scholarly journals Therapeutic Effects of VEGF Gene-Transfected BMSCs Transplantation on Thin Endometrium in the Rat Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao Jing ◽  
Yan Yi ◽  
Huang Xi ◽  
Lun-Quan Sun ◽  
Li Yanping
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Endometrial Thickness ◽  
Embryo Implantation ◽  
Endometrial Receptivity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sham Operation ◽  
Vegf Gene ◽  
Thin Endometrium ◽  
Sham Operation Group ◽  
Operation Group

Objective. Bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) transplantation has a therapeutic effect on the thin endometrium in animal researches and clinical trials. The present study aims at assessing whether transplantation of VEGF-transfected BMSCs (VEGF-BMSCs) have a better therapeutic effect on endometrial regeneration and endometrial receptivity compared with BMSCs therapy alone. Methods. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used in the study. Thin endometrium model was established with 95% ethanol injection into uterine. VEGF-BMSCs or BMSCs was transplanted via tail vein IV injection. Endometrial thickness, morphology, and pinopodes were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The proteins and mRNAs expressions of markers for endometrial cells and endometrial receptivity were measured after treatment. The fertility testing was done to assess the embryo implantation efficiency. Results. VEGF-BMSCs transplantation significantly increased endometrial thickness compared with the BMSCs group and the control group. There was no significant difference in endometrial thickness between VEGF-BMSCs group and sham operation group. Importantly, in protein level, expressions of cytokeratin, vitamin, VEGF, LIF, and integrin ανβ3 in VEGF-BMSC group were increased dramatically compared with those of the control group and BMSC group both 4 days and 8 days after stem cells transplantation. Accordingly, mRNA expression of LIF and integrin ανβ3 was significantly upregulated compared with those of the control group and BMSC group both 4 and 8 days after treatment. The pinopodes were developed better in the VEGF-BMSCs group and the sham operation group compared with BMSCs group and the control group. The number of embryo implantation is largest in the sham operation group, followed by VEGF-BMSCs group, BMSCs group, and the control group. Conclusions. Transplantation of VEGF gene-transfected BMSCs may be a better therapeutic treatment for thin endometrium than stem cell therapy alone.

scholarly journals Electroacupuncture Improves Pregnancy Outcomes in Rats with Thin Endometrium by Promoting the Expression of Pinopode-Related Molecules

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Jin Xi ◽  
Jie Cheng ◽  
Chun-chun Jin ◽  
Jing-yu Liu ◽  
Zhen-ru Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Endometrial Thickness ◽  
Embryo Implantation ◽  
Integrin Αvβ3 ◽  
Endometrial Receptivity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Heparin Binding ◽  
Model Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Thin Endometrium

A thin endometrium affects the success of assisted reproduction due to low endometrial receptivity. Acupuncture improves endometrial receptivity and promotes the formation of pinopodes, the ultrastructure marker implantation window. However, the specific underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the efficacy of acupuncture treatment and its underlying mechanism were investigated by analyzing pregnancy rate, pinopode formation, and related molecular markers in thin endometrium model rats. Absolute ethanol (95%) was injected into the uteruses of female Sprague-Dawley rats to construct a thin endometrium model. In this model, acupuncture stimulation at EX-CA1, SP6, and CV4 ameliorated the pregnancy rate. Significantly increased embryo implantation, endometrial thickness, numbers of glands, and blood vessels were observed in the electroacupuncture (EA) group compared to the model group. The number of pinopodes in the EA group was abundant, with a shape similar to that of the control group. Additionally, significantly higher expression levels of pinopode-related markers, including integrin αvβ3, homeobox A10 (HOXA10), heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HBEGF), estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), and progesterone receptor (PR), were observed in the EA group than those in the model group. In conclusion, EA had a positive effect on the endometrial receptivity of thin endometrium model rats by improving pinopode formation through multiple molecular targets.

Effect of Sirtuin1 (Sirt1) on Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs) Osteogenesis/Adipogenesis via β-Catenin/The Transcription Factor T Cell Factor 1 (TCF1)/Runt-Related Transcription Factor 2 (RUNX2)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2070-2075
Author(s):  
Wenji Shi ◽  
Mingxing Zhao ◽  
Guangxia Shi
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Adipogenic Differentiation ◽  
Sham Operation ◽  
Runx2 Expression ◽  
Sham Operation Group ◽  
Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Operation Group ◽  
Sirna Group

