scholarly journals Burst Diaphragms Based on Carbon Black/Silica Hybrid Filler Reinforced Nitrile Rubber Compounds

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Asghar Davoodi ◽  
Tal’at Khalkhali ◽  
Mohammad Mahdi Salehi ◽  
Soheil Sarioletlagh Fard
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
Nitrile Rubber ◽  
Hybrid Filler ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Burst Strength ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Cure Time ◽  
Composition Ratios

Nitrile rubber (NBR) based elastomer compounds containing different carbon black/silica composition ratios were prepared using laboratory-scale two roll mill. According the cure characterization results, addition of the reinforcing filler, either carbon black or silica, shortened the optimum cure time and also scorch time of samples compared to that of pure NBR gum where the optimum cure time and scorch time both decreased with increasing the silica content of hybrid filler. Analysis of mechanical properties showed that burst strength of carbon black-rich NBR compounds was higher compared to the samples containing silica. This is presumably due to the higher elongation at break observed in NBR/silica compounds revealing lower crosslink density. In fact, adsorption of curing agents onto the functional groups present at the silica surface would be responsible for the lower crosslink density. According to the Barlow’s formula, despite the higher tensile strength of NBR/silica compounds, higher elongation at break leads to the lower burst strength of NBR/silica/carbon black diaphragms.

scholarly journals Curing and mechanical properties of chlorosulphonated polyethylene rubber blends

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordana Markovic ◽  
Vojislav Jovanovic ◽  
Suzana Samarzija-Jovanovic ◽  
Milena Marinovic-Cincovic ◽  
Jaroslava Budinski-Simendic
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Hydraulic Press ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Rubber Blends ◽  
Tensile Tester ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Cure Time ◽  
Chlorosulphonated Polyethylene ◽  
Scanning Electron

In this paper the curing and mechanical properties of two series of prepared blends, i.e., chlorosulphonated polyethylene (CSM)/isobutylene-co-isoprene (IIR) rubber blends and chlorosulphonated polyethylene (CSM)/chlorinated isobutylene-co-isoprene (CIIR) rubber blends were carried out. Blends were prepared using a two roll-mill at a temperature of 40-50?C. The curing was assessed by using a Monsanto Oscillating Disc Rheometer R-100. The process of vulcanization accelerated sulfur of pure rubbers and their blends was carried out in an electrically heated laboratory hydraulic press under a pressure of about 4 MPa and 160?. The stress-strain experiments were performed using tensile tester machine (Zwick 1425). Results indicate that the scorch time, ts2 and optimum cure time, tc90 increase with increasing CSM content in both blends. The values of modulus at 100% and at 300% elongation and tensile strength increases with increasing CSM content, whereas elongation at break shows a decreasing trend. The enhancement in mechanical properties was supported by data of crosslink density in these samples obtained from swelling measurement and scanning electron microscopy studies of the rubber blends fractured surfaces.

scholarly journals Influence of filler system on the cure characteristics and mechanical properties of butyl reclaimed rubber

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 6045-6060
Author(s):  
Zafirah Zainal Abidin ◽  
Siti Nur Liyana Mamauod ◽  
Siti Salina Sarkawi ◽  
Nurshamimi Shahirah Binti Saimi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Rubber Content ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Cure Characteristics ◽  
Compression Set ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Mooney Viscosity

This research aimed to elucidate the effect of black and non-black filler systems on the cure characteristics and mechanical properties of butyl reclaimed rubber (BRR). In this study, BRR800 was the BRR investigated. Since reclaimed rubber is not entirely 100% rubber, actually being a mixture of rubber, carbon black, oil, zinc oxide, stearic acid and other compounding ingredients used in the original compounds, the reclaimed rubber content in each system was fixed at 161 parts per hundred (pphr). Each mixture was mixed using a two-roll mill. The fillers used in this study were carbon black and calcium carbonate. The Mooney viscosity, cure characteristics, crosslink density, and mechanical properties, such as hardness, abrasion resistance, compression set, tear strength, rebound resilience, and the tensile properties of the vulcanizates were investigated. The results showed that the Mooney viscosity of BRR800 filled with carbon black was increased effectively and had a faster curing time and higher crosslink density than BRR filled with calcium carbonate. In addition, except for compression set and elongation at break, the mechanical properties of BRR800 with a black filler system were higher than those of BRR800 with a non-black filler system.

