scholarly journals Proteus II: Design and Evaluation of an Integrated Power-Efficient Underwater Sensor Node

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wouter A. P. van Kleunen ◽  
Niels A. Moseley ◽  
Paul J. M. Havinga ◽  
Nirvana Meratnia
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Node ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Modulation Scheme ◽  
Time Of Arrival ◽  
Analog To Digital ◽  
Power Efficient ◽  
Toa Estimation ◽  
And Performance

We describe the design and evaluation of an integrated low-cost underwater sensor node designed for reconfigurability, allowing continuous operation on a relatively small rechargeable battery for one month. The node uses a host CPU for the network protocols and processing sensor data and a separate CPU performs signal processing for the ultrasonic acoustic software-defined Modulator/Demodulator (MODEM). A Frequency Shift Keying- (FSK-) based modulation scheme with configurable symbol rates, Hamming error correction, and Time-of-Arrival (ToA) estimation for underwater positioning is implemented. The onboard sensors, an accelerometer and a temperature sensor, can be used to measure basic environmental parameters; additional internal and external sensors are supported through industry-standard interfaces (I2C, SPI, and RS232) and an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) for analog peripherals. A 433 MHz radio can be used when the node is deployed at the surface. Tests were performed to validate the low-power operation. Moreover the acoustic communication range and performance and ToA capabilities were evaluated. Results show that the node achieves the one-month lifetime, is able to perform communication in highly reflective environments, and performs ToA estimation with an accuracy of about 1-2 meters.

scholarly journals Mems Technology Quality Requirements as Applied to Multibeam Echosounder

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Bikonis ◽  
Jerzy Demkowicz
Keyword(s):  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Microelectromechanical System ◽  
Power Efficient ◽  
Inertial Measurement ◽  
Multibeam Echosounder ◽  
Mems Technology ◽  
Measurement Units ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Small, lightweight, power-efficient and low-cost microelectromechanical system (MEMS) inertial sensors and microcontrollers available in the market today help reduce the instability of Multibeam Sonars. Current MEMS inertial measurement units (IMUs) come in many shapes, sizes, and costs - depending on the application and performance required. Although MEMS inertial sensors offer affordable and appropriately scaled units, they are not currently capable of meeting all requirements for accurate and precise attitudes, due to their inherent measurement noise. The article presents the comparison of different MEMS technologies and their parameters regarding to the main application, namely Multibeam Echo Sounders (MBES). The quality of MEMS parameters is crucial for further MBES record-processing. The article presents the results of undertaken researches in that area, and these results are relatively positive for low-cost MEMS. The paper undertakes some vital aspect of using MEMS in the attitude and heading reference system (AHRS) context. The article presents a few aspects of MEMS gyro errors and their estimation process in the context of INS processing flow, as well as points out the main difficulties behind the INS when using a few top MEMS technologies.

scholarly journals Assessing the value of complex refractive index and particle density for calibration of low-cost particle matter sensor for size-resolved particle count and PM2.5 measurements

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0259745
Author(s):  
Ching-Hsuan Huang ◽  
Jiayang He ◽  
Elena Austin ◽  
Edmund Seto ◽  
Igor Novosselov
Keyword(s):  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Particle Density ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Complex Refractive Index ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Number Concentration ◽  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Particle Count ◽  
Mass Concentrations

Low-cost optical scattering particulate matter (PM) sensors report total or size-specific particle counts and mass concentrations. The PM concentration and size are estimated by the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) proprietary algorithms, which have inherent limitations since particle scattering depends on particles’ properties such as size, shape, and complex index of refraction (CRI) as well as environmental parameters such as temperature and relative humidity (RH). As low-cost PM sensors are not able to resolve individual particles, there is a need to characterize and calibrate sensors’ performance under a controlled environment. Here, we present improved calibration algorithms for Plantower PMS A003 sensor for mass indices and size-resolved number concentration. An aerosol chamber experimental protocol was used to evaluate sensor-to-sensor data reproducibility. The calibration was performed using four polydisperse test aerosols. The particle size distribution OEM calibration for PMS A003 sensor did not agree with the reference single particle sizer measurements. For the number concentration calibration, the linear model without adjusting for the aerosol properties and environmental conditions yields an absolute error (NMAE) of ~ 4.0% compared to the reference instrument. The calibration models adjusted for particle CRI and density account for non-linearity in the OEM’s mass concentrations estimates with NMAE within 5.0%. The calibration algorithms developed in this study can be used in indoor air quality monitoring, occupational/industrial exposure assessments, or near-source monitoring scenarios where field calibration might be challenging.

