Iron Content of Some Popular Cooked Foods Consumed by the Rural School Children in Sri Lanka

Iron is an important micronutrient that can be found in different food sources in varying quantities. Iron deficiency is common in populations consuming cereal-based diets with little or no animal-derived food products. Rice is the staple for Sri Lankans, which may not provide sufficient bioavailable iron. Sri Lankan food composition table does not contain data on iron in home-cooked foods. Aim of the present study was to determine the iron content in commonly consumed home-cooked foods (rice, vegetables, green leaves, pulses, fish, etc.) by children aged 15-16 years. The study was carried out in eight schools at the Divisional Secretariat, Horana. The average iron values of cooked rice, vegetables, green leaves, pulses, and fish were 23.29 ± 14.46, 19.34 ± 9.90, 29.56 ± 13.64, 45.16 ± 22.28, and 46.72 ± 14.53 mg/kg, respectively. A serving of cooked red raw rice (rathu kekulu) provided the highest Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) of iron. The total EDI per serving for all categories was 6.39 ± 1.06 mg, contributing to the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of 42.62% of girls and 58.12% of boys as defined by the United States Department of Agriculture. Meanwhile, based on the Sri Lankan RDA, dietary iron contribution per serving ranges from 16.39% to 17.76% in girls and 16.39% to 21.31% in boys in the 15-16 years age category. Therefore, these home-cooked foods which were prepared using local recipes have high iron content and can replenish a major proportion of recommended quotidian values for iron intake.

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ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENCES IN VITAMIN C INTAKE BEFORE AND DURING RAMADAN AMONG GENERAL POPULATION IN KARACHI

Pakistan Journal of Rehabilitation ◽

10.36283/pjr.zu.5.1/005 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 25-30

Author(s):

Marium Sheikh ◽

Dr. Farzana Amir Hashmi

Keyword(s):

Vitamin C ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Age Groups ◽

The United States ◽

Food Composition ◽

United States Department ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Food Composition Table ◽

Informed Consent Form ◽

Composition Table

BACKGROUND Inconsistent data revealed on investigation of nutrient intake by different populations of Muslims during Ramadan, particularly due to the variations in dietary norms. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this observational study was to find out the difference of Vitamin C intake before and during Ramadan within different age groups and genders. METHODS A prospective study was conducted to investigate Vitamin C intake of subjects on two occasions: before and during Ramadan. A total of 770 voluntary subjects (12–90 yrs.) were enrolled for the research. Informed consent form was obtained from each of the participant before the commencement of the study. A quantitative questionnaire cum interview method was used to collect demographic data, health characteristics and dietary intake data. Dietary data was collected using a 24 hour dietary recall and Generic Food Photograph Atlas (GFP) while food items were recorded in codes. Standardized Recipes were used to assess the amount of Vitamin C in each food consumed. Vitamin C intake was calculated with the help of the United States Department of Agriculture Food Composition Table (USDA FCT) and Allama Iqbal Open University Food Composition Table (AIOU FCT). Analysis was conducted using Paired-T-Test and MANOVA using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Software, Version 16. RESULTS A significant increase was observed in the overall intake of Vitamin C in the diet of participants during Ramadan (195.5% of before Ramadan intake). Moreover, the results indicated that Vitamin C consumption was increased among both males and females (P = <0.05) and among heterogeneous aged subjects during Ramadan (P = <0.05). CONCLUSION Additional research is warranted to further elucidate the increased intake of Vitamin C with regards of cultural differences. KEYWORDS Vitamin C, Before Ramadan, Intake, Generic Food Photograph Atlas, During Ramadan, Karachi

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Estimation of dietary flavonoid intake and major food sources of Korean adults

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114515004006 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 115 (3) ◽

pp. 480-489 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Shinyoung Jun ◽

Sangah Shin ◽

Hyojee Joung

Keyword(s):

Daily Intake ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Food Composition ◽