Curing Characteristics, Fatigue Life and Morphological Properties of Natural Rubber Nanocomposites with Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs)/Carbon Black (CB) Hybrid Filler

2011 ◽  
Vol 471-472 ◽  
pp. 957-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Zuliana Salleh ◽  
Hanafi Ismail ◽  
Zulkifli Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Halloysite Nanotubes ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Hybrid Filler ◽  
Curing Characteristics ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Cure Time

In this research, natural rubber (NR) with halloysite nanotubes(HNTs)/carbon black (CB) hybrid filler at various filler loading was investigated where the total filler loading used in each compound were 40 phr. The curing characteristics, fatigue life and morphological properties of HNTs/CB/NR nanocomposites were studied. Laboratory two-roll mill was used for mixing process. The results revealed that vulcanizates containing more HNTs in hybrid filler exhibit longer scorch time (ts2) and cure time (t90) for curing characteristics and higher in fatigue life compared to vulcanizates with 40 phr of CB. The images from scanning electron microscope (SEM) confirmed that replacement of carbon black with halloysite nanotubes improved the fatigue life by showing more tearing surface on vulcanizates.

Characterization of hybrid fillers based on carbon black of different types obtained by impregnation

2015 ◽  
Vol 231 (7) ◽  
pp. 584-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed A Al-Ghamdi ◽  
Omar A Al-Hartomy ◽  
Falleh R Al-Solamy ◽  
Nikolay Dishovsky ◽  
Petrunka Malinova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
Dual Phase ◽  
Hybrid Filler ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Hybrid Fillers ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Two Phases

The paper presents the investigations on obtaining dual phase fillers with preset silica content running a successful impregnation of two completely different types of conventional carbon black with silicasol. The hybrid fillers studied were characterized by atomic absorption spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy. The total pore volume, the average pore diameter, the specific surface area, the oil absorption number, and iodine adsorption of the fillers were also investigated. The distribution of both phases within the hybrid filler obtained and their interpenetration were investigated with scanning transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The hybrid products obtained were investigated as reinforcing fillers of natural rubber-based composites. The results obtained show that the suggested impregnation with silicasol of conventional carbon black is a perspective method for preparation of carbon-silica dual phase fillers. The method provides an easy control over the quantitative ratio between the two phases. The fillers thus prepared do not change significantly the curing and mechanical characteristics of the vulcanizates, but improve their thermal aging resistance. The isolation of the carbon black aggregates by the silica phase, and the interpenetration of the two phases is a prerequisite to obtain elastomer composites of good mechanical and microwave properties suitable for producing of microwave shielding devices.

EFFECT OF DEVULCANIZATION ON CROSSLINK DENSITY AND CROSSLINK DISTRIBUTION OF CARBON BLACK FILLED NATURAL RUBBER VULCANIZATES

2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anu Mary Joseph ◽  
Benny George ◽  
Madhusoodanan K. N. ◽  
Rosamma Alex
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Original Sample ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Percentage Retention ◽  
The Absolute

