Microbial Isolates from Vegetable Foreign Bodies Inhaled by Dogs

Grass-seed inhalation is a common problem in canine patients, in particular during summer months, migrating in upper and lower respiratory tract. Grass awns can harbor bacteria and fungi, causing grass seeds foreign body-related disease (GSFBD). Aim of this study was to investigate the aerobic microbial flora isolated from grass awns extracted from 41 dogs with GSFBD and the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated bacterial strains. Fifty-four grass awns were localized with diagnostic imaging tests and removed by endoscopy from respiratory tract. The most frequent localizations were in the left nostril and the right hemithorax. Only one grass awn was extracted from each patient except in 7 that had more than one. Bacteriological and mycological cultures, strains identification, and antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed. One or more bacterial strains were isolated from all grass awns. Fungal strains were isolated only in 4 cases. Staphylococcussp. was the most frequent isolate in the upper respiratory tract (36.8%), whileE. coli(24.4%) was the most frequent isolate in the lower tract. Fluoroquinolones and Doxycycline were the most effective antibiotics, while resistance was observed against Gentamicin (>93%), Cefapirin, and Clindamycin (>80%). These data are relevant in relation to the use of these antibiotics in both animals and humans, for the risk of transmission of antibiotic resistant bacteria or resistance genes.

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Antibiotic susceptibility pattern against pathogenic bacteria causing Dental Caries

South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.38150/sajeb.1(1).p31-35 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 31-35

Author(s):

Deepak Dwivedi ◽

Tejram Kushwah ◽

Mukesh Kushwah ◽

Vinod Singh

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Penicillin V ◽

Antibiotics Susceptibility ◽

Susceptibility Tests

Antibiotics to treat dental caries infection are routinely prescribed which led to the increased resistance against bacteria. The purpose of this investigation was to perform antibiotic susceptibility tests on a panel of pathogenic bacteria isolated from dental caries infection. Bacteria were isolated from caries site of patients and identified at the species level. Each of 150 species of bacteria was tested for antibiotics susceptibility to a five antibiotics using Etest. The antibiotics used were Amoxicillin, Cloxocillin, Erythromycin, Tetracycline and PenicillinÃ¢â‚¬ÂV. The obtained resistance percentage for each antibiotic were Penicillin V: 72/150 (48%), Tetracycline: 99/150 (66%), Amoxicillin: 135/150 (90%), Cloxocillin: 117/150 (78%), and Erythromycin: 90/150 (60%) (Table 1). In case of combinatorial antibiotic exposure, the resistance percentage of Penicillin V/Amoxicillin and Amoxicillin/ Erythromycin was 39/150 (26%), and 45/150 (30%) respectively. The study has well demonstrated the clinical picture of antibiotic resistance and susceptibility pattern of bacteria causing dental caries. The obtained comprehensive data will allow investigating the spatial distribution of pathogenic, antibiotic resistant bacteria among dental caries patients which further may help into development of novel diagnostic and treatment approaches for the same.

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Evaluating the role of the working environment on to skin and upper respiratory tract microbiota of museum workers

ROMANIAN BIOTECHNOLOGICAL LETTERS ◽

10.25083/rbl/25.6/2103.2106 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (6) ◽

pp. 2103-2106

Author(s):

IULIANA PAMELA SCARLAT ◽

◽

ROXANA STROE ◽

LIA-MARA DIŢU ◽

CARMEN CURUŢIU ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Working Environment ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Health And Wellbeing ◽

Resistance To Penicillin ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Made In

Aims: The aim of the study was the investigation of the composition of cultivable microbiota colonizing the skin and the upper respiratory tract mucosa of museum workers, in order to evaluate the potential occupational risk to their health and wellbeing. Methods: This study was voluntarily attended by 50 workers of a Romanian museum, for which their hands, noses and throats were sampled using sterile swabs.The API tests were used to identify the β-hemolytic strains, and penicillin and the cefoxitin susceptibility test was performed for Staphylococccus sp. strains. Results: This study showed that a high percentage of the museum workers presented changes in the normal oropharyngeal and skin cultivable microbiota, indicated by the presence of dysbiosis, β-hemolytic microorganisms, methicillin and penicillin resistant staphylococci. The identification step revealed species of staphylococci which showed high levels of resistance to penicillin and methicillin. Conclusions: The highlighted opportunistic and antibiotic resistant bacterial strains may be a risk factor for workers. The work environment should be further investigated as a possible source of contamination, since some of the species identified in the present study were also identified in a former study, made in the same museum, showing the possibility that contamination has occurred at the workplace.