Food Sources ◽

Food Groups ◽

Food Items ◽

Korean Adults ◽

Flavonoid Intake ◽

Composition Table ◽

Vegetables And Fruits

AbstractEpidemiological studies have suggested that flavonoids exhibit preventive effects on degenerative diseases. However, lack of sufficient data on flavonoid intake has limited evaluating the proposed effects in populations. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the total and individual flavonoid intakes among Korean adults and determine the major dietary sources of these flavonoids. We constructed a flavonoid database of common Korean foods, based on the food list reported in the 24-h recall of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2007–2012, using data from the Korea Functional Food Composition Table, US Department of Agriculture flavonoid database, Phenol-Explorer database and other analytical studies. This database, which covers 49 % of food items and 76 % of food intake, was linked with the 24-h recall data of 33 581 subjects aged ≥19 years in the KNHANES 2007–2012. The mean daily intake of total flavonoids in Korean adults was 318·0 mg/d, from proanthocyanidins (22·3 %), flavonols (20·3 %), isoflavones (18·1 %), flavan-3-ols (16·2 %), anthocyanidins (11·6 %), flavanones (11·3 %) and flavones (0·3 %). The major contributing food groups to the flavonoid intake were fruits (54·4 %), vegetables (20·5 %), legumes and legume products (16·2 %) and beverages and alcohols (3·1 %), and the major contributing food items were apples (21·9 %), mandarins (12·5 %), tofu (11·5 %), onions (9·6 %) and grapes (9·0 %). In the regression analysis, the consumption of legumes and legume products, vegetables and fruits predicted total flavonoid intake the most. The findings of this study could facilitate further investigation on the health benefits of flavonoids and provide the basic information for establishing recommended flavonoid intakes for Koreans.

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FODMAP Intake in Spanish Population: Open Approach for Risk Assessment

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17165882 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (16) ◽

pp. 5882

Author(s):

Jonatan Miranda ◽

Maialen Vázquez-Polo ◽

Gesala Pérez-Junkera ◽

María del Pilar Fernández-Gil ◽

María Ángeles Bustamante ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Intake ◽

Adult Population ◽

Age Groups ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Food Samples ◽

Food Composition ◽

Food Sources ◽

Open Approach ◽

Adolescents And Adults ◽

Fermentable Carbohydrates

Fermentable oligo-, di- and monosaccharides and polyols’ (FODMAP) were related with intestinal complications. The present study aimed to determine the FODMAP consumption of Spanish children, adolescents and adults, analyzing the real FODMAP risk of foods, and to set an open methodology for the measurement of this intake in other regions as well as nutrient intake assurance. Total fructan analysis was performed analytically in eighty-seven food samples. Daily intake of FODMAPs, fiber and micronutrients was calculated by combining the food composition for selected fermentable carbohydrates with the national food consumption stratified by age in an open software. Spanish child and adolescent total FODMAP consumption was settled as 33.4 ± 92.4 and 27.3 ± 69.0 g/day, respectively. Both intakes were higher than that of the adult population (21.4 ± 56.7 g/day). The most important food sources of lactose, excess of fructose and total fructan, considering their content and dietary intake were different between age groups. The contribution of these foods to dietary calcium and fiber and the consequent risk of deficiency if they are withdrawn was highlighted. We demonstrated the relevance of stratifying the total FODMAP intake by age. An open approach for FODMAP intake quantification and nutrient control was provided.

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Dietary intake and food sources of choline in European populations

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114515003700 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 114 (12) ◽

pp. 2046-2055 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Francy B. C. Vennemann ◽

Sofia Ioannidou ◽

Liisa M. Valsta ◽

Céline Dumas ◽

Marga C. Ocké ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Elderly People ◽