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have self-renewal potential. Sirt1 regulates cell differentiation and apoptosis. However, Sirt1’s effect on BMSCs osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation has not been fully elucidated. SD rats were randomly divided into Osteoporosis (OP) group and sham operation group. OP rat BMSCs were isolated and assigned into control group, NC group and Sirt1 siRNA group followed by analysis of Sirt1 level by Real-time PCR, cell proliferation by MTT assay, expression of OC, OPN and FABP4 level by real time PCR, and β-Catenin/TCF1/Runx2 protein expression by Western blot. In OP group, Sirt1 expression was significantly increased and BMSCs proliferation was decreased along with reduced OC and OPN mRNA expression, increased FABP4 expression and reduced β-Catenin/TCF1/Runx2 expression compared with sham operation group (P < 0.05). In Sirt1 siRNA group, Sirt1 expression was significantly reduced, BMSCs proliferation was increased, OC and OPN mRNA expression was increased, FABP4 expression was decreased, and β-Catenin/TCF1/Runx2 expression was increased compared to OP group (P < 0.05). Sirt1 is increased in osteoporosis. Down-regulating Sirt1 in osteoporotic BMSCs can regulate β-Catenin/TCF1/Runx2 signaling and promote BMSCs osteogenic differentiation and inhibit adipogenic differentiation.

scholarly journals Effects of unilateral/bilateral amputation of the ischiocavernosus muscle in male rats on erectile function and conception

2022 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengren Gou ◽  
Tong Liu ◽  
Zongping Chen ◽  
Zidong Zhou ◽  
Tao Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Erectile Function ◽  
Penile Erection ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sham Operation ◽  
Sham Operation Group ◽  
Ischiocavernosus Muscle ◽  
Operation Group ◽  
Paired Female

Abstract Background The ischiocavernosus muscle (ICM) encompasses a pair of short pinnate muscles attached to the pelvic ring. The ICM begins at the ischial tuberosity and ends at the crus of the penis while covering the surface of the crus. According to the traditional view, the contraction of the ICM plays an auxiliary role in penile erection. However, we have previously shown that the ICM plays an important role in penile erection through an indirect method of diagnosing erectile dysfunction (ED) caused by ICM injury by observing the infertility of paired female rats. Since intracavernosal pressure (ICP) is the current gold standard for diagnosing ED, this study aimed to amputate unilaterally/bilaterally the ICM to establish an ED model by detecting the ICP, recording the infertility of matching female rats, and comparing the two methods. Results Forty sexually mature adult male rats were selected and randomly divided into the following groups: the control group (n = 10), sham operation group (n = 10), unilateral ischiocavernosus muscle (Uni-ICM) amputation group (n = 10), and bilateral ischiocavernosus muscle (Bi-ICM) amputation group (n = 10). Eighty female reproductive rats were randomly assigned to the above groups at a ratio of 2:1. We evaluated the time to conception for the paired female rats and the effects of unilateral/bilateral severing of the ICM on erectile function. The results showed that the baseline and maximum intracavernosal pressure (ICP) in the control group, sham operation group, Uni-ICM amputation group, and Bi-ICM amputation group were 17.44±2.50 mmHg and 93.51±10.78 mmHg, 17.81±2.81 mmHg and 95.07±10.40 mmHg, 16.73±2.11 mmHg and 83.49±12.38 mmHg, and 14.78±2.78 mmHg and 33.57±6.72 mmHg, respectively, immediately postsurgery. The max ICP in the Bi-ICM amputation group was lower than that in the remaining three groups (all P<0.05). The pregnancy rates were 100, 100, 90, and 0% in the control group, sham operation group, Uni-ICM amputation group, and the Bi-ICM amputation group, respectively. The pregnancy rate in the Bi-ICM amputation group was significantly lower than that in the remaining groups (all P<0.05). The time to conception was approximately 7–10 days later in the Uni-ICM amputation group than in the control and sham groups (all P<0.05). Conclusions Male rats undergoing Bi-ICM amputation may develop permanent ED, which affects their fertility. In contrast, rats undergoing Uni-ICM amputation may experience transient ED.