ABSTRACTCarbon black filled natural rubber (NR) vulcanizates were devulcanized at ambient temperature in a two roll mill. The effect of cure system, that is, conventional vulcanization (CV), semiefficient vulcanization (semi EV), and efficient vulcanization (EV) systems, used for vulcanization of the original sample, on the efficiency of devulcanization was studied. The efficiency of devulcanization expressed as percentage devulcanization of the samples calculated from residual crosslink density measurements was correlated with the sol fraction of the devulcanized samples based on Horikx analysis. Using chemical probe analysis, we determined (i) the crosslink distribution pattern of the original sample, (ii) the extent to which the different types of crosslinks—that is, polysulfidic, disulfidic, and monosulfidic crosslinks—have been debonded or broken during the shearing process in the two roll mill, and (iii) the pattern of bond formation during revulcanization. Mechanical shearing predominantly breaks the majority crosslink type (polysulfidic crosslinks in CV and semi EV cure systems and disulfidic crosslinks in EV samples). Irrespective of the significant reduction in total crosslink density in all three sets of samples, chain shortening reactions similar to the post-crosslinking chemical reactions at curing temperatures also occur during mechanical shear at ambient conditions, which increased the absolute value of monosulfidic links in CV and semi EV systems. However, in the devulcanized EV system, the absolute value of polysulfidic crosslinks increased, which might be due to the re-crosslinking of the cleaved bonds. All the devulcanized samples were revulcanized, and the mechanical and morphological properties were analyzed. The percentage retention of the vulcanizate properties after revulcanization of the devulcanized samples correlated very well with efficiency of devulcanization.

Effect of Ashes as Biomass in Silica Filled Natural Rubber

2017 ◽  
Vol 735 ◽  
pp. 153-157
Author(s):  
Wasinee Pinpat ◽  
Wirunya Keawwattana ◽  
Siree Tangbunsuk
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Rice Husk Ash ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Compression Set ◽  
Cure Time ◽  
Oil Palm Ash ◽  
Reinforcing Filler

Silica has been used as reinforcing filler in natural rubber for a period of time as it results in excellent properties for NR vulcanizes. Rice husk ash (RHA), bagasse ash (BA), and oil palm ash (OPA) obtained from agricultural wastes are mainly composed of silica in the percentage of 80.00%, 57.33%, and 40.20% by weight, respectively. The effect of these fillers on cure characteristics and mechanical properties of natural rubber materials at fixed silica content at 35 parts per hundred of rubber (phr) were investigated. The results indicated that ashes showed greater cure time compared to that of the silica. The incorporation of ashes into natural rubber gradually improved compression set but significantly decreased tensile strength, elongation at break, and resilience. Moreover, young's modulus increased, while hardness showed no significant change with the addition of ashes. Overall results indicated that ashes could be used as cheaper fillers for natural rubber materials where improved mechanical properties were not critical.

The Influence of Cure Characteristics and Crosslink Density of Virgin Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber/Recycled Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (vNBR/rNBR) Blends

2013 ◽  
Vol 594-595 ◽  
pp. 735-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ridhwan Jamalul Nasir ◽  
N.Z. Noimam ◽  
Hanafi Ismail ◽  
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah ◽  
Rosniza Hamzah
Keyword(s):  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Maximum Torque ◽  
Cure Characteristics ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Cure Time ◽  
Efficient Processing ◽  
Blend Ratios

Cure characteristics and crosslink density of virgin acrylonitrile butadiene rubber/recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (vNBR/rNBR) blends were studied. Three different size ranges of rNBR particles, i.e., 150 - 350 μm, 2.0-15.0 mm, and 5-10 cm were used in this study. The vNBR/rNBR blends with blend ratios of 95/5, 85/15, 75/25, 65/35, and 50/50 were prepared using a two roll-mill at room temperature. The characterization results of the blends show that scorch time, t2, of the vNBR/rNBR blends decreased with increased rNBR content as well as decreasing sizes of rNBR particles while cure time, t90of the vNBR/rNBR blends increase with increased rNBR content as well as increasing sizes of rNBR particles. Among all blend ratios, the vNBR/rNBR blends with smallest size of rNBR particles exhibit lowest minimum torque (ML) compared with the bigger particle sizes of it in vNBR/rNBR blends which resulted in more efficient processing. The maximum torque (MH) of all vNBR/rNBR blends shows the inclining trend with increased rNBR. The cross-linking density of vNBR/rNBR blends also show an increasing trend with increasing rNBR content.