The United States ◽

European Population ◽

Food Sources ◽

United States Department ◽

Institute Of Medicine ◽

Food Groups ◽

Population Groups ◽

Composition Data ◽

Choline Intake

AbstractCholine is an important nutrient for humans. Choline intake of the European population was assessed considering the European Food Safety Authority European Comprehensive Food Consumption Database and the United States Department of Agriculture Nutrient Database. Average choline intake ranges were 151–210 mg/d among toddlers (1 to ≤3 years old), 177–304 mg/d among other children (3 to ≤10 years old), 244–373 mg/d among adolescents (10 to ≤18 years old), 291–468 mg/d among adults (18 to ≤65 years old), 284–450 mg/d among elderly people (65 to ≤75 years old) and 269–444 mg/d among very elderly people (≥75 years old). The intakes were higher among males compared with females, mainly due to larger quantities of food consumed per day. In most of the population groups considered, the average choline intake was below the adequate intake (AI) set by the Institute of Medicine in the USA. The main food groups contributing to choline intake were meat, milk, grain, egg and their derived products, composite dishes and fish. The main limitations of this study are related to the absence of choline composition data of foods consumed by the European population and the subsequent assumption made to assess their intake levels. Given the definition of AI, no conclusion on the adequacy of choline intake can be drawn for most European population groups. Such results improve the knowledge on choline intake in Europe that could be further refined by the collection of choline composition data for foods as consumed in Europe.

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Honey-borne infant botulism in tahnik practice: an explanation of the risk and its solutions

Food Research ◽

10.26656/fr.2017.5(3).751 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 431-437

Author(s):

M.A.W. Harun ◽

A. Abdullah ◽

A.M. Mohamad ◽

A.S. Baharuddin

Keyword(s):

Reliable Method ◽

Religious Practice ◽

The United States ◽

Food Composition ◽

United States Department ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Department Of Agriculture ◽

States Department ◽

Islamic Jurisprudence ◽

Infant Botulism

Tahnik is a primarily Islamic practice wherein a newborn’s palate is daubed with dates or honey. However, feeding honey to an infant has been associated with numerous infant botulism cases. This situation has raised the question of how a religious practice could lead to such a severe health risk? The objectives of the study were to investigate: a reliable method of performing tahnik; the original proposition of using honey in tahnik; and the efficacy of using ingredients other than dates in tahnik. Semi-structured interviews and armchair research methods were utilised to gain data from three Islamic scholars. Other resources were also consulted, including the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Composition Database and various Islamic Literary Manuscripts. The findings indicated that the use of honey in tahnik did not originate within Islamic jurisprudence. Therefore, it should not be associated with the Prophet's Sunnah. When dates are not available for tahnik practice, then raisins, figs, pomegranates, grapes, or other sweet fruits can be used as a replacement rather than honey.

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Zen Macrobiotic Dietary Problems in Infancy

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.53.3.326 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 326-329

Author(s):

John R. K. Robson ◽

J. E. Konlande ◽

F. A. Larkin ◽

P. A. O'Connor ◽

Hsi-Yen Liu

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Analytical Data ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Amino Acid Content ◽

The United States ◽

Food Composition ◽

Food Composition Tables ◽

Energy Needs ◽

Supplementary Foods

Two infants fed Kokoh, a Zen macrobiotic food mixture comprising cereal grains, legumes, and oil seeds, for a period of several months weighed 4.96 kg and 5.81 kg at 7 and 13 months of age, respectively. Kokoh formulas were evaluated by computation using food composition tables and chemical analysis. The computed energy value of Kokoh was within 3% of that measured by calorimetry. The daily intake of energy by the infants from Kokoh and other supplementary foods was about 400 Calories. This represents only 40% of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (R.D.A.) for the United States. The estimated protein intake was 11 gm for one child, and 13 gm for the other. The quality of the Kokoh protein as determined by computation was adequate for growth, but the analytical data suggested that the amino acid pattern was poor. The unsatisfactory nature of the formulas given to the infants was due to excessive dilution. There is a need for more definitive data on the feasibility of feeding infants Kokoh and similar foods, at a concentration that will meet energy needs. Further information is required on the amino acid content of plant foods used for infant feeding. Until more is known about feeding infants on plant food proteins, infants and children fed Kokoh should be kept under strict surveillance.