The Relationship Between the Expression of Serum S100A8/A9 and the Degree of Brain Injury in Rats After Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 860-864
Author(s):  
Yu Zeng ◽  
Hongyu Duan ◽  
Yujiang Peng ◽  
Bo Shao ◽  
Xijun He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sham Operation ◽  
Brain Water Content ◽  
Sham Operation Group ◽  
Operation Group ◽  
Brain Water

This study is to investigate the expression of serum S100A8/A9 in rats after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and its correlation with brain injury after CPR. Thirty-six male SD rats were randomly divided into control group (n = 6), cardiopulmonary resuscitation group (n = 24) and sham operation group (n = 6). The cardiopulmonary resuscitation group was further divided into four subgroups according to the time after recovery of autonomous circulation: 6-hour group, 12-hour group, 24-hour group and 48-hour group, with 6 rats in each group. The rats in the cardiopulmonary resuscitation group was conducted by asphyxia then given cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), while the rats in the sham operation group were given tracheal intubation without asphyxia. The rats in each group were assessed by modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS). The vein blood from tail was collected to detect the expression of serum S100A8/A9. Then the brain tissue was taken to measure the water content. Our results showed that the neurological function of the sham-operated group and the control group was normal, the mNSS scores of which were 0. However, the neurological function score in the CPR group decreased gradually with time, but it was still significantly higher than that in the normal value until 48 hours (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in brain water content between the sham-operated group and the control group (P > 0.05). The water content of brain tissue in sham-operated group was higher than that in control group at 6 h, and the amount was increasing as the time extended. The level reached the highest at 24 h and started to decrease at 48 h, but the it was still higher than that in sham-operated group (P < 0.05). The expression level of serum S100 A8/A9 in sham-operated group was slightly higher than that in control group, but there was no statistical difference (P > 0.05); The expression level of S100 A8/A9 in cardiopulmonary resuscitation group was significantly higher than that in control group at 6 h, and still increased at 24 h. Although the level decreased at 48 h, but was still higher than that in sham operation group (P < 0.05). The mNSS score and brain water content were significantly positively correlated with serum S100 A8/A9 (r = 0.48, P < 0.001; r = 0.63, P < 0.001). In conclusion, the level of serum S100A8/A9 in rats after cardiopulmonary resuscitation is significantly increased, which is positively correlated with the degree of brain injury in rats.

Effect of Ultramicro Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Cerebral Infarction in Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 7305-7310
Author(s):  
Bin Zhang ◽  
Xiuting Di ◽  
Yizhou Song ◽  
Banglin Li
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Cerebral Infarction ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sham Operation ◽  
Saline Control Group ◽  
Sham Operation Group ◽  
Infarction Volume ◽  
Operation Group

To investigate the effect of Feraheme (ferumoxytol) intravenous injection on cerebral infarction volume and inflammatory response in mice with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. We randomly divided 30 CS7BL6J mice into sham operated group, normal saline control group, and Feraheme group with 10 mice in each group. The model of permanent occlusion of right middle cerebral artery was made via the modified suture method in the normal saline control group and the Feraheme group. After 24 h of establishment the model, the tail vein was injected with 18 mg/kg Feraheme in the sham operation group and Feraheme group, and the normal saline control group was injected with an equal volume of normal saline. Neurobehavioral scores were obtained 24 h (before injection of Feraheme or normal saline) and 48 h (before MRI) after the model was established. The volume of cerebral infarction was calculated according to T2 weighted imaging. Orbital blood was collected after nodal scanning to detect serum TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels. Then, the brain tissues of mice were killed for HE staining and IBAL immunohistochemical staining. No significant differences in cerebral infarction volume and neurological function were observed between the normal saline control group and Feraheme group. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in the normal saline control group and Feraheme group were significantly higher than those in the sham operation group (P < 0.05), but there were no significant differences between the normal saline control group and Feraheme group. We showed that intravenous injection of 18 mg/kg Feraheme 24 h after cerebral ischemia does not affect the infarct volume and inflammatory response, suggesting that the dose of Feraheme can be used for molecular imaging studies of inflammatory response after cerebral ischemia.

scholarly journals Bsep expression in hilar cholangiocarcinoma of rat model

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-yu Zhang ◽  
Jie-ping Wang ◽  
Kai He ◽  
Xian-ming Xia
Keyword(s):  
Bile Duct ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma ◽  
Pathological Examination ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sham Operation ◽  
Sham Operation Group ◽  
Hilar Bile Duct ◽  
Operation Group ◽  
Experimental Group

