scholarly journals Lipometabolism and Glycometabolism in Liver Diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao-ran Ding ◽  
Jing-lin Wang ◽  
Hao-zhen Ren ◽  
Xiao-lei Shi
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Liver Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pathological State ◽  
Metabolic Imbalance ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Relationship

The liver is the main metabolic organ in the body especially in lipometabolism and glycometabolism. Carbohydrates and fats disorders can result in insulin resistance in the liver. Metabolic imbalance can even lead to life-threatening conditions. Therefore, it is essential to maintain the normal metabolic function of the liver. When the liver is in a pathological state, liver metabolism homeostasis is damaged, and metabolic disorders will further aggravate liver disease. Consequently, it is essential to determine the relationship between liver diseases and metabolic disorders. Here we review a lot of evidence that liver diseases are closely related to lipometabolism and glycometabolism. Although the disorder of the liver metabolism is caused by different liver diseases, the break of metabolic balance is determined by changes in the state of the liver. We discuss the relationship between liver disease and metabolic changes, outline the process of how metabolic changes are regulated by liver diseases, and describe the role which metabolic changes play in the process and prognosis of liver disease.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN METABOLIC AND IMMUNOLOGICAL INDICATORS AFTER CORRECTION BY ALLOGENIC HEPATOCYTES IN ACUTE TOXIC, ISCHEMIC AND ALCOHOL LIVER INJURY

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-37
Author(s):  
Е. S. Litvinova ◽  
A. I. Konoplya ◽  
I. M. Kholimenko ◽  
A. G. Kotsar’
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Immune Disorders ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Immune disorders arising from liver damage of various origins and the mechanisms of their development are still poorly understood. The functions of the immune system are carried out against the background of metabolic processes and their shifts caused by the action of various agents on the body, as well as liver cells - hepatocytes. Typical metabolic changes that occur when the liver is affected by various toxic factors are combined with certain features of metabolic disorders in certain organs and tissues, due to the specifics of their structural and functional organization, the nature of the inducing agent and the primary link of its effect on cells and the body as a whole. The relationship of numerous metabolic changes, violations of the functional activity of hepatocytes arising in such a pathology with the dysfunction of the immune system has not yet been sufficiently studied, as well as the most effective methods of correction have not been established. Currently, the issues of pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of acute liver diseases remain among the most relevant in medicine, both due to the complexity of diagnosis and the choice of optimal treatment methods, and the tendency towards an increase in the number of patients with these diseases. The emergence and development of cellular technologies have created serious scientific prerequisites in this area.

scholarly journals Asthenia and fatigue in hyperammonemia: etiopathogenesis and methods of correction

2022 ◽  
pp. 95-104
Author(s):  
E. Yu. Plotnikova ◽  
M. N. Sinkova ◽  
L. K. Isakov
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Principles Of Treatment ◽  
The Brain

Asthenia and fatigue are the most common syndromes in patients with liver disease, which significantly affects their quality of life. The prevalence of fatigue in chronic liver diseases is from 50% to 85%. While some progress has been made in understanding the processes that can cause fatigue in general, the underlying causes of fatigue associated with liver disease remain not well understood. In particular, many data suggest that fatigue associated with liver disease likely results from changes in neurotransmission in the brain against the background of hyperammonemia. Hyperammonemia is a metabolic state characterized by an increased level of  ammonia, a  nitrogen-containing compound. The  present review describes hyperammonemia, which is likely important in the pathogenesis of fatigue associated with liver disease. Ammonia is a potent neurotoxin, its elevated blood levels can cause neurological signs and symptoms that can be acute or chronic, depending on the  underlying pathology. Hyperammonemia should be recognized early, and immediately treated to prevent the development of life-threatening complications, such as, swelling of the brain and coma. The article gives pathophysiological mechanisms of influence of hyperammonemia on state of psychovegetative status of patients with liver diseases, also lists basic principles of treatment. A significant part of the article is devoted to L-ornithine-L-aspartate, which is effective in asthenia and fatigue to reduce the level of hyperammonemia through a variety of well-studied mechanisms in chronic liver diseases.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF ASSESSMENT AND CORRECTION OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO COVID-19 PATIENT WITH METABOLIC DISORDERS: Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-156
Author(s):  
S.V. Ivanchenko ◽  
O.M. Kovalyova ◽  
A.B. Andrusha
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Inpatient Treatment ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
The Body ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
The Relationship

