Comparisons of Costs between Black Caribbean and White British Patients with Advanced Multiple Sclerosis in the UK

Background. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is now more common among black and minority ethnic groups in the UK but little is known about the costs of care amongst different ethnic groups.Objective. This study examined and compared service use and costs for people severely affected with MS from Black Caribbean (BC) and White British (WB) backgrounds in the UK and identified predictors of cost for both groups.Method. Population-based cross-sectional study of 43 BC and 43 WB patients with MS (EDSS ≥ 6) and their informal caregivers recruited from an MS service in southeast London. Interviews collected data on health and social service use and informal care support. Costs were calculated using UK unit cost data. Using regression analyses we compared costs between the ethnic groups and identified possible predictors of cost.Results. The mean (SD) costs for the WB and BC groups were£25,778 (£39,387) and£23,186 (£30,433), respectively. Results identified no significant difference in total cost between the two ethnic groups. The EDSS score alone was a significant predictor of cost.Conclusion. Similar costs between ethnic groups indicate that with regard to this MS service and geographical area, access to care was not affected by ethnicity.

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Prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in Spain: higher than previously reported in other countries?

Rheumatology ◽

10.1093/rheumatology/kez668 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 59 (9) ◽

pp. 2556-2562 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Raúl Cortés Verdú ◽

José M Pego-Reigosa ◽

Daniel Seoane-Mato ◽

Mercedes Morcillo Valle ◽

Deseada Palma Sánchez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lupus Erythematosus ◽

Adult Population ◽

Geographical Area ◽

Geographic Origin ◽

The United States ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Medical Visit ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract Objectives Prevalence of SLE varies among studies, being influenced by study design, geographical area and ethnicity. Data about the prevalence of SLE in Spain are scarce. In the EPISER2016 study, promoted by the Spanish Society of Rheumatology, the prevalence estimate of SLE in the general adult population in Spain has been updated and its association with sociodemographic, anthropometric and lifestyle variables has been explored. Methods Population-based multicentre cross-sectional study, with multistage stratified and cluster random sampling. Participants were contacted by telephone to carry out a questionnaire for the screening of SLE. Investigating rheumatologists evaluated positive results (review of medical records and/or telephone interview, with medical visit if needed) to confirm the diagnosis. To calculate the prevalence and its 95% CI, the sample design was taken into account and weighing was calculated considering age, sex and geographic origin. Multivariate logistic regression models were defined to analyse which sociodemographic, anthropometric and lifestyle variables included in the telephone questionnaire were associated with the presence of SLE. Results 4916 subjects aged 20 years or over were included. 16.52% (812/4916) had a positive screening result for SLE. 12 cases of SLE were detected. The estimated prevalence was 0.21% (95% CI: 0.11, 0.40). SLE was more prevalent in the rural municipalities, with an odds ratio (OR) = 4.041 (95% CI: 1.216, 13.424). Conclusion The estimated prevalence of SLE in Spain is higher than that described in most international epidemiological studies, but lower than that observed in ethnic minorities in the United States or the United Kingdom.

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Breast cancer screening uptake among women from different ethnic groups in London: a population-based cohort study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005586 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (10) ◽

pp. e005586 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Ruth H Jack ◽

Henrik Møller ◽

Tony Robson ◽

Elizabeth A Davies

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Breast Cancer Screening ◽

Population Based ◽

African Women ◽

Black African ◽

Screening Uptake ◽

Black And White ◽

Black Caribbean

ObjectiveTo use newly available self-assigned ethnicity information to investigate variation in breast cancer screening uptake for women from the 16 specific ethnic groups within the broad Asian, Black and White groups that previous studies report.SettingNational cancer screening programme services within London.Participants655 516 female residents aged 50–69, invited for screening between March 2006 and December 2009. Ethnicity information was available for 475 478 (72.5%). White British women were the largest group (306 689, 46.8%), followed by Indian (34 687, 5.3%), White Other (30 053, 4.6%), Black Caribbean (25 607, 3.9%), White Irish (17 271, 2.6%), Black African (17 071, 2.6%) and Asian Other (10 579, 1.6%).Outcome measuresUptake for women in different ethnic groups aged 50–52 for a first call invitation to the programme, and for women aged 50–69 for a routine recall invitation after a previous mammography. Uptake is reported (1) for London overall, adjusted using logistic regression, for age at invitation, socioeconomic deprivation and geographical screening area, and (2) for individual areas, adjusted for age and deprivation.ResultsWhite British women attended their first call (67%) and routine recall (78%) invitations most often. Indian women were more likely to attend their first (61%) or routine recall (74%) than Bangladeshi women (43% and 61%, respectively), and Black Caribbean women were more likely than Black African women to attend first call (63% vs 49%, respectively) and routine recall (74% vs 64%, respectively). There was less variation between ethnic groups in some screening areas.ConclusionsBreast cancer screening uptake in London varies by specific ethnic group for first and subsequent invitations, with White British women being more likely to attend. The variation in the uptake for women from the same ethnic groups in different geographical areas suggests that collaboration about the successful engagement of services with different communities could improve uptake for all women.