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Phylloquinone (vitamin K1) intakes and serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin levels in Irish postmenopausal women

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn20061736 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 95 (5) ◽

pp. 982-988 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Aoife Collins ◽

Kevin D. Cashman ◽

Máiréad Kiely

Keyword(s):

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Food Composition ◽

Primary Sources ◽

Food Sources ◽

Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Total Contribution ◽

Dietary History ◽

The Uk

Low phylloquinone (vitamin K1) intakes have been associated with low bone mineral density in older adults. Phylloquinone intakes and serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) levels were assessed in ninety-seven apparently healthy, free-living Irish women aged 50–75 years. Phylloquinone intakes were estimated using a detailed dietary history, which measured habitual food intakes from a typical 14 d period, and recently published food composition data for phylloquinone. Fasting serum ucOC was measured using an enzyme immunoassay. The median daily intake of phylloquinone in the group from all sources was 108·8 mg and from food sources only was 106·6 mg, indicating that approximately 99% of the phylloquinone came from food. Vegetables and vegetable dishes contributed 67% of the total phylloquinone intake, but further analysis showed that broccoli, cabbage and lettuce were the primary sources, making a total contribution of 44 %. Twenty per cent of the women had a phylloquinone intake below the UK recommendation of 1μg/kg body weight per day and 34% failed to meet the US Adequate Intake value of 90mg/day. Mean serum ucOC levels in the women were 6·2 (SD 1·7) ng/ml and were predicted by phylloquinone intake (β— 22·20, generated from log-transformed phylloquinone intake data; P=4 0·04). On the basis of comparisons with both UK recommendations and US A equate Intakes for phylloquinone, the habitual intakes of phylloquinone in a high proportion of Irish postmenopausal women may not be adequate.

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The Nutrient Density of USDA's Sample Menu Measured by the Nutrition Rich Food (NRF) Index (OR14-02-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz038.or14-02-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Simon Sum ◽

Joyce Cao ◽

Jiang Hu ◽

Casey Vanous

Keyword(s):

Food Item ◽

Daily Intake ◽

The United States ◽

United States Department ◽

Full Time ◽

Eating Pattern ◽

Nutrient Density ◽

Rich Food ◽

Meal Plan ◽

The Mean

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study is to measure the nutrient density (ND) of the 7-day sample menus for a 2000 calorie meal plan recommended by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) using the Nutrition Rich Food (NRF) index and to determine target NRF index score for a meal and a day. Methods Each food item on the menu was represented by the representative most frequently consumed food item from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013–2014. Nutrition information was extracted from the USDA database according to the food code of each food item. Nutrient density was evaluated by calculating the NRF index for individual meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner), snacks and overall daily intake based on previously published method. The mean, median, and interquartile range (IQR) of the NRF index for the meals, snacks and daily intake over 7 days were calculated. One-sample t-test was conducted to compare the estimated mean daily intakes of individual nutrients derived from present analysis to the reported values by USDA. Results The mean ± SD and median (IQR) of the NRF index of all meals were: 209 ± 83.7 and 199.6 (158.6 to 229.1). For each eating occasion, the mean ± SD and median (IQR) of the NRF index of breakfast, lunch and dinner meals, and snacks were 184.2 ± 65.5 and 195.7 (174.4 to 223.5), 213.5 ± 72.5 and 205.4 (169.2 to 229.7), 229.2 ± 112.3 and 186.7 (164.6 to 254.4), and 55.9 ± 36.6 and 47.4 (33.3 to 80.9), respectively. The mean ± SD and median (IQR) of the NRF index of daily intake over 7 days were 457.4 ± 61.7 and 455.5 (424.4 to 471.2). The estimated mean daily intake levels of sodium was found significantly higher than the mean daily intake level reported by the USDA (t = 3.57, P = 0.012). Conclusions The study demonstrated that ND varies among the meals and daily intake following the USDA 7-day meal plan, and breakfast meals appear to have lower ND relative to lunch and dinner. Overall ND of daily intake was 457.4 ± 61.7 as presented by NRF index, which can be used as a reference score to evaluate the healthfulness of daily intake. However, by following our methodology, the USDA meal plan may have underestimated the daily intake of sodium. Since nutrient profile and content can vary significantly among foods within the same food group, foods with high ND should be selected to help meet nutrient needs while adhering to a healthy eating pattern. Funding Sources No funding source for the research. All authors are full time employees of Herbalife Nutrition.