The article is devoted to the problem of coronavirus disease COVID-19 with emphasis on the nutritional status of patients. An analytical review of recent publications related to aspects of nutritional support for people in outpatient and inpatient treatment for COVID-19 is presented. The article highlights the pathogenetic justification of the relationship between the immune response and metabolic balance of the body, the optimal content of trace elements, vitamins, components of lipid metabolism. The importance of nutrition as a strategy to support human immune function is considered. Methods for determining the adequate energy balance of patients with severe COVID-19 are presented. Groups of foods and key nutrients that may affect the consequences and clinical course of respiratory infections are described. The importance of assessing and optimizing nutritional status to improve the clinical course and consequences of COVID-19 in patients with comorbid pre-existing non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity with systemic inflammation, is emphasized.

Subclinical hypothyroidism: treat or watch?

2021 ◽  
pp. 98-108
Author(s):  
I. A. Tsanava ◽  
S. V. Bulgakova ◽  
A. V. Melikova
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Reference Range ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
The Body ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Serum Tsh ◽  
Tsh Levels

Manifest hypothyroidism occurs in more than 5 % of the population, while prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is much higher and reaches 15 %. In the practice of an endocrinologist, in most cases, the diagnosis and treatment of manifest hypothyroidism does not raise questions, while subclinical changes in thyroid hormones quite often generate a lot of discussions. The generally accepted reference range for TSH up to 4.50 μIU / ml is in conflict with data showing that more than 95 % of healthy people with euthyroidism have serum TSH levels up to 2.5 μIU / ml. At the same time, a lot of data has been accumulated on the effect of even slightly altered levels of thyroid hormones and TSH on various tissues, organs and systems of the body, especially on the cardiovascular, nervous and reproductive systems. This review analyzes the results of studies aimed at studying the relationship of subclinical hypothyroidism with cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, cognitive disorders, pathology of pregnant women.

scholarly journals Anabolic/Catabolic Imbalance in Chronic Heart Failure

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Cittadini ◽  
Eduardo Bossone ◽  
Alberto Maria Marra ◽  
Michele Arcopinto ◽  
Emanuele Bobbio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Chronic Heart Failure ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adjunctive Treatment ◽  
Somatotropic Axis ◽  
Therapeutic Trials ◽  
Metabolic Imbalance ◽  
The Relationship

A metabolic imbalance between anabolic drive and catabolic forces is commonly observed in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients, with the latter prevailing over anabolic hormones. Moreover, anabolic deficiencies are independent markers of poor prognosis. This finding represents a solid background for the implementation of therapeutic trials based on replacement therapy. The somatotropic axis (GH/IGF-1) is the most powerful anabolic axis of the body and its decline is related with a poor outcome and a worse clinical status. Growth hormone (GH) administration may enter the therapeutic arena as adjunctive treatment in patients affected by CHF and GH/IGF-1 deficiency. The T.O.S.CA. project aims at investigating the relationship between CHF and hormonal deficiency.

scholarly journals Nutraceutical Properties of Polyphenols against Liver Diseases

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3517
Author(s):  
Jorge Simón ◽  
María Casado-Andrés ◽  
Naroa Goikoetxea-Usandizaga ◽  
Marina Serrano-Maciá ◽  
María Luz Martínez-Chantar
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Drug Induced Liver Injury