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Impact of antibiotic consumption on the carriage of antibiotic-resistant bacteria by school children

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckz137 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 265-269 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Maja Farkaš ◽

Tatjana Čulina ◽

Jadranka Sišul ◽

Gordana Pelčić ◽

Martina Mavrinac ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

School Children ◽

Antibiotic Consumption ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Respiratory Pathogens ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Upper Respiratory

Abstract Background Antibiotic consumption in the paediatric population is one of the key drivers of the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance, which is a serious global threat to public health and clinical medicine. The aims of this study were to investigate systemic antibiotic consumption in school children and to assess the associations among antibiotic consumption, carriage rate and resistance of respiratory pathogens residing in the upper respiratory tract mucosa. Methods In this prospective study, throat and nasopharyngeal swabs from 450 school children, 6–15 years of age (225 healthy children and 225 patients who were ambulatory treated for upper respiratory tract infection), were processed in 2014 in Rijeka, Croatia, and clinical data were obtained via a questionnaire. Results In total, 17% of the children had consumed an antibiotic in the previous 6 months, including 7% of the healthy children and 27% of the acutely ill patients. The most commonly prescribed antibiotics were amoxicillin (26%), amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (26%) and macrolides (18%). Respiratory pathogens were more frequently isolated from children who had consumed an antibiotic in the previous 6 months [odds ratio (OR) 3.67, P < 0.001]. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were also more frequent in children who had been exposed to antibiotics (OR 5.44, P < 0.001). Conclusions Penicillins are the most frequently used antibiotics among school children. The results of this study demonstrate that antibiotic consumption is linked with higher carriage rates and resistance rates of respiratory tract pathogens. Therefore, rational use of antibiotics could prevent the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria.

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Tryptophan Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Photoreduction Method: Characterization and Determination of Bactericidal and Anti-Biofilm Activities on Resistant and Susceptible Bacteria

International Journal of Tryptophan Research ◽

10.1177/1178646919831677 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 117864691983167 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Daniella dos Santos Courrol ◽

Carla Regina Borges Lopes ◽

Camila Bueno Pacheco Pereira ◽

Marcia Regina Franzolin ◽

Flávia Rodrigues de Oliveira Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Irradiation Time ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Static Conditions

The high rates of antibiotics use in hospitals have resulted in a condition where multidrug-resistant pathogens have become a severe threat to the human health worldwide. Therefore, there is an increasing necessity to identify new antimicrobial agents that can inhibit the multidrug-resistant bacteria and biofilm formation. In this study, antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of tryptophan silver nanoparticles (TrpAgNP) were investigated. The TrpAgNPs were synthesized by photoreduction method, and the influence of irradiation time and concentration of reagents were analyzed. The nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Zeta Potential and (UV)-absorption spectra. The antibacterial activity of TrpAgNPs was tested for antibiotic-resistant and susceptible pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, evaluating the influence of photoreduction parameters in bactericidal effect. The results have shown that TrpAgNPs solutions with lower tryptophan/silver nitrate (AgNO3) ratio and higher AgNO3 concentration have higher bactericidal action against bacteria with inhibition of ~100% in almost all studied bacterial strains. The antimicrobial activity of TrpAgNPs within biofilms generated under static conditions of antibiotic-resistant and susceptible strains of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, C. freundii, and P. aeruginosa was also investigated. The results showed that TrpAgNPs have an inhibitory effect against biofilm formation, exceeding 50% in the case of Gram-negative bacteria ( E. coli, K. pneumoniae, C. freundii, and P. aeruginosa—54.8% to 98.8%). For Gram-positive species, an inhibition of biofilm formation of 68.7% to 72.2 % was observed for S. aureus and 20.0% to 40.2% for S. epidermidis.