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Relationship between Ratio of Second and Fourth Digit and Obesity Traits among Different Ethnic Groups in Ilorin, North Central Nigeria

Notulae Scientia Biologicae ◽

10.15835/nsb849888 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 396-400 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Bolaji Fatai OYEYEMI ◽

John Oluwafemi ADEBAYO ◽

Abass Toba ANIFOWOSHE ◽

Oluyinka Ajibola IYIOLA

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Groups ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Standard Procedure ◽

Surrogate Marker ◽

Relative Length ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Digit Ratio ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference

Digit ratio (2D:4D) denotes the relative length of the second and fourth digits. There are contradicting reports on its relationship with ethnicity/race, whereas convincing studies show it is related to obesity. This cross-sectional study was undertaken to demystify ethnic difference in 2D:4D ratio and to analyze its relationship with obesity among adults in Ilorin Nigeria. The cross-sectional study included 701 individuals. Finger lengths were measured with electronic calipers and other anthropometric traits were measured with standard procedure. Student t test and one-way ANOVA were used to detect differences among groups and relationship was computed with Pearson correlation. The receiver operator characteristic curves were used to detect the diagnostic effect of 2D:4D for obesity. The obtained results showed sexual dimorphism in 2D:4D ratio and other anthropometrics at p < 0.01. Obesity was associated with significantly higher mean of 2D:4D in both genders (female 0.9814 ± 0.012:0.9700 ± 0.012; male 0.9700 ± 0.010:0.9592 ± 0.010 at p < 0.001). The area under the curve was 0.753 (95% CI 0.677-0.829, p < 0.01) and 0.798 (95% CI 0.756-0.804, p < 0.01) in female and male R2D:4D respectively for obesity, implying that 2D:4D might be a surrogate marker for obesity in future. No significant difference was found in 2D:4D among different ethnic groups studied (p >0.05); this result proved that there was no ethnic specificity in 2D:4D ratio among study’ participants. Thus, it can be reported that the digit ratio was related to high 2D:4D, but this cannot be said for different ethnic groups. The results imply that 2D:4D might be a good surrogate indicator for obesity, but not ethnicity.

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Does the longitudinal association between neighbourhood cohesion and mental health differ by ethnicity? Results from the UK Household Longitudinal Survey

10.31235/osf.io/uj6wa ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Antony Chum ◽

Celine Teo ◽

Karanpreet Kaur Azra

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Longitudinal Survey ◽

Future Research ◽

Neighbourhood Effects ◽

Point Increase ◽

Black Caribbean ◽

Longitudinal Association ◽

The Uk ◽

Modelling Approach

PurposeWhile the association between neighbourhood cohesion and mental health has been widely studied in the general population, the effects of neighbourhood cohesion across ethnic groups is not well understood. Ethnicity is often left out of study design, many studies do not consider effect modification by ethnicity, or they rely on overly simplistic ethnic categories. MethodsData from the UK household longitudinal study was used to investigate whether changes in neighbourhood cohesion is independently associated with changes in mental health (measured using the GHQ) over 9 years (2009 to 2018), and whether the association differed across 17 ethnic groups. The study used a fixed-effect modelling approach that includes within-person estimators that allows each participant to act as their own control. ResultsCompared to British white, the following ethnic groups all saw a similar improvement in GHQ (-0.76, 95% CI -0.83 to -0.70) for each point increase in neighbourhood cohesion: Irish, any other White, White and Asian mixed, Chinese, Caribbean, African, any other Black, Arab, and others. Some ethnic groups saw stronger improvements in mental for each point increase in neighbourhood cohesion, including White and Black Caribbean mixed, any other mixed, Indian, Pakistani, any other Asian, with the strongest effect seen in Bangladeshi participants (-2.52. 95% CI -3.48 to -1.56). ConclusionOur study highlights the importance of ethnocultural data in research examining neighbourhood effects on mental health. Future research should evaluate policies to improve neighbourhood cohesion for ethnic minorities to address ethnic mental health disparities.

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SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence and determinants of six ethnic groups living in Amsterdam, the Netherlands: a population-based cross-sectional study, June-October 2020

10.1101/2021.03.08.21252788 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Liza Coyer ◽

Anders Boyd ◽

Janke Schinkel ◽

Charles Agyemang ◽

Henrike Galenkamp ◽

...