Current food tendencies, suboptimal dietary habits and a sedentary lifestyle are spreading metabolic disorders worldwide. Consequently, the prevalence of liver pathologies is increasing, as it is the main metabolic organ in the body. Chronic liver diseases, with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as the main cause, have an alarming prevalence of around 25% worldwide. Otherwise, the consumption of certain drugs leads to an acute liver failure (ALF), with drug-induced liver injury (DILI) as its main cause, or alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Although programs carried out by authorities are focused on improving dietary habits and lifestyle, the long-term compliance of the patient makes them difficult to follow. Thus, the supplementation with certain substances may represent a more easy-to-follow approach for patients. In this context, the consumption of polyphenol-rich food represents an attractive alternative as these compounds have been characterized to be effective in ameliorating liver pathologies. Despite of their structural diversity, certain similar characteristics allow to classify polyphenols in 5 groups: stilbenes, flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans and curcuminoids. Herein, we have identified the most relevant compounds in each group and characterized their main sources. By this, authorities should encourage the consumption of polyphenol-rich products, as most of them are available in quotidian life, which might reduce the socioeconomical burden of liver diseases.

Rationale for the use of statins in liver disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 312 (5) ◽  
pp. G407-G412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Schierwagen ◽  
Frank Erhard Uschner ◽  
Fernando Magdaleno ◽  
Sabine Klein ◽  
Jonel Trebicka
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Statin Treatment ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases ◽  
End Stage Liver Disease ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
End Stage

The evolution of chronic liver injuries from benign and manageable dysfunction to life threatening end-stage liver disease with severe complications renders chronic liver disease a global health burden. Because of the lack of effective medication, transplantation remains the only and final curative option for end-stage liver disease. Since the demand for organ transplants by far exceeds the supply, other treatment options are urgently required to prevent progression and improve end-stage liver disease. Statins are primarily cholesterol-lowering drugs used for primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. In addition to the primary effect, statins act beneficially through different pleiotropic mechanisms on inflammation, fibrosis, endothelial function, thrombosis, and coagulation to improve chronic liver diseases. However, concerns remain about the efficacy and safety of statin treatment because of their potential hepatotoxic risks, and as of now, these risks impede broader use of statins in the treatment of chronic liver diseases. The aim of this review is to comprehensively describe the mechanisms by which statins improve prospects for different chronic liver diseases with special focus on the pathophysiological rationale and the clinical experience of statin use in the treatment of liver diseases.

scholarly journals Impact of Sarcopenia and Myosteatosis in Non-Cirrhotic Stages of Liver Diseases: Similarities and Differences across Aetiologies and Possible Therapeutic Strategies

Biomedicines ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
Annalisa Cespiati ◽  
Marica Meroni ◽  
Rosa Lombardi ◽  
Giovanna Oberti ◽  
Paola Dongiovanni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
Related Liver Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

Sarcopenia is defined as a loss of muscle strength, mass and function and it is a predictor of mortality. Sarcopenia is not only a geriatric disease, but it is related to several chronic conditions, including liver diseases in both its early and advanced stages. Despite the increasing number of studies exploring the role of sarcopenia in the early stages of chronic liver disease (CLD), its prevalence and the relationship between these two clinical entities are still controversial. Myosteatosis is characterized by fat accumulation in the muscles and it is related to advanced liver disease, although its role in the early stages is still under researched. Therefore, in this narrative review, we firstly aimed to evaluate the prevalence and the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying sarcopenia and myosteatosis in the early stage of CLD across different aetiologies (mainly non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcohol-related liver disease and viral hepatitis). Secondly, due to the increasing prevalence of sarcopenia worldwide, we aimed to revise the current and the future therapeutic approaches for the management of sarcopenia in CLD.

scholarly journals Hepatic Diseases in Canine and Feline: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
Kassahun A. Negasee ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Liver Function Tests ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
The Body ◽  
Laparoscopic Technique ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Endoscopic Retrograde ◽  
Hepatic Diseases