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Antibiotic-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Wastewater of Abattoirs

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10050568 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 568

Author(s):

Timo Homeier-Bachmann ◽

Stefan E. Heiden ◽

Phillip K. Lübcke ◽

Lisa Bachmann ◽

Jürgen A. Bohnert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Water ◽

Water Contamination ◽

Carbapenem Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Environmental Surface

Antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae are regularly detected in livestock. As pathogens, they cause difficult-to-treat infections and, as commensals, they may serve as a source of resistance genes for other bacteria. Slaughterhouses produce significant amounts of wastewater containing antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (AMRB), which are released into the environment. We analyzed the wastewater from seven slaughterhouses (pig and poultry) for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-carrying and colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. AMRB were regularly detected in pig and poultry slaughterhouse wastewaters monitored here. All 25 ESBL-producing bacterial strains (19 E. coli and six K. pneumoniae) isolated from poultry slaughterhouses were multidrug-resistant. In pig slaughterhouses 64% (12 of 21 E. coli [57%] and all four detected K. pneumoniae [100%]) were multidrug-resistant. Regarding colistin, resistant Enterobacteriaceae were detected in 54% of poultry and 21% of pig water samples. Carbapenem resistance was not detected. Resistant bacteria were found directly during discharge of wastewaters from abattoirs into water bodies highlighting the role of slaughterhouses for environmental surface water contamination.

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Relationship of antibiotic resistance to results of treatment in sepsis patients in Hue Central Hospital 2017 – 2018

Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy ◽

10.34071/jmp.2019.5.7 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 48-54

Author(s):

Duy Binh Nguyen ◽

Trung Tien Phan ◽

Trong Hanh Hoang ◽

Van Tuan Mai ◽

Xuan Chuong Tran

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Bacterial Infection ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Central Hospital ◽

International Consensus ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Results Of Treatment ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽

Relationship Of

Sepsis is a serious bacterial infection. The main treatment is using antibiotics. However, the rate of antibiotic resistance is very high and this resistance is related to the outcome of treatment. Objectives: To evaluate the situation of antibiotic resistance of some isolated bacteria in sepsis patients treated at Hue Central Hospital; to evaluate the relationship of antibiotic resistance to the treatment results in patients with sepsis. Subjects and methods: prospective study of 60 sepsis patients diagnosed according to the criteria of the 3rd International Consensus-Sepsis 3 and its susceptibility patterns from April 2017 to August 2018. Results and Conclusions: The current agents of sepsis are mainly S. suis, Burkhoderiae spp. and E. coli. E. coli is resistant to cephalosporins 3rd, 4th generation and quinolone group is over 75%; resistance to imipenem 11.1%; the ESBL rate is 60%. S. suis resistant to ampicilline 11.1%; no resistance has been recorded to ceftriaxone and vancomycine. Resistance of Burkholderiae spp. to cefepime and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was 42.9% and 55.6%, resistant to imipenem and meropenem is 20%, resistance to ceftazidime was not recorded. The deaths were mostly dued to E. coli and K. pneumoniae. The mortality for patients infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria are higher than for sensitive groups. Key words: Sepsis, bacterial infection, antibiotics

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Multiresistant Bacteria Isolated from Intestinal Faeces of Farm Animals in Austria

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10040466 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 466

Author(s):

Herbert Galler ◽

Josefa Luxner ◽

Christian Petternel ◽

Franz F. Reinthaler ◽

Juliana Habib ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Meat Products ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Multiresistant Bacteria ◽

Vancomycin Resistant

In recent years, antibiotic-resistant bacteria with an impact on human health, such as extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-containing Enterobacteriaceae, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), have become more common in food. This is due to the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry, which leads to the promotion of antibiotic resistance and thus also makes food a source of such resistant bacteria. Most studies dealing with this issue usually focus on the animals or processed food products to examine the antibiotic resistant bacteria. This study investigated the intestine as another main habitat besides the skin for multiresistant bacteria. For this purpose, faeces samples were taken directly from the intestines of swine (n = 71) and broiler (n = 100) during the slaughter process and analysed. All samples were from animals fed in Austria and slaughtered in Austrian slaughterhouses for food production. The samples were examined for the presence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, MRSA, MRCoNS and VRE. The resistance genes of the isolated bacteria were detected and sequenced by PCR. Phenotypic ESBL-producing Escherichia coli could be isolated in 10% of broiler casings (10 out of 100) and 43.6% of swine casings (31 out of 71). In line with previous studies, the results of this study showed that CTX-M-1 was the dominant ESBL produced by E. coli from swine (n = 25, 83.3%) and SHV-12 from broilers (n = 13, 81.3%). Overall, the frequency of positive samples with multidrug-resistant bacteria was lower than in most comparable studies focusing on meat products.