Keyword(s):

The Netherlands ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

South Asian ◽

Ethnic Differences ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Antibody Prevalence ◽

Calendar Time ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Small Children

AbstractBackgroundEthnic minorities have higher rates of SARS-CoV-2 diagnoses, but little is known about ethnic differences in past exposure. We aimed to determine whether prevalence and determinants of SARS-CoV-2 exposure varied between six ethnic groups in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.MethodsParticipants aged 25-79 years enrolled in a population-based prospective cohort were randomly selected within ethnic groups and invited to test for SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and answer COVID-19 related questions. We estimated prevalence and determinants of SARS-CoV-2 exposure within ethnic groups using survey-weighted logistic regression adjusting for age, sex and calendar time.ResultsBetween June 24-October 9, 2020, we included 2497 participants. Adjusted SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was comparable between ethnic-Dutch (25/498; 5.5%, 95%CI=3.2-7.9), South-Asian Surinamese (22/451; 4.8%, 95%CI=2.1-7.5), African Surinamese (22/400; 8.2%, 95%CI=3.0-13.4), Turkish (30/408; 7.8%, 95%CI=4.3-11.2) and Moroccan (32/391; 7.0%, 95%CI=4.0-9.9) participants, but higher among Ghanaians (95/327; 26.5%, 95%CI=18.7-34.4). 57.1% of SARS-CoV-2-positive participants did not suspect or were unsure of being infected, which was lowest in African Surinamese (18.2%) and highest in Ghanaians (90.5%). Determinants of SARS-CoV-2 exposure varied across ethnic groups, while the most common determinant was having a household member suspected of infection. In Ghanaians, seropositivity was associated with older age, larger household sizes, living with small children, leaving home to work and attending religious services.ConclusionsNo remarkable differences in SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence were observed between the largest ethnic groups in Amsterdam after the first wave of infections. The higher infection seroprevalence observed among Ghanaians, which passed mostly unnoticed, warrants wider prevention efforts and opportunities for non-symptom-based testing.

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Ethnicity and outcome of psychosis

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.175.1.34 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 175 (1) ◽

pp. 34-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Nicky Goater ◽

Michael King ◽

Eleanor Cole ◽

Gerard Leavey ◽

Eric Johnson-Sabine ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Groups ◽

Black People ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Psychotic Illness ◽

Term Outcome ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Long Term Outcome ◽

Course Of Illness ◽

The Uk ◽

Asian People

BackgroundAn excess of psychotic illness in Black people has been found in cross-sectional studies. Little is known about the outcome of psychosis in different ethnic groups in the UK.AimsTo compare the incidence, nature and long-term outcome of psychosis in different ethnic groups.MethodA five-year, prospective study of an epidemiological cohort of people with a first contact for psychosis.ResultsAge-standardised incidence rates for schizophrenia and non-affective psychosis were higher for Black and Asian people than Whites. Stability of diagnosis and course of illness were similar in all ethnic groups. During the fifth year, Black people were more likely than others to be detained, brought to hospital by the police and given emergency injections.ConclusionsThe nature and outcome of psychotic illness is similar in all ethnic groups but Black people experience more adverse contacts with services later in the course of illness.

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Factors for Lower Walking Speed in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis International ◽

10.1155/2013/875648 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Leandro Alberto Calazans Nogueira ◽

Luciano Teixeira dos Santos ◽

Pollyane Galinari Sabino ◽

Regina Maria Papais Alvarenga ◽

Luiz Claudio Santos Thuler

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Physical Activity Level ◽

Walking Speed ◽

Motor Planning ◽

Activity Level ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Balance Confidence ◽

Significant Difference

Objective. The purpose of this study was to analyze factors related to lower walking speed in persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS).Methods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted. The study participants were 120 consecutive PwMS, who were able to walk, even with device assistance. Demographic and clinical data were collected. Walking speed was measured in 10 m walk test. Possible factors were assessed: disability, fatigue, visual functioning, balance confidence, physical activity level, walking impact, cognitive interference, and motor planning. A forward linear multiple regression analysis examined the correlation with lower speed.Results. Lower walking speed was observed in 85% of the patients. Fatigue (41%), recurrent falls (30%), and balance problems were also present, even with mild disability (averageEDSS=2.68). A good level of physical activity was noted in most of the subjects. Dual-task procedure revealed 11.58% of walking speed reduction. Many participants (69.57%) imagined greater walking speed than motor execution (mean ≥ 28.42%). Physical activity level was the only characteristic that demonstrated no significant difference between the groups (lower versus normal walking speed). Many mobility measures were correlated with walking speed; however, disability, balance confidence, and motor planning were the most significant.Conclusions. Disability, balance confidence, and motor planning were correlated with lower walking speed.

