scholarly journals A Review of Synthesis Techniques for Phased Antenna Arrays in Wireless Communications and Remote Sensing

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Stanislav Ogurtsov ◽  
Diego Caratelli ◽  
Zhe Song
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Wireless Communications ◽  
Antenna Array ◽  
Antenna Arrays ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Tolerance Analysis ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Phased Antenna Arrays ◽  
Compact Size ◽  
Antenna Array Synthesis

Electronically controlled antenna arrays, such as reconfigurable and phased antenna arrays, are essential elements of high-frequency 5G communication hardware. These antenna arrays are aimed at delivering specified communication scenarios and channel characteristics in the mm-wave parts of the 5G spectrum. At the same time, several challenges are associated with the development of such antenna structures, and these challenges mainly originate from their intended mass production, contemporary manufacturing technologies, integration with active RF chains, compact size, dense circuitry, and limitations in postmanufacturing tuning. Consequently, 5G antenna array designers are presented with contradictory design requirements and constraints. Furthermore, these designers need to handle large numbers of designable parameters of the antenna array models, which can be computationally expensive, especially for repetitive and adaptive simulations that are required in design optimization and tuning. Antenna array synthesis, namely, the process of finding positions, orientation, and excitation of the array radiators, is a challenging yet crucial part of antenna array development. This process ensures that the performance requirements of the antenna array are met. Therefore, there is a need for reliable yet fast automated computer-aided design (CAD) and synthesis tools that can support the development of 5G antenna array solutions, from the initial prototyping stage to the final manufacturing tolerance analysis. This paper presents an overview of recent advances in antenna array synthesis from the viewpoint of their applicability to the design of electronically reconfigurable and phased antenna arrays for wireless communications and remote sensing.

A Comparison of Swarm-Based Optimization Algorithms in Linear Antenna Array Synthesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Durmus ◽  
Rifat KURBAN ◽  
Ercan KARAKOSE
Keyword(s):  
Antenna Array ◽  
Radiation Pattern ◽  
Antenna Arrays ◽  
Heuristic Algorithms ◽  
Beam Width ◽  
Side Lobe ◽  
Side Lobe Level ◽  
Linear Antenna ◽  
Half Power ◽  
Antenna Array Synthesis

Abstract Today, the design of antenna arrays is very important in providing effective and efficient wireless communication. The purpose of antenna array synthesis is to obtain a radiation pattern with low side lobe level (SLL) at a desired half power beam width (HPBW) in far-field. The amplitude and position values ​​of the array elements can be optimized to obtain a radiation pattern with suppressed SLLs. In this paper swarm-based meta-heuristic algorithms such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), Mayfly algorithm (MA) and Jellyfish Search (JS) algorithms are compared to realize optimal design of linear antenna arrays. Extensive experiments are conducted on designing 10, 16, 24 and 32-element linear arrays by determining the amplitude and positions. Experiments are repeated 30 times due to the random nature of swarm-based optimizers and statistical results show that performance of the novel algorithms, MA and JS, are better than well-known methods PSO and ABC.

scholarly journals A Review of Antenna Array Technologies for Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint Wireless Communications at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
G. Federico ◽  
D. Caratelli ◽  
G. Theis ◽  
A. B. Smolders
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communications ◽  
Antenna Array ◽  
Antenna Arrays ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
High Gain ◽  
Multimedia Services ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Array Technology ◽  
Point To Point ◽  
Technical Solutions

With the introduction of 5G communication systems operating in the mm-wave frequency range, new opportunities in terms of multimedia services and applications will become available. For this to happen, several technical challenges from an antenna standpoint need to be addressed. The achievements of high-gain characteristics and agile beamforming with wide-scan capabilities are the main targets of the ongoing research on mm-wave antenna arrays. In this paper, an up-to-date overview of antenna array technology for wireless communications at mm-wave frequencies is given. Particular focus is put on the review of the state-of-the art and most advanced antenna array concepts for point-to-point and point-to-multipoint radio links at said frequencies. Various figures of merit are assessed for a comprehensive analysis and bench marking of the technical solutions investigated in the presented survey.

scholarly journals Position only Antenna Array Synthesis using Normal Distributed Invasive Weed Optimization