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Impact of Beef Consumption on Saturated Fat Intake in the United States Adult Population: Insights from Modeling the Influences of Bovine Genetics and Nutrition

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa061_013 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 1385-1385

Author(s):

Shanon Casperson ◽

Zach Conrad ◽

Susan Raatz ◽

Justin Derner ◽

James Roemmich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Adult Population ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Saturated Fat ◽

The United States ◽

United States Department ◽

Per Capita ◽

Breed Selection ◽

The U.S

Abstract Objectives Beef, while a prominent source of high-quality protein in the American diet, is a source of saturated fat. Beef production practices, such as breed selection and nutrition regimens, can influence the nutritional value of meat by reducing the saturated fatty acids (SFA) content. Thus, we sought to determine the extent to which implementing these practices reduces population-level SFA intake to meet the Dietary Guideline for Americans (DGA) recommendation of ≤10% en. Methods Using reported intakes from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2016, we determined the contribution of food types to total SFA intake. From these data, nutritional modeling methods were used in which the current fatty acid profile of beef was replaced with that from two different breeds (Angus, the predominant breed in the U.S., and Wagyu, a breed with lower SFA content) and three nutrition regimens (pasture-raised, 15% flaxseed supplementation, and 35% wet distiller's grain (WDG) supplementation) to estimate the contribution of each beef type to total SFA intake in the U.S. adult population. Four levels of replacement were compared - 10%, 25%, 50%, 100%. Results Daily per capita SFA intake was 10.9% en (10.8–11.0% en, 95% CI). Beef was the third greatest contributor (15%) to per capita SFA intake, behind grain (29%) and dairy (19%) dishes. In general, men consumed more beef fat than women (12.0 g vs. 6.6 g, respectively). SFA intake, as a percentage of total energy intake (% en), from beef was 2.1% en (2.1–2.2% en, 95% CI) in men and 1.6% en (1.6–1.7% en, 95% CI) in women. For each modeled beef, SFA intake decreased with each increase in replacement level. At 100% replacement, SFA intake was reduced by 0.5% (Angus), 2.8% (Wagyu), 1.9% (pasture-raised), 4.1% (15% flaxseed), and 2.6% (35% WDG). Conclusions Data from this modeling study indicate that decreasing the SFA content of beef through breed selection and nutrition regimens can result in a per capita reduction in SFA intake in the American population. However, modeled SFA consumption remained greater (c. 10.5–10.7% en) than DGA recommended intakes in all age and gender groups. These results demonstrate the importance for Americans to reduce SFA intake from all sources, including beef, to meet daily intake recommendations. Funding Sources United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.

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Phylloquinone (vitamin K1) intakes and food sources in 18–64-year-old Irish adults

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn20041157 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 92 (1) ◽

pp. 151-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Paula Duggan ◽

Kevin D. Cashman ◽

Albert Flynn ◽

Caroline Bolton-Smith ◽

Máiréad Kiely

Keyword(s):

Vitamin K ◽

Bone Health ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Food Composition ◽

Food Sources ◽

Dietary Vitamin ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Food Diary ◽

The North

AbstractDietary vitamin K1(phylloquinone) levels that are sufficient to maintain normal blood coagulation may be sub-optimal for bone, and habitual low dietary intakes of vitamin K may have an adverse effect on bone health. The objective of the present study was to measure the intake and adequacy of phylloquinone intake and the contribution of foods to phylloquinone intake in a nationally representative sample of Irish adults. The North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey database was used, which contains data collected using a 7 d food diary in a randomly selected sample of Irish adults aged 18–64 years (n1379; 662 men and 717 women). Phylloquinone intakes were estimated using recently compiled food composition data for phylloquinone. The mean daily intake of phylloquinone from food sources was 79 (sd 44) μg. Intakes were significantly higher (P>0·001) in men than in women at levels of 84 and 75quest;μgsol;d. The main contributors to phylloquinone intakes were vegetables (48%), particularly green vegetables (26%). Potatoes (including chipped and fried potatoes), dairy products and fat spreads contributed 10% each and meat contributed 8%. In men, social class and smoking status influenced phylloquinone intakes. Of the population, 52% had phylloquinone intakes below 1 μg/kg body weight and only 17% of men and 27% of women met the US adequate intakes of 120 and 90 μg/d, respectively. The present study shows that habitual phylloquinone intakes in Irish adults are low, which may have implications for bone health.

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