Hand-Held NIR Spectrometry. Part II: An Economical No-Moving Parts Spectrometer for Measuring Chlorophyll and Moisture

2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 720-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. McClure ◽  
David Moody ◽  
D. L. Stanfield ◽  
Osamu Kinoshita
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Frequency Converter ◽  
Silicon Detector ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Analog To Digital ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Digital Hardware ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Frequency Detector ◽  
Moving Parts

The design and performance of a low-cost no-moving-parts handheld NIR spectrometer are discussed. Dubbed the TWmeter, this device was conceived for use by researchers and others in developing countries unable to afford more costly technology found in developed countries. Two design features contribute to the novelty of this spectrometer: (1) three unfiltered light emitting diodes (LEDs) with peak emissions at 700, 880, and 940 nm for measuring chlorophyll in plant tissue and moisture in paper, and (2) a silicon intensity-to-frequency detector (a silicon detector with an integral voltage-to-frequency converter). The latter feature allows an ordinary microcomputer to obtain intensity measurements by counting for a fixed length of time, thus avoiding the need for higher-priced analog-to-digital hardware. Performance tests, using multiple linear regression for calibration, demonstrate that chlorophyll and moisture can be determined with a root mean squared standard error of prediction of 0.99 mg/cm2 of leaf surface for a range of 1–8 mg/cm2 and 1.04% (wet basis) for a range of 30–65% moisture, respectively. Development of the TWmeter (costing less than $300 US), demonstrates that spectrometry need not be costly.

scholarly journals Toward Near Real-Time Kinematics Differential Correction: In View of Geometrically Augmented Sensor Data for Mobile Microclimate Monitoring

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Stefano Tondini ◽  
Farshad Hasanabadi ◽  
Roberto Monsorno ◽  
Antonio Novelli
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Urban Context

In the scenario of massive urbanization and global climate change, the acquisition of microclimatic data in urban areas plays a key role in responsive adaptation and mitigation strategies. The enrichment of kinematic sensor data with precise, high-frequency and robust positioning directly relates to the possibility of creating added-value services devoted to improving the life-quality of urban communities. This work presents a low-cost cloud-connected mobile monitoring platform for multiple environmental parameters and their spatial variation in the urban context.

scholarly journals Low-Cost IoT Enabled Embedded System for Measurement of Environmental Pollutants

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Mani Kumar ◽  
Shahid Ali ◽  
P. Sri Lakshmi ◽  
G. Raja Kullayappa ◽  
K. Tanveer Alam
Keyword(s):  
Embedded System ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
User Friendliness ◽  
Meteorological Systems ◽  
Conventional Systems ◽  
Physical Quantities

In today’s world, with ever-changing pollutants and their concentrations, the designing of low-cost meteorological systems is unavoidable for assessing environmental parameters. Wireless instrumentation is an effective way of measuring the physical quantities as it can measure and transmit the data to the targeted location at high speed. In the present work, an IoT-enabled embedded system was developed to measure the concentration of carbon dioxide, ozone, and the presence of smoke. The ARM microcontroller reads the sensor data and processes the information to calculate the pollutant parameters. The measured data is displayed on the LCD, mobile phone, and a computer simultaneously using wireless technology. With Embedded C, the Keil compiler was used to develop the interfacing software for the designed system. Portability, user-friendliness, and reliability are the significant advantages of the device compared with the conventional systems, and it can be widely used as an inexpensive solution for the monitoring of environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Design and Implementation of a Multi-Colour Visible Light Communication System Based on a Light-to-Frequency Receiver

Photonics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Alexander Martínez-Ciro ◽  
Francisco Eugenio López-Giraldo ◽  
Andrés Felipe Betancur-Perez ◽  
Jose Martín Luna-Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Visible Light Communication ◽  
Pso Algorithm ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
Symbol Error Rate ◽  
Modulation Scheme ◽  
Analog To Digital ◽  
Constellation Design

Colour-shift keying (CSK) is a visible light communication (VLC) modulation scheme used in the existing IEEE 802.15.7 standard. In CSK, information is transmitted by changing the light intensities of the RGB LEDs. In this work, a low-complexity VLC system is proposed using CSK modulation and a novel receiver based on a light-to-frequency (LTF) converter. At the receiver, CSK symbols are interpreted and decoded in terms of frequencies, which are processed by a counter module of a generic microcontroller, thus avoiding the use of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), which results in a low-cost VLC system. The main contributions of this work are summarized in the following key points: (1) A low-complexity receiver for CSK modulation is introduced; (2) A particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm for CSK constellation design is suggested considering the restrictions of the LTF based receiver; (3) Experimental and theoretical validation is perfomed for the proposed multi-colour VLC system. The results show that this system can provide a transmission speed of 100 kbps using a 4-CSK-LTF constellation for a symbol error rate (SER) of 10 − 4 and a signal to noise ratio (SNR) around 35 dB. These results suggest that the analysed system could find applications on those scenarios where low transmission speeds and ease of deployment are the goals.