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 3277-3280
Keyword(s):  
Antenna Array ◽  
Antenna Arrays ◽  
Stochastic Approach ◽  
Side Lobe ◽  
Linear Antenna ◽  
Invasive Weed Optimization ◽  
Convergence Properties ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Linear Antenna Array ◽  
Antenna Array Synthesis

Nowadays, low-side lobe antenna arrays are used in many communications systems such as satellite, cellular, radar and wireless communications. The antenna array with low side lobe rates should be designed to avoid noisy contact. A new stochastic approach to synthesize a linear antenna array to suppress normal distributed invasive weed optimization (NDIWO) is proposed in this paper synthesize a linear antenna array to suppress the side lobe levels. NDIWO is applied for optimization of the positions of the antenna elements. A 28-element linear array is designed and synthesized by using the proposed and other popular evolutionary algorithms. The acquired radiation designs are gathered with the calculations like particle swarm optimization (PSO) and differential evolution (DE). The numerical results illustrate that the NDIWO optimized antenna array performs superior over PSO and DE optimized arrays in terms of low PSLL and convergence properties.

Study of the characteristics of a radio photon device for determining the phase difference of a radar signals

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-42
Author(s):  
Yaroslav N. Gusenitsa ◽  
Aleksandr L. Snegirev ◽  
Sergey A. Pokotilo
Keyword(s):  
Antenna Array ◽  
Phase Difference ◽  
Antenna Arrays ◽  
Output Signal ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Radar Signal ◽  
Optical Modulator ◽  
Optical Modulators ◽  
Phased Antenna Arrays ◽  
Phased Antenna Array

The paper considers the problem of accurate calculation of the phase of the radar signal in relation to the receiving phased antenna arrays. Methods for determining the phase difference based on a comparison of the received signal with the local oscillator signal are listed, as well as a method based on the use of a radio-photon analog-to-digital converter for the output signal of the receiving phased antenna array. Their disadvantages are indicated. A method and a radio photon device are proposed that are devoid of these disadvantages. The method allows you to calculate the phase difference of the radar signal at the output of the electro-optical modulator and the output signal of the photodetector, taking into account the known values of the amplitudes and phase difference of the microwave signals at the input of the receiving elements of the phased antenna array. The radio-photon device allows you to implement this method and, unlike the known analogues, is based on the use of two parallel-connected electro-optical modulators constructed according to the scheme of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer. It is shown that the proposed radio photon device provides a higher accuracy of determining the phase of the radar signal in comparison with existing analogues. At the end of the work, an analysis of the results of experimental studies using the proposed method and a radio photon device is presented. According to the results of the experiment, it was found that the phase and phase differences vary linearly, and their maximum reaches π. In addition, the square of the amplitude of the optical signal at the input of the photon-electronic unit is proportional to the phase difference and inversely proportional to the ratio of the amplitudes of the output signals of the adjacent receiving elements of the phased antenna arrays.

scholarly journals Selection of location of radiators in a non-equivident antenna array

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 54-62
Author(s):  
N. M. Legkiy ◽  
N. V. Mikheev
Keyword(s):  
Antenna Array ◽  
Antenna Arrays ◽  
Side Lobe ◽  
Directional Pattern ◽  
Engineering Systems ◽  
Phased Array Antenna ◽  
Optimal Arrangement ◽  
Phased Antenna Arrays ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Selection Of

Antennas are one of the main elements of radio engineering systems. Phased antenna arrays (PAR), which make it possible to regulate the direction of radiation due to the ability to control the phases or phase differences of the emitted signal, are the most effective types of antennas. The size, design and shape of the PAR depend on the tasks to be solved, the type of emitters and the nature of their location. The article discusses the transformation of an equidistant PAR into a non-equidistant antenna array in order to reduce the level of side lobes and suppress diffraction maxima with a given minimum distance between the emitters. A model of a non-equidistant antenna array and calculation formulas for its analysis are presented. The method presented in the work based on iterative calculation methods makes it possible to select the main parameters of a non-equidistant PAR taking into account the bonds formed between neighboring radiating elements. The coordinates of the emitter elements of the non-equidistant PAR were calculated in a program using the MATLAB language. At the same time, a method was implemented to search for the optimal arrangement of emitters relative to each other, in which the directional pattern of the antenna array will have a minimum level of diffraction maxima and the required level of side lobe. According to the results of the program execution, the coordinates of the new non-equidistant PAR were obtained. The non-equidistant phased array antenna simulated according to the calculation results showed a complete absence of diffraction maxima, in contrast to the equidistant array, but it was not possible to sufficiently obtain the required level of side lobes. The calculated antenna radiation patterns presented for comparison showed the advantages of a non-equidistant antenn array.

