L Praharaj ◽  
Bipadabhanjan Mallick ◽  
Preetam Nath ◽  
Sarat C Panigrahi ◽  
Anil C Anand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome ◽  
Connective Tissue Disorder ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Chronic Abdominal Pain ◽  
Elderly Male ◽  
Essentially Normal ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

Hypereosinophilia is defined as an absolute eosinophil count of ≥1.5 × 109/L, and its presence with involvement of at least one organ system defines the hypereosinophilic syndrome. It may occur with parasitic infestation, connective tissue disorder or rarely in clonal disorders such as eosinophilic leucaemia. Organ systems that may be involved include the cardiovascular, central nervous, respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. In the latter, a wide spectrum of clinical presentation may be seen from trivial, to debilitating or rarely fatal. We report an elderly male with a history of bronchial asthma, obstructive sleep apnoea and food allergy who presented with chronic abdominal pain and weight loss. Abdominal examination and routine evaluation were essentially normal other than a peripheral hyper-eosinophilia. We witnessed a brisk and lasting response to an elimination diet and corticosteroids.

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