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Prevalence and Characterization of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Ready-to-Eat Street Foods

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10070850 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 850

Author(s):

Shobha Giri ◽

Vaishnavi Kudva ◽

Kalidas Shetty ◽

Veena Shetty

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Food Safety ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Microbiological Quality ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Extended Spectrum

As the global urban populations increase with rapid migration from rural areas, ready-to-eat (RTE) street foods are posing food safety challenges where street foods are prepared with less structured food safety guidelines in small and roadside outlets. The increased presence of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria in street foods is a significant risk for human health because of its epidemiological significance. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae have become important and dangerous foodborne pathogens globally for their relevance to antibiotic resistance. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential burden of antibiotic-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae contaminating RTE street foods and to assess the microbiological quality of foods in a typical emerging and growing urban suburb of India where RTE street foods are rapidly establishing with public health implications. A total of 100 RTE food samples were collected of which, 22.88% were E. coli and 27.12% K. pneumoniae. The prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae was 25.42%, isolated mostly from chutneys, salads, paani puri, and chicken. Antimicrobial resistance was observed towards cefepime (72.9%), imipenem (55.9%), cefotaxime (52.5%), and meropenem (16.9%) with 86.44% of the isolates with MAR index above 0.22. Among β-lactamase encoding genes, blaTEM (40.68%) was the most prevalent followed by blaCTX (32.20%) and blaSHV (10.17%). blaNDM gene was detected in 20.34% of the isolates. This study indicated that contaminated RTE street foods present health risks to consumers and there is a high potential of transferring multi-drug-resistant bacteria from foods to humans and from person to person as pathogens or as commensal residents of the human gut leading to challenges for subsequent therapeutic treatments.

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Persulfate mediated solar photo-Fenton aiming at wastewater treatment plant effluent improvement at neutral PH: emerging contaminant removal, disinfection, and elimination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Environmental Science and Pollution Research ◽

10.1007/s11356-020-11802-z ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maria Clara V. M. Starling ◽

Elizângela P. Costa ◽

Felipe A. Souza ◽

Elayne C. Machado ◽

Juliana Calábria de Araujo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Effluent Quality ◽

Neutral Ph ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent

AbstractThis work investigated an innovative alternative to improve municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent (MWWTP effluent) quality aiming at the removal of contaminants of emerging concern (caffeine, carbendazim, and losartan potassium), and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), as well as disinfection (E. coli). Persulfate was used as an alternative oxidant in the solar photo-Fenton process (solar/Fe/S2O82−) due to its greater stability in the presence of matrix components. The efficiency of solar/Fe/S2O82− at neutral pH using intermittent iron additions is unprecedented in the literature. At first, solar/Fe/S2O82− was performed in a solar simulator (30 W m−2) leading to more than 60% removal of CECs, and the intermittent iron addition strategy was proved effective. Then, solar/Fe/S2O82− and solar/Fe/H2O2 were compared in semi-pilot scale in a raceway pond reactor (RPR) and a cost analysis was performed. Solar/Fe/S2O82− showed higher efficiencies of removal of target CECs (55%), E. coli (3 log units), and ARB (3 to 4 log units) within 1.9 kJ L−1 of accumulated irradiation compared to solar/Fe/H2O2 (CECs, 49%; E. coli, 2 log units; ARB, 1 to 3 log units in 2.5 kJ L−1). None of the treatments generated acute toxicity upon Allivibrio fischeri. Lower total cost was obtained using S2O82− (0.6 € m−3) compared to H2O2 (1.2 € m−3). Therefore, the iron intermittent addition aligned to the use of persulfate is suitable for MWWTP effluent quality improvement at neutral pH.

