scholarly journals Host-Microbe Interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Aixin Hou
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Short Life ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Complex Microbial Community ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Laboratory Maintenance ◽  
Genetic Mutants

A good understanding of how microbes interact with hosts has a direct bearing on our capability of fighting infectious microbial pathogens and making good use of beneficial ones. Among the model organisms used to study reciprocal actions among microbes and hosts, C. elegans may be the most advantageous in the context of its unique attributes such as the short life cycle, easiness of laboratory maintenance, and the availability of different genetic mutants. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding host-microbe interactions in C. elegans. Although these investigations have greatly enhanced our understanding of C. elegans-microbe relationships, all but one of them involve only one or few microbial species. We argue here that more research is needed for exploring the evolution and establishment of a complex microbial community in the worm’s intestine and its interaction with the host.

scholarly journals Discovery of a Natural Microsporidian Pathogen with a Broad Tissue Tropism in Caenorhabditis elegans

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Luallen ◽  
Aaron W. Reinke ◽  
Linda Tong ◽  
Michael R. Botts ◽  
Marie-Anne Félix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Tissue Tropism ◽  
Microsporidian Parasite ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Host Tissues

AbstractMicrobial pathogens often establish infection within particular niches of their host for replication. Determining how infection occurs preferentially in specific host tissues is a key aspect of understanding host-microbe interactions. Here, we describe the discovery of a natural microsporidian parasite of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that has a unique tissue tropism compared to other parasites of C. elegans. We characterize the life cycle of this new species, Nematocida displodere, including pathogen entry, intracellular replication, and exit. N. displodere can invade multiple host tissues, including the epidermis, muscle, neurons, and intestine of C. elegans. Despite robust invasion of the intestine very little replication occurs there, with the majority of replication occurring in the muscle and epidermis. This feature distinguishes N. displodere from two closely related microsporidian pathogens, N. parisii and N. sp. 1, which exclusively invade and replicate in the intestine. Comparison of the N. displodere genome with N. parisii and N. sp. 1 reveals that N. displodere is the earliest diverging species of the Nematocida genus and devotes over 10% of its genome to a single species-specific gene family that may be mediating host interactions upon infection. Altogether, this system provides a convenient whole-animal model to investigate factors responsible for pathogen growth in different tissue niches.

scholarly journals In Vitro or In Vivo Models, the Next Frontier for Unraveling Interactions between Malassezia spp. and Hosts. How Much Do We Know?

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Maritza Torres ◽  
Hans de Cock ◽  
Adriana Marcela Celis Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Alternative Models ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Malassezia Spp

Malassezia is a lipid-dependent genus of yeasts known for being an important part of the skin mycobiota. These yeasts have been associated with the development of skin disorders and cataloged as a causal agent of systemic infections under specific conditions, making them opportunistic pathogens. Little is known about the host–microbe interactions of Malassezia spp., and unraveling this implies the implementation of infection models. In this mini review, we present different models that have been implemented in fungal infections studies with greater attention to Malassezia spp. infections. These models range from in vitro (cell cultures and ex vivo tissue), to in vivo (murine models, rabbits, guinea pigs, insects, nematodes, and amoebas). We additionally highlight the alternative models that reduce the use of mammals as model organisms, which have been gaining importance in the study of fungal host–microbe interactions. This is due to the fact that these systems have been shown to have reliable results, which correlate with those obtained from mammalian models. Examples of alternative models are Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, Tenebrio molitor, and Galleria mellonella. These are invertebrates that have been implemented in the study of Malassezia spp. infections in order to identify differences in virulence between Malassezia species.

scholarly journals C. elegans: A biosensor for host–microbe interactions

Lab Animal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 127-135
Author(s):  
Cassandra Backes ◽  
Daniel Martinez-Martinez ◽  
Filipe Cabreiro
Keyword(s):  
C Elegans ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions

scholarly journals ​​Unravelling Detailed Insights on Phylloplane Bacteria: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swagata Saikia
Keyword(s):  
Rational Design ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
World Population ◽  
Microbial Adaptation ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Sufficient Food ◽  
Good Range

A fast-growing field of research focuses on microbial biocontrol within the phyllosphere. Phyllosphere microorganisms possess biocontrol capacity with good range of adaptation to the phyllosphere environment and inhibit the expansion of microbial pathogens, thus sustaining plant health. These biocontrol factors are often categorized in direct, microbe-microbe, and indirect, host-microbe, interactions. This review gives an summary of the modes of action of microbial adaptation and biocontrol within the phyllosphere, the genetic basis of the mechanisms and samples of experiments which will detect these mechanisms in laboratory and field experiments. Detailed insights in such mechanisms are key for the rational design of novel microbial biocontrol strategies and increase crop protection and production. Such novel biocontrol strategies are much needed in today’s world to ensure sufficient food production to feed the growing world population.

scholarly journals Functions of Sphingolipids in Pathogenesis During Host–Pathogen Interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Wang ◽  
Yi-Li Chen ◽  
Yong-Kang Li ◽  
Ding-Kang Chen ◽  
Jia-Fan He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Microbial Pathogenesis ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Current State ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Metabolism

