Effect of 2,4-Thiazolidinedione on Limousin Cattle Growth and on Muscle and Adipose Tissue Metabolism

The main adipogenic transcription factor PPARγpossesses high affinity to 2,4-TZD, a member of the Thiazolidinedione family of insulin-sensitizing compounds used as adipogenic agents. We evaluated 2,4-TZD’s effect on bovine growth and PPAR tissue expression. Seventeen Limousin bulls (18 month-old; 350 kg body weight (BW)) were assigned into 2 treatments: control and 2,4-TZD (8 mg/70 kg BW) and were fed until bulls reached 500 kg BW. They were weighed and their blood was sampled. DNA, RNA, and protein were determined in liver; skeletal muscle; subcutaneous (SC), omental, perirenal adipose tissues (AT) to determine protein synthesis rate and cellular size. Expression of PPAR mRNA was measured in liver and muscle (PPARα, -δ, and -γ) and SC adipose tissue (γ) by real-time PCR. No significant differences were found (P>0.1) in weight gain, days on feed, and carcass quality. Muscle synthesis was greater in controls (P<0.05); cell size was larger with 2,4-TZD (P<0.05). PPARα, -δ, and -γexpressions with 2,4-TZD in liver were lower (P<0.01) than in muscle. No differences were found for PPARγmRNA expression in SCAT. The results suggest the potential use of 2,4-TZD in beef cattle diets, because it improves AT differentiation, liver, and muscle fatty acid oxidation that, therefore, might improve energy efficiency.

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Effect of aging on lipid composition and metabolism in the adipose tissues of the rat

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1961.201.3.540 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 201 (3) ◽

pp. 540-546 ◽

Cited By ~ 147

Author(s):

William Benjamin ◽

Alfred Gellhorn ◽

Mary Wagner ◽

Harold Kundel

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Free Fatty Acid ◽

Palmitic Acid ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Lipid Synthesis ◽

Pentose Phosphate ◽

Acid Oxidation ◽

Acetate Incorporation ◽

Adipose Tissues

Lipid metabolism and chemistry was studied in adipose tissues of the rat from the age of 38 days to 647 days. Aging process was characterized by a marked decrease in lipid synthesis from acetate, a reduction in the proportion of glucose metabolized by the pentose phosphate pathway, and a lower rate of palmitate incorporation into the mixed lipids. Oxidation of palmitic acid to CO2 and release of free fatty acid by epididymal fat was the same in young and old tissues under control conditions; when, however, glucose was absent from the medium or when epinephrine was added, there was a significantly greater rate of palmitic acid oxidation and free fatty acid release by young compared to old adipose tissue. Rate of acetate incorporation into mixed lipids by multiple adipose tissue sites was determined at different ages. Consistently greater rates of lipid biosynthesis were found in the epididymal, perirenal, mesenteric and interscapular adipose tissues than in subcutaneous fat at all ages. Rate of lipid synthesis by the interscapular fat (unlike any of the other depots) remained high at all ages studied. A greater proportion of short chain fatty acids was found in adipose tissues from young rats than in the old. This was related to fatty acid composition of rat milk.

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Adipose tissues of MPC1± mice display altered lipid metabolism-related enzyme expression levels

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.5799 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. e5799 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Shiying Zou ◽

Liye Zhu ◽

Kunlun Huang ◽

Haoshu Luo ◽

Wentao Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Acid Oxidation ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Adipose Tissues ◽

Energy Deficiency ◽

Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier ◽

Brown Adipose ◽

Adipocyte Volume ◽

Related Enzyme ◽

Altered Lipid

Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1 (MPC1) is a component of the MPC1/MPC2 heterodimer that facilitates the transport of pyruvate into mitochondria. Pyruvate plays a central role in carbohydrate, fatty, and amino acid catabolism. The present study examined epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) and intrascapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) from MPC1± mice following 24 weeks of feeding, which indicated low energy accumulation as evidenced by low body and eWAT weight and adipocyte volume. To characterize molecular changes in energy metabolism, we analyzed the transcriptomes of the adipose tissues using RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq). The results showed that the fatty acid oxidation pathway was activated and several genes involved in this pathway were upregulated. Furthermore, qPCR and western blotting indicated that numerous genes and proteins that participate in lipolysis were also upregulated. Based on these findings, we propose that the energy deficiency caused by reduced MPC1 activity can be alleviated by activating the lipolytic pathway.

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Redox Regulation of Lipid Mobilization in Adipose Tissues

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10071090 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1090

Author(s):

Ursula Abou-Rjeileh ◽

G. Andres Contreras

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Energy Metabolism ◽

Redox Regulation ◽

Cellular Metabolism ◽

Antioxidant Response ◽

Redox Signaling ◽

Nitrogen Species ◽

Adipose Tissues ◽

Lipid Mobilization ◽

Cellular Processes

Lipid mobilization in adipose tissues, which includes lipogenesis and lipolysis, is a paramount process in regulating systemic energy metabolism. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) are byproducts of cellular metabolism that exert signaling functions in several cellular processes, including lipolysis and lipogenesis. During lipolysis, the adipose tissue generates ROS and RNS and thus requires a robust antioxidant response to maintain tight regulation of redox signaling. This review will discuss the production of ROS and RNS within the adipose tissue, their role in regulating lipolysis and lipogenesis, and the implications of antioxidants on lipid mobilization.