AbstractDevelop a rat model of hilar cholangiocarcinoma for detecting bile salt export pump (Bsep) expression in hilar cholangiocarcinoma tissues, in order to provide a new therapeutic target for the gene therapy of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Sixty male Wistar rats (body weight, 190 ± 8 g) were randomly divided into three groups (the experimental group, the control group and the sham operation group, n = 20 each) as follows: The three groups were fed a standard diet, the experimental group was injected by cholangiocarcinoma QBC939 cell suspension along the hilar bile duct into the bile duct bifurcation with microsyringe, the control group was injected by normal saline, the sham operation group did not inject anything. Every day assess the rats’ mental state, diet, and motion by using Basso–Beattie–Bresnahan and combined behavioral score. At 4 weeks, one rat of the experimental group was sacrificed after it was administered anesthesia, and we recorded changes in hilar bile duct size, texture, and form. This procedure was repeated at 6 weeks. After 6 weeks, hilar cholangiocarcinoma developed only in the experimental group, thereby establishing an experimental model for studying QBC939-induced hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Tumor formation was confirmed by pathological examination, and hilar bile duct tissues were harvested from both the groups. A real-time polymerase chain reaction assay and an immunohistochemical assay were used to analyze the expression of Bsep in hilar bile duct tissues of each group. From the second week, the rats in experimental group began to eat less, and their body mass decreased compared with control group and sham operation group. After 6 weeks, we detected hilar cholangiocarcinoma in the hilar bile duct tissues of 18 rats (90%) in the experimental group. In the experimental group with hilar cholangiocarcinoma, we found that the levels of total cholesterol, total bilirubin, and direct bilirubin were higher compared with those in the control group and sham operation group. Simultaneously, muddy stones emerged from the bile ducts of rats in the experimental group. The Bsep/Gapdh mRNA ratio in hilar cholangiocarcinoma, control group and sham operation group differed markedly. Light microscopy revealed a granular pattern of Bsep protein expression which reacted with the anti-Bsep antibody. Each section was randomly divided into six regions, with 80 cells were observed in every region. Sections with > 10% positive cells were designated positive, Sections with < 10% positive cells were designated negative. Each group included 4800 cells. In the experimental group, 1200 cells (25%) were positive, in the control group, 3648 cells (76%) were positive and in the sham operation group 3598 cells (75%) were positive, and this difference was statistically significant. Bsep expression significantly decreased in hilar cholangiocarcinoma of rats than those in control group and sham operation group, suggesting that drugs targeting Bsep are a new strategy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma.

A long-term survival rat model of spinal cord ischemia injury: Thoracic aortic occlusion combined with aortic bypass circulation

Vascular ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 170853812110601
Author(s):  
Cheng-yong Yin ◽  
Jun-jie Fei ◽  
Yu-yin Duan ◽  
Ke Yang ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Thoracic Aorta ◽  
Aortic Occlusion ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sham Operation ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Sham Operation Group ◽  
Aortic Bypass ◽  
Operation Group

Objective This study aims to investigate the methods for rat spinal cord ischemia injury models with a high long-term survival rate. Methods The rats were divided into three groups: the treatment group, the control group, and the sham operation group. The treatment group had a blocked thoracic aorta (landing zone 3 by Ishimaru – T11) + aortic bypass circulation for 20 min. In the control group, the thoracic aorta at the landing zone 3 was blocked for 20 min. In the sham operation group, only thoracotomy without thoracic aortic occlusion was performed. The mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) of the thoracic aorta and caudal artery before and after thoracic aortic occlusion was monitored intraoperatively. Spinal cord function was monitored by a transcranial motor evoked potential (Tc-MEP) during the operation. Spinal cord function was evaluated by the BBB scale (Basso, Beattie, & Bresnahan locomotor rating scale) scores at multiple postoperative time points. The spinal cord sections of the rats were observed for 7 days after surgery, and the survival curves were analyzed for 28 days after surgery. Results After aortic occlusion, the MABP of thoracic aorta decreased to 6% of that before occlusion, and the MABP of caudal artery decreased to 63% of that before occlusion in the treatment group. In the control group, the MABP of both thoracic aorta and caudal artery decreased to 19% of that before occlusion. The Tc-MEP waveform of the treatment group disappeared after 6 min, and that of the control group disappeared after 8 min until the end of surgery. There was no change in the Tc-MEP waveform in the sham operation group. The BBB score of the treatment group decreased more obviously than the control group, and there was a significant difference. There was no decrease in the sham group. Spinal cord sections showed a large number of degeneration and necrosis of neurons, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and proliferation of surrounding glial cells in the treatment group. In the control group, multiple neurons were necrotic. The histology of the sham operation group was normal. The 28-day survival rate of the treatment group was 73.3%, which was higher than the control group (40.0%), and there was a significant difference ( p < 0.05). Conclusion Thoracic aortic occlusion combined with aortic bypass is an effective modeling method for rats with accurate modeling effects and high long-term survival rates.