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Nghiên cứu sự kháng kháng sinh của các chủng vi khuẩn gây nhiễm khuẩn đường tiết niệu phân lập được tại Bệnh viện Hữu nghị Đa khoa Nghệ An

Journal of Clinical Medicine- Hue Central Hospital ◽

10.38103/jcmhch.2021.71.14 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Trâm Quế Anh

Keyword(s):

Urinary Tract ◽

General Hospital ◽

Urinary Tract Infections ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotics Resistance ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

E Coli ◽

Linezolid Resistance ◽

Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽

Tract Infections

TÓM TẮT Đặt vấn đề: Xác định đúng căn nguyên gây NKĐTN và mức độ kháng kháng sinh của các vi khuẩn sẽ giúp cho việc điều trị có hiệu quả, giảm được chi phí điều trị, hạn chế sự gia tăng vi khuẩn đề kháng kháng sinh. Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Các chủng VK gây nhiễm khuẩn đương tiết niệu phân lập được tại bệnh viện Hữu nghị Đa khoa Nghệ An từ 1/2020 đến 12/2020. Thiết kế nghiên cứu: Cắt ngang mô tả. Kết quả: Phân lập được 473 chủng vi khuẩn gây NKĐTN, trong đó, E. coli 38,48%; P. aeruginosa 14,15; Enterococcus sp 10,57; K. pneumoniae 13,32%. E. coli: kháng các kháng sinh Cephalosporine, Quinolones từ 56,7 - 63,8%, Carbapenem 4,5 - 6,2%, sinh ESBL 49,4%. P. aeruginosa: đã kháng các kháng sinh thử nghiệm từ 59,1 - 69,2%. Enterococcus sp: kháng với các kháng sinh nhóm Quinolone 73,5%, kháng Vancomycin 8,3%; Chưa ghi nhận đề kháng Linezolid. K. pneumoniae: kháng nhóm Cephalosporin, Quinolone từ 66,7 - 74,6%, đề kháng với Carbapenem từ 46,0 - 50,8%. Kết luận: Các vi khuẩn gây nhiễm khuẩn tiết niệu thường gặp là: E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Enterococcus sp. K. pneumoniae. Các vi khuẩn phân lập được đã đề kháng với nhiều kháng sinh thường dùng với các mức độ khác nhau. Xuất hiện các chủng vi khuẩn Gram âm kháng Carbapenem, Gram dương kháng Vancomycin. Từ khóa: Nhiễm khuẩn tiết niệu, E.coli, Klebsiella, P.aeruginosa, Enterococcus sp ABSTRACT RESEARCH OF ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE OF BACTERIA STRAINS CAUSING URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS ISOLATED AT NGHEAN FRIENDSHIP GENERAL HOSPITAL Background: The good identification of UTI microorganism and their antimicrobial susceptibility would promote the effective treatment, reduce the cost as well as the emergence of drug resistant bacteria. Methods: Bacterial strains causing urinary tract infections were isolated at Nghe An Friendship General Hospital from 1/2020 to 12/2020. Study design: Descriptive cross section. Results: 473 bacterial strains causing UTIs were isolated, in which, E. coli 38.48%; P. aeruginosa 14.15; Enterococcus sp 10.57; K. pneumoniae 13.32%. E. coli: resistant to Cephalosporin antibiotics, Quinolones from 56.7 - 63.8%, Carbapenem 4.5 - 6.2%, producing ESBL 49.4%. P. aeruginosa: was resistant to the tested antibiotics from 59.1 - 69.2%. Enterococcus sp: resistant to Quinolone antibiotics 73.5%, resistant to Vancomycin 8.3%; Linezolid resistance has not been recorded. K. pneumoniae: resistant to Cephalosporin, Quinolone from 66.7 - 74.6%, resistant to Carbapenem from 46.0 - 50.8%. Conclusion: Common bacteria causing urinary tract infections are: E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Enterococcus sp. K. pneumoniae. The isolates were resistant to many commonly used antibiotics to varying degrees. Occurrence of strains of Gram - negative bacteria resistant to Carbapenem, Gram - positive resistant to Vancomycin. Keywords: Urinary Tract infections, E. coli, Klebsiella, P. aeruginosa, Enterococcus sp.

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