Comparison of Reinforcing Efficiency between Calcium Carbonate/Carbon Black and Calcium Carbonate/Silica Hybrid Filled Natural Rubber Composites

2018 ◽  
Vol 382 ◽  
pp. 94-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarawut Prasertsri ◽  
Chaiwute Vudjung ◽  
Wunchai Inthisaeng ◽  
Sansanee Srichan ◽  
Kanchana Sapprasert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Hybrid System ◽  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Strength Increase ◽  
Hybrid Filler ◽  
Carbonate Carbon ◽  
Cure Time

The present research aimed to develop natural rubber (NR) hybrid composites reinforced with calcium carbonate/carbon black (CC/CB) and calcium carbonate/silica (CC/SC). The influence of CC/CB and CC/SC with various filler ratios (120/0, 90/5, 60/10, 30/15 and 0/20) on cure characteristics and mechanical properties of the vulcanizates was investigated and their reinforcing efficiency was compared. It has been found that incorporation of CB in the hybrid filler decreases the scorch time and cure time but increases crosslink density, whereas the incorporation of silica showed cure retardation. As CB or SC content increases, stiffness, tensile strength and tear strength increase, while elongation at break and compression set decrease. Scanning electron microscopy studies also reveal poor filler dispersion and poor adhesion between filler particles and matrix in the vulcanizates with increasing in CC content in a weight filler ratio which causes inferior mechanical properties. Incorporation of CB or SC content enhanced the mechanical properties of the vulcanizates, where CC/CB hybrid system exhibited higher reinforcing efficiency compared with CC/SC hybrid system.

Effect of Epoxidized Palm Oil Loading on the Swelling and Mechanical Properties of SBR Vulcanizates

2013 ◽  
Vol 812 ◽  
pp. 236-240
Author(s):  
Mohd Zaki Nurul Ayunie ◽  
Ahmad Zafir Romli ◽  
M.A. Wahab ◽  
Mohd Hanafiah Abidin
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Epoxidized Palm Oil ◽  
Opposite Trend ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

The effects of epoxidized palm oil (EPO) content in carbon black filled styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) on tensile strength, elongation at break and crosslink density were investigated. Five different loadings of EPO in parts per hundred rubbers (phr) were used to test the tensile strength of the carbon black filled SBR which showed a decreasing trend as the content of EPO in the vulcanizates increased. In contrast, elongation at break showed the opposite trend where the elongation at break increased as the content of the EPO increased. The SBR vulcanizates with the highest content of EPO gave the highest value of elongation at break which is 2393.56%. In the case of swelling index, it was found to increase as the amount of EPO increased.

Reinforcement of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate with Carbon Black/Silica Hybrid Filler Composites

2016 ◽  
Vol 852 ◽  
pp. 16-22
Author(s):  
S. Vishvanathperumal ◽  
S. Gopalakannan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Hybrid Filler ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
Silica Hybrid

Carbon black and silica have been used as the main reinforcing fillers that increase the usefulness of rubbers. In this work the effect of carbon black (high abrasion furnace)/silica hybrid fillers on the mechanical properties, crosslink density and morphological behaviour of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) was investigated. EVA reinforced with 0/50, 10/40, 20/30, 30/20, 40/10 and 50/0 phr of carbon black (CB)/silica hybrid filler. The total hybrid filler is kept constant at 50 phr (parts per hundred rubbers) and six different compounds were prepared. EVA, CB and silica followed by compounding on a two roll mill and molding at 180°C and 20 megapascal (MPa) pressure. The mechanical properties such as tensile & tear strength, elongation at break and 100% modulus have been measured at 23°C on universal testing machine. Abrasion resistance, hardness and rebound resilience are studied using DIN abrader, Shore A durometer and vertical rebound resilience respectively. The tensile strength, modulus, tear strength, abrasion resistance, hardness and crosslink density increased with the CB filler content in hybrid filler, reached the maximum value at 50 phr of high abrasion furnace carbon black. Morphological properties of composites were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy analysis.

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