Towards an Integrated Vehicle Management System in DriveOS

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (5s) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Soham Sinha ◽  
Richard West
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Driver Assistance ◽  
Separation Kernel ◽  
Control Units ◽  
Embedded Pc ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Vehicle Management

Modern automotive systems feature dozens of electronic control units (ECUs) for chassis, body and powertrain functions. These systems are costly and inflexible to upgrade, requiring ever increasing numbers of ECUs to support new features such as advanced driver assistance (ADAS), autonomous technologies, and infotainment. To counter these challenges, we propose DriveOS, a safe, secure, extensible, and timing-predictable system for modern vehicle management in a centralized platform. DriveOS is based on a separation kernel, where timing and safety-critical ECU functions are implemented in a real-time OS (RTOS) alongside non-critical software in Linux or Android. The system enforces the separation, or partitioning, of both software and hardware among different OSes. DriveOS runs on a relatively low-cost embedded PC-class platform, supporting multiple cores and hardware virtualization capabilities. Instrument cluster, in-vehicle infotainment and advanced driver assistance system services are implemented in a Yocto Linux guest, which communicates with critical real-time services via secure shared memory. The RTOS manages a real-time controller area network (CAN) interface that is inaccessible to Linux services except via well-defined and legitimate communication channels. In this work, we integrate three Qt-based services written for Yocto Linux, running in parallel with a real-time longitudinal controller task and multiple CAN bus concentrators, for vehicular sensor data processing and actuation. We demonstrate the benefits and performance of DriveOS with a hardware-in-the-loop CARLA simulation using a real car dataset.

scholarly journals Prototype of a Low-Cost Electronic Platform for Real Time Greenhouse Environment Monitoring: An Agriculture 4.0 Perspective

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tonino Pisanu ◽  
Salvatore Garau ◽  
Pierluigi Ortu ◽  
Luca Schirru ◽  
Claudia Macciò
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Web Application ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Environment Monitoring ◽  
Analog To Digital ◽  
Electronic Board ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The Internet of Things has a high impact on upgrade and transformation of the traditional greenhouse agricultural techniques. It is necessary to control the environmental factors for obtaining the optimum growth conditions for the crop and extend the production season to get the optimum yield. These aspects are fundamental for Agriculture 4.0, that uses technology not simply for the sake of innovation but to improve and address the real needs of consumers. In this paper, a prototype of a low-cost electronic platform for real time greenhouse environment monitoring has been designed, developed and built. The prototype has been developed with the purpose of firmware and software prototyping, in order to make the most of device performances. The electronic board is composed by a Main Board, a Green House Core, a Wi-Fi Module, a RS485 Module, an Analog-to-Digital Converter Module and a USB Module. The system permits to collect data by external sensors, elaborate and send them to external devices as laptop, smartphone and internet gateway, using both wired and wireless connection. These data concern to main greenhouse environmental parameters, such as air temperature, humidity, solar radiation, air velocity and CO2 concentration. A Web application has been implemented to allow users a consultation of greenhouse environmental state in a simple and fast way.

scholarly journals Sustainable and Resilient Smart Water Grids: A Solution for Developing Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 204-219
Author(s):  
Khurram Shehzad Khattak ◽  
Muhammad Jawwad ◽  
Zawar H. Khan ◽  
T. Aron Gulliver ◽  
Akhtar Nawaz Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
World Population ◽  
Smart Water ◽  
Tube Wells ◽  
Grid Management

According to a United Nations report, the world population will increase from 7 billion to 9 billion by 2050. Further, the water stress level is more than 70% in 22 countries while in another 31 countries it is between 25% and 70%. More than 2 billion people live in these 53 countries which are all underdeveloped. Water use has increased by 1% per year since the 1980s, so global demand is expected to rise by 30% by 2050. Thus, efficient water grid management is imperative to ensure there is sufficient water for the future. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) can be used to create smart water grids to optimize water distribution, reduce waste and leakage, and resolve quality and overuse issues. In this work, a low cost, real-time, reliable and sustainable IoT based solution called SmartTubewell is proposed for smart water grid management. It is composed of two components, a sensor node installed at tube wells and an application layer on Amazon Web Services (AWS) for data analysis, storage and processing. The sensor node is based on a Raspberry Pi with integrated current and voltage sensors and a local database. The sensor data is transmitted to AWS using a cellular (GPRS) network. A comparison between the proposed system and SCADA is presented which shows that SmartTubewell has a much lower cost. A field test with multiple tube wells in Peshawar, Pakistan indicates that this is a suitable solution for developing countries.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document