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Chronic cold exposure induces autophagy to promote fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial turnover, and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue

iScience ◽

10.1016/j.isci.2021.102434 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 102434

Author(s):

Winifred W. Yau ◽

Kiraely Adam Wong ◽

Jin Zhou ◽

Nivetha Kanakaram Thimmukonda ◽

Yajun Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Brown Adipose Tissue ◽

Fatty Acid Oxidation ◽

Cold Exposure ◽

Acid Oxidation ◽

Brown Adipose ◽

Mitochondrial Turnover

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Reduced Expression of Urokinase Plasminogen Activator in Brown Adipose Tissue of Obese Mouse Models

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22073407 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (7) ◽

pp. 3407

Author(s):

Chung-Ze Wu ◽

Li-Chien Chang ◽

Chao-Wen Cheng ◽

Te-Chao Fang ◽

Yuh-Feng Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽

Brown Adipose Tissue ◽

Glomerular Filtration ◽

Plasminogen Activator ◽

Mouse Models ◽

Filtration Rate ◽

Obese Mouse ◽

Adipose Tissues ◽

Brown Adipose

In recent decades, the obesity epidemic has resulted in morbidity and mortality rates increasing globally. In this study, using obese mouse models, we investigated the relationship among urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), metabolic disorders, glomerular filtration rate, and adipose tissues. Two groups, each comprised of C57BL/6J and BALB/c male mice, were fed a chow diet (CD) and a high fat diet (HFD), respectively. Within the two HFD groups, half of each group were euthanized at 8 weeks (W8) or 16 weeks (W16). Blood, urine and adipose tissues were collected and harvested for evaluation of the effects of obesity. In both mouse models, triglyceride with insulin resistance and body weight increased with duration when fed a HFD in comparison to those in the groups on a CD. In both C57BL/6J and BALB/c HFD mice, levels of serum uPA initially increased significantly in the W8 group, and then the increment decreased in the W16 group. The glomerular filtration rate declined in both HFD groups. The expression of uPA significantly decreased in brown adipose tissue (BAT), but not in white adipose tissue, when compared with that in the CD group. The results suggest a decline in the expression of uPA in BAT in obese m models as the serum uPA increases. There is possibly an association with BAT fibrosis and dysfunction, which may need further study.

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WITHDRAWAL FOR “GLP-1 Has an Anti-Inflammatory Effect on Adipose Tissue Expression of Cytokines, Chemokines, and Receptors in Obese Women”

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2019-01393 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 104 (8) ◽

pp. 3524-3524

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Tissue Expression ◽

Obese Women ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Inflammatory Effect

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MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Exogenous insulin does not increase muscle protein synthesis rate when administered systemically: a systematic review

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje-14-0902 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 173 (1) ◽

pp. R25-R34 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Jorn Trommelen ◽

Bart B L Groen ◽

Henrike M Hamer ◽

Lisette C P G M de Groot ◽

Luc J C van Loon

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Older Adults ◽

Protein Synthesis ◽

Muscle Protein ◽

Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽

Synthesis Rate ◽

Protein Synthesis Rate ◽

Exogenous Insulin ◽

Insulin Administration ◽

Muscle Protein Synthesis Rate

BackgroundThough it is well appreciated that insulin plays an important role in the regulation of muscle protein metabolism, there is much discrepancy in the literature on the capacity of exogenous insulin administration to increase muscle protein synthesis ratesin vivoin humans.ObjectiveTo assess whether exogenous insulin administration increases muscle protein synthesis rates in young and older adults.DesignA systematic review of clinical trials was performed and the presence or absence of an increase in muscle protein synthesis rate was reported for each individual study arm. In a stepwise manner, multiple models were constructed that excluded study arms based on the following conditions: model 1, concurrent hyperaminoacidemia; model 2, insulin-induced hypoaminoacidemia; model 3, supraphysiological insulin concentrations; and model 4, older, more insulin resistant, subjects.ConclusionsFrom the presented data in the current systematic review, we conclude that: i) exogenous insulin and amino acid administration effectively increase muscle protein synthesis, but this effect is attributed to the hyperaminoacidemia; ii) exogenous insulin administered systemically induces hypoaminoacidemia which obviates any insulin-stimulatory effect on muscle protein synthesis; iii) exogenous insulin resulting in supraphysiological insulin levels exceeding 50 000 pmol/l may effectively augment muscle protein synthesis; iv) exogenous insulin may have a diminished effect on muscle protein synthesis in older adults due to age-related anabolic resistance; and v) exogenous insulin administered systemically does not increase muscle protein synthesis in healthy, young adults.

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Adiponectin Controls Nutrient Availability in Hypothalamic Astrocytes

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22041587 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 1587

Author(s):

Nuri Song ◽

Da Yeon Jeong ◽

Thai Hien Tu ◽

Byong Seo Park ◽

Hye Rim Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Nutrient Availability ◽

Acid Oxidation ◽

Cell Type ◽

Metabolic Processes ◽

Nutrient Metabolism ◽

Peripheral Tissues ◽

The Central Nervous System

Adiponectin, an adipose tissue-derived hormone, plays integral roles in lipid and glucose metabolism in peripheral tissues, such as the skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver. Moreover, it has also been shown to have an impact on metabolic processes in the central nervous system. Astrocytes comprise the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system and actively participate in metabolic processes between blood vessels and neurons. However, the ability of adiponectin to control nutrient metabolism in astrocytes has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of adiponectin on multiple metabolic processes in hypothalamic astrocytes. Adiponectin enhanced glucose uptake, glycolytic processes and fatty acid oxidation in cultured primary hypothalamic astrocytes. In line with these findings, we also found that adiponectin treatment effectively enhanced synthesis and release of monocarboxylates. Overall, these data suggested that adiponectin triggers catabolic processes in astrocytes, thereby enhancing nutrient availability in the hypothalamus.

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