Dogs and cats are belonging to canine and feline family respectively. The liver is the largest gland in the body and is located in the cranial abdomen between 3rd and 4th ribs in dogs and cats. This review is mainly focused on: to understand the anatomy and physiology of liver, the liver diseases pathophysiology, to diagnose the liver diseases, managemental and ameliorative methods of liver diseases. The dual blood supply to the liver is hepatic artery and portal vein. The function of liver includes the regulation of digestion and metabolism, the synthesis of hormones and proteins, immune response and filtering of toxins from the blood stream. Any problem that affects the liver is liver disease. Inflammation of liver is hepatitis. Hepatitis caused by infectious, non-infectious, auto-immune and reactive. It can be acute and chronic. The most encountered liver diseases in dogs and cats are hepticlipidosis, cholangiohepatitis, portosystemicshunt, cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis, cholecystitis, pneumobilia and hepatic neoplsia. The clinical symptoms of liver diseases include jaundice, hepatic encephalopathy, gastro intestinal disorders and nonspecific signs include polyuria/polydipisia. The liver disease diagnosed based on history, liver function tests, medical imaging. The latest imaging procedures are endoscopic retrograde cholagio pancreatography (ERCP) and computed tomography (CT). For confirmatory diagnosis liver biopsy and histopathological interpretation is required. Therefore, based on diagnosis appropriate treatment should be selected: bile stasis is treated urodeoxycholic acid (URDA), fluid therapy include sugar and salt solution for replacement fluid loss, gastrointestinal protectors include ranitidine, cimitidine and lactulose, albumin to treat hypoalbuminimia, antioxidant for scavenging free radicals include vitamin E, Selenium, S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe), diuretic fursimid for treatment of ascites and supplementation low protein diets. This laparoscopic technique for removal of gallstones and endoscopic retrograde cholagiopancreatography (ERCP) to treat gall stones on bile ducts and to widen the slipped ducts and liver transplantation for cirrhotic dogs and cats. Early accurate diagnosis and managing any predisposing factors that affects the health of dogs and cats are important for controlling the liver diseases.

scholarly journals A Vein-Viewing Application Enabled Detecting Abdominal Wall Varices Related to the Presence of Non-Treated Gastroesophageal Varices: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiki Hoshino ◽  
Takaaki Sugihara ◽  
Suguru Ikeda ◽  
Yukako Matsuki ◽  
Takakazu Nagahara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Wall ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Primary Biliary Cholangitis ◽  
Independent Factor ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gastroesophageal Varices ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Gastroesophageal varices (GOV) are a life-threatening complication in chronic liver disease. A method for non-invasively predicting GOV is crucial for management. This study aimed to determine whether a vein-viewing application can detect abdominal wall varices (AWV) and elucidate the relationship between AWV and GOV. Methods One-hundred patients with chronic liver diseases were prospectively enrolled. All the patients underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy within three months of the enrollment. Unmanipulated images (UI) and Vein-weighted images (VWI) were taken for assessing AWV by a vein-viewing application on iPhone. Two doctors independently evaluated both image types. We defined the grading of both UI and AWV as grade 0 (non-detectable), grade 1 (slightly detectable), and grade 2 (distinct). Results The causes of liver diseases among the 71 men and 29 women (median age, 70.5 year) included Hepatitis B (n = 19), Hepatitis C (n = 21), alcoholism (n = 3), primary biliary cholangitis (n = 4), autoimmune hepatitis (n = 4) and others (n = 20). GOV were indicated in 60 patients, and half of them had not been treated previously (non-treated). VWI could significantly visualize AWV than UI (24% vs 72%, p = 0.0005). The presence of cirrhosis (chronic hepatitis vs cirrhosis = 64.6% vs 91.4%, p = 0.004) and GOV (52.3% vs 74.3%, p = 0.032) were significantly higher in the VWI-AWV grade 2 group. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that VWI-AWV grade 2 was an independent factor related to the presence of non-treated GOV [OR = 2.97 (1.17–7.53), p = 0.022]. Conclusions The vein-viewing application non-invasively detected AWV related to the presence of cirrhosis and GOV, and VWI-AWV grade 2 was an independent factor related to the presence of non-treated GOV.

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