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HEALTHY AGEING FOR ALL? SOCIOECONOMIC CHANGES OVER TIME IN DISABILITY-FREE AND INDEPENDENT LIFE EXPECTANCIES

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igz038.3295 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S902-S902

Author(s):

Holly Q Bennett ◽

Fiona E Matthews ◽

Louise Robinson ◽

Lynne Corner ◽

A Kingston ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Large Population ◽

Population Based ◽

Area Deprivation ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Socioeconomic Changes ◽

Disadvantaged Women ◽

Independent Life ◽

The Uk ◽

Changes Over Time

Abstract Background: Previous research using cross-sectional data shows widening inequalities in disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) by socioeconomic status (SES) in the UK. We aimed to understand the underlying transitions of DFLE and years dependency free (DepFLE) using longitudinal data from the Cognitive Function and Ageing Studies (CFAS I and CFAS II). Methods: Two large population based studies of those aged 65+ in three centres (Newcastle, Nottingham, Cambridgeshire) interviewed at baseline in 1991 (CFAS I) and 2011 (CFAS II) with follow up two years later. Disability was measured using difficulty in activities of daily living (ADL), and dependency by time between help required for ADLs. SES was based on area deprivation categorised into study specific tertiles. Transitions between disability or dependency states and death were modelled using Interpolated Markov Chain software. Results: Between 1991 and 2011, DFLE and disabled life expectancy (DLE) at age 65 increased for men in every SES group, with men being less likely to become disabled or die, and more likely to recover, in 2011 than 1991 across SES groups. For the most disadvantaged women, DFLE was similar, and DLE increased, whilst for the remaining women DFLE increased and DLE was similar. For women probability of recovery increased and probability of death from disability decreased but probability of becoming disabled decreased only for the most advantaged. DepFLE patterns across time were similar but more pronounced. Conclusion: Preventive measures should focus on reducing the disability and dependency onset in the most disadvantaged to ensure inequalities do not widen further.

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Early Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis Patients In Relation To Brain Atrophy, Egyptian Sample

QJM ◽

10.1093/qjmed/hcaa054.008 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 113 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

M F Zakaria ◽

T A Abdo ◽

A A Abdelaziz ◽

D A Zamzam ◽

Y A Abdullah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Brain Atrophy ◽

General Medicine ◽

Economic Consequences ◽

University Hospitals ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Abstract Background Approximately half of all patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience cognitive impairment, most commonly with regard to new learning and memory. Cognitive dysfunction is a leading cause of disability in MS and it can have profound social and economic consequences for patients and their families. Objective This study was conducted to discover the early cognitive domains affected in multiple sclerosis patients concomitant with the postulated brain atrophy in an Egyptian sample of multiple sclerosis patients. Patients and Methods A cross-sectional observational case-control study conducted on seventy (60) patients who came for follow-up in Ain Shams University hospitals. 40 patients were taken as cases that followed up in MS unit in Ain-Shams university hospitals. 20 participants were taken as controls taken from the general medicine clinics age and sex matched to our patient group. An informed written consent was taken from parents of each person included in the study. Results There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in brain volumetric changes and in the parameters of cognitive assessment Conclusion Early detection and examination of cognitive functions is important for patient evaluation, follow up and treatment regimen used.

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The second clinical survey of the population-based study on health and living conditions in regions with Sami and Norwegian populations – the SAMINOR 2 Clinical Survey: Performing indigenous health research in a multiethnic landscape

Scandinavian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1177/1403494819845574 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (6) ◽

pp. 583-593 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Ann Ragnhild Broderstad ◽

Solrunn Hansen ◽

Marita Melhus

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Groups ◽

Indigenous Health ◽

Participation Rate ◽

Indigenous Communities ◽

Glycated Haemoglobin ◽

Population Based ◽

Living Conditions ◽

Future Research ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Clinical Survey

Background Globally, there is a huge lack of relevant research about widespread lifestyle diseases and living conditions in indigenous communities. Northern and Middle Norway have a history of multiple ethnic groups and the Sami has been acknowledged as the indigenous people of Norway by the Norwegian State. The SAMINOR 2 Clinical Survey, a part of the SAMINOR Study, was carried out to provide health information about the Sami population in Norway. Methods The cross-sectional population-based SAMINOR 2 Clinical Survey consists of both questionnaires and a clinical examination performed in 10 municipalities during 2012–2014. Results In total, 6004 men and women (participation rate 48%) aged 40–79 years took part in this study. In inland Finnmark, the Sami are in the majority (80–90%) as opposed to the coastline of Troms and Nordland, where the Sami population form a minority (20%). More women than men participated (54% versus 43%, respectively). Obesity was prevalent in this sample and a high mean glycated haemoglobin was observed. Conclusions: This article describes the methods and data collection of the SAMINOR 2 Clinical Survey and presents some characteristics of the sample. The definition of ethnic groups is a core question in the survey and includes several criteria. To ensure that indigenous values and priorities are reflected in the research themes, we recommend that future research projects be directed in close collaboration with the Sami Parliament and the local communities.

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