Sphingolipids are a class of membrane lipids that serve as vital structural and signaling bioactive molecules in organisms ranging from yeast to animals. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of sphingolipids as signaling molecules in the development and pathogenicity of microbial pathogens including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. In particular, sphingolipids play key roles in regulating the delicate balance between microbes and hosts during microbial pathogenesis. Some pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, harness host sphingolipids to promote development and infection, whereas sphingolipids from both the host and pathogen are involved in fungus–host interactions. Moreover, a regulatory role for sphingolipids has been described, but their effects on host physiology and metabolism remain to be elucidated. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge about the roles of sphingolipids in pathogenesis and interactions with host factors, including how sphingolipids modify pathogen and host metabolism with a focus on pathogenesis regulators and relevant metabolic enzymes. In addition, we discuss emerging perspectives on targeting sphingolipids that function in host–microbe interactions as new therapeutic strategies for infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Inter-species microbiota transplantation recapitulates microbial acquisition and persistence in mosquitoes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerri L. Coon ◽  
Shivanand Hegde ◽  
Grant L. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Microbial Structures ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
And Function ◽  
Microbiota Diversity

AbstractBackgroundMosquitoes harbor microbial communities that play important roles in their growth, survival, reproduction, and ability to transmit human pathogens. Microbiome transplantation approaches are often used to study host-microbe interactions and identify microbial taxa and assemblages associated with health or disease. However, no such approaches have been developed to manipulate the microbiota of mosquitoes.ResultsHere, we developed an approach to transfer entire microbial communities between mosquito cohorts. We undertook transfers between (Culex quinquefasciatus to Aedes aegypti) and within (Ae. aegypti to Ae. aegypti) species to validate the approach and determine the number of mosquitoes required to prepare donor microbiota. After the transfer, we monitored mosquito development and microbiota dynamics throughout the life cycle. Typical holometabolous lifestyle-related microbiota structures were observed, with higher dynamics of microbial structures in larval stages, including the larval water, and less diversity in adults. Microbiota diversity in recipient adults was also more similar to the microbiota diversity in donor adults.ConclusionsThis study provides the first evidence for successful microbiome transplantation in mosquitoes. Our results highlight the value of such methods for studying mosquito-microbe interactions and lay the foundation for future studies to elucidate the factors underlying microbiota acquisition, assembly, and function in mosquitoes under controlled conditions.

scholarly journals Teleosts as Model Organisms To Understand Host-Microbe Interactions

2017 ◽  
Vol 199 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily A. Lescak ◽  
Kathryn C. Milligan-Myhre
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Homogeneous Model ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions

ABSTRACT Host-microbe interactions are influenced by complex host genetics and environment. Studies across animal taxa have aided our understanding of how intestinal microbiota influence vertebrate development, disease, and physiology. However, traditional mammalian studies can be limited by the use of isogenic strains, husbandry constraints that result in small sample sizes and limited statistical power, reliance on indirect characterization of gut microbial communities from fecal samples, and concerns of whether observations in artificial conditions are actually reflective of what occurs in the wild. Fish models are able to overcome many of these limitations. The extensive variation in the physiology, ecology, and natural history of fish enriches studies of the evolution and ecology of host-microbe interactions. They share physiological and immunological features common among vertebrates, including humans, and harbor complex gut microbiota, which allows identification of the mechanisms driving microbial community assembly. Their accelerated life cycles and large clutch sizes and the ease of sampling both internal and external microbial communities make them particularly well suited for robust statistical studies of microbial diversity. Gnotobiotic techniques, genetic manipulation of the microbiota and host, and transparent juveniles enable novel insights into mechanisms underlying development of the digestive tract and disease states. Many diseases involve a complex combination of genes which are difficult to manipulate in homogeneous model organisms. By taking advantage of the natural genetic variation found in wild fish populations, as well as of the availability of powerful genetic tools, future studies should be able to identify conserved genes and pathways that contribute to human genetic diseases characterized by dysbiosis.

The glycomes of Caenorhabditis elegans and other model organisms

2002 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 117-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart M. Haslam ◽  
David Gems ◽  
Howard R. Morris ◽  
Anne Dell
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Entire Genome ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
The Face ◽  
Area Of Concern ◽  
Nematode Worm

There is no doubt that the immense amount of information that is being generated by the initial sequencing and secondary interrogation of various genomes will change the face of glycobiological research. However, a major area of concern is that detailed structural knowledge of the ultimate products of genes that are identified as being involved in glycoconjugate biosynthesis is still limited. This is illustrated clearly by the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which was the first multicellular organism to have its entire genome sequenced. To date, only limited structural data on the glycosylated molecules of this organism have been reported. Our laboratory is addressing this problem by performing detailed MS structural characterization of the N-linked glycans of C. elegans; high-mannose structures dominate, with only minor amounts of complex-type structures. Novel, highly fucosylated truncated structures are also present which are difucosylated on the proximal N-acetylglucosamine of the chitobiose core as well as containing unusual Fucα1–2Gal1–2Man as peripheral structures. The implications of these results in terms of the identification of ligands for genomically predicted lectins and potential glycosyltransferases are discussed in this chapter. Current knowledge on the glycomes of other model organisms such as Dictyostelium discoideum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Drosophila melanogaster is also discussed briefly.

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