scholarly journals Endometrial Perivascular Progenitor Cells and Uterus Regeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 477
Author(s):  
Shiyuan Li ◽  
Lijun Ding
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Embryo Implantation ◽  
Endometrial Receptivity ◽  
Perivascular Cells ◽  
Asherman’S Syndrome ◽  
Outermost Layer ◽  
Adventitial Cells ◽  
Structure And Functions ◽  
Large Vessels

Ovarian steroid-regulated cyclical regeneration of the endometrium is crucial for endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation, and it is dependent on the dynamic remodeling of the endometrial vasculature. Perivascular cells, including pericytes surrounding capillaries and microvessels and adventitial cells located in the outermost layer of large vessels, show properties of mesenchymal stem cells, and they are thus promising candidates for uterine regeneration. In this review, we discuss the structure and functions of the endometrial blood vasculature and their roles in endometrial regeneration, the main biomarkers and characteristics of perivascular cells in the endometrium, and stem cell-based angiogenetic therapy for Asherman’s syndrome.

scholarly journals In Vivo Analysis of the Biocompatibility and Bone Healing Capacity of a Novel Bone Grafting Material Combined with Hyaluronic Acid

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4818
Author(s):  
Annica Pröhl ◽  
Milijana Batinic ◽  
Said Alkildani ◽  
Michael Hahn ◽  
Milena Radenkovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Substitute ◽  
Sham Operation ◽  
Bone Substitute Material ◽  
Water Binding ◽  
Sham Operation Group ◽  
Operation Group ◽  
Substitute Material ◽  
Tissue Reactions ◽  
Inflammatory Tissue

The present in vivo study analyses both the inflammatory tissue reactions and the bone healing capacity of a newly developed bone substitute material (BSM) based on xenogeneic bone substitute granules combined with hyaluronate (HY) as a water-binding molecule. The results of the hyaluronate containing bone substitute material (BSM) were compared to a control xenogeneic BSM of the same chemical composition and a sham operation group up to 16 weeks post implantationem. A major focus of the study was to analyze the residual hyaluronate and its effects on the material-dependent healing behavior and the inflammatory tissue responses. The study included 63 male Wistar rats using the calvaria implantation model for 2, 8, and 16 weeks post implantationem. Established and Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)-conforming histological, histopathological, and histomorphometrical analysis methods were conducted. The results showed that the new hyaluronate containing BSM was gradually integrated within newly formed bone up to the end of the study that ended in a condition of complete bone defect healing. Thereby, no differences to the healing capacity of the control BSM were found. However, the bone formation in both groups was continuously significantly higher compared to the sham operation group. Additionally, no differences in the (inflammatory) tissue response that was analyzed via qualitative and (semi-) quantitative methods were found. Interestingly, no differences were found between the numbers of pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages between the three study groups over the entire course of the study. No signs of the HY as a water-binding part of the BSM were histologically detectable at any of the study time points, altogether the results of the present study show that HY allows for an optimal material-associated bone tissue healing comparable to the control xenogeneic BSM. The added HY seems to be degraded within a very short time period of less than 2 weeks so that the remaining BSM granules allow for a gradual osteoconductive bone regeneration. Additionally, no differences between the inflammatory tissue reactions in both material groups and the sham operation group were found. Thus, the new hyaluronate containing xenogeneic BSM and also the control BSM have been shown to be fully biocompatible without any differences regarding bone regeneration.

Changes in adiponectin expression in acute myocardial infarction rats and the significance of bisoprolol intervention

2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Song Zhang ◽  
Ben He ◽  
Steven Goldstein ◽  
Junbo Ge ◽  
Zuyue Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Sham Operation ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Sham Operation Group ◽  
Operation Group

The aims of this study were to explore the changes in expression of myocardial adiponectin (APN), changes in serum APN, and the significance of bisoprolol intervention in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) rats. An AMI rat model was established for the purposes of this study and was used for analysis of serum APN as determined by ELISA. Changes in expression of myocardial APN mRNA and APN protein in AMI rats were determined via reverse transcriptase (RT)–PCR and immunohistochemistry. Serum APN concentration and APN protein expression of the myocardium decreased significantly in the AMI groups compared with the sham operation group, with the lowest serum APN and APN protein expression on day 7 after AMI. On days 7 and 10 after AMI, the expression of myocardial APN mRNA in the AMI groups decreased significantly compared with the sham operation group. However, the APN mRNA increased on day 10 compared with that on day 7. Notably, there was an increase in levels of serum APN and myocardial APN expression after bisoprolol intervention. The expression of myocardial APN and serum APN decreased in AMI rats. APN may be an important protective factor against AMI. Bisoprolol can also protect against AMI because it increases APN expression.

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