scholarly journals An Improved Taguchi Algorithm Based on Fitting and Prediction for Linear Antenna Array Synthesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Xiaomin Xu ◽  
Cheng Liao ◽  
Youfeng Cheng ◽  
Fan Peng
Keyword(s):  
Global Optimization ◽  
Taguchi Method ◽  
Antenna Array ◽  
Antenna Arrays ◽  
Linear Antenna ◽  
Test Functions ◽  
Response Table ◽  
Convergence Process ◽  
Linear Antenna Arrays ◽  
Antenna Array Synthesis

In this paper, a Taguchi method based on fitting and prediction is proposed to accelerate the optimization process in antenna array synthesis. The implementation procedure combines the normal Taguchi method and the curve fitting technique. A possible solution is determined by prediction based on fitting curves. Specifically, the fitting curves are obtained by using the dynamic points calculated and updated as the Taguchi method progress and recorded in the response table necessarily produced in the procedure. Test functions are used for conducting some confirmation experiments, and the results verify the validity of the proposed method. In order to illustrate its good practicability, two linear antenna arrays with a null controlled pattern and a flat top pattern, respectively, are successfully optimized by using both of the normal Taguchi method and the proposed one. Some comparisons and discussions of their results are given in the paper, which proves that the proposed method has a better practicability, not only because it inherits the global optimization characteristics of the normal Taguchi method but also because it accelerates the convergence process.

scholarly journals Methods of measuring the parameters and fault diagnosis phased antenna array in the near field without the use of mechanical positioners

2015 ◽  
pp. 36-42
Author(s):  
N. E. Nenartovich ◽  
V. A. Balagurovsky ◽  
A. O. Manichev
Keyword(s):  
Fault Diagnosis ◽  
Antenna Array ◽  
Antenna Arrays ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Phased Antenna Arrays ◽  
Phased Antenna Array

The problem of measuring the parameters of phased antenna arrays without mechanical displacements of the test and / or the auxiliary antenna. Examples demonstrating the high efficiency and practical importance of this approach to measurement.

scholarly journals Tolerance Analysis of Antenna Array Pattern and Array Synthesis in the Presence of Excitation Errors

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ying Zhang ◽  
DanNi Zhao ◽  
Qiong Wang ◽  
ZhengBin Long ◽  
Xiaofeng Shen
Keyword(s):  
Antenna Array ◽  
Antenna Arrays ◽  
Interval Analysis ◽  
Phase Error ◽  
Tolerance Analysis ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Phase Errors ◽  
Array Pattern ◽  
Power Pattern ◽  
Pattern Functions

This paper analyzes array pattern tolerance against excitation errors. The nonprobabilistic interval analysis algorithm is used for tolerance analysis of the nonideal uniform linear array in this work. Toward this purpose, corresponding interval models of the power pattern functions are established, respectively, with the consideration of the amplitude errors, phase errors, or both simultaneously, in antenna arrays. The tolerance for the amplitude-phase error of the main function parameters including the beamwidth, sidelobe level, and the directivity is simulated by computer according to the indicators and the actual requirements. Accordingly, the worst admissible performance of an array can be evaluated, which may provide theoretical reference for optimal antenna array design. As for the problem of array synthesis in the presence of various array errors, interval analysis-convex programming (IA-CP) is presented. Simulation results show that the proposed IA-CP based synthesis technique is robust for the amplitude and phase errors.

scholarly journals Virtual Antenna Array Analysis for MIMO Synthetic Aperture Radars

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Qin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Antenna Array ◽  
Antenna Arrays ◽  
Multiple Antennas ◽  
Synthetic Aperture ◽  
Conceptual System ◽  
Signal Processing Algorithm ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Wide Swath

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) that employs multiple antennas to transmit orthogonal waveforms and multiple antennas to receive radar echoes is a recently proposed remote sensing concept. It has been shown that MIMO SAR can be used to improve remote sensing system performance. Most of the MIMO SAR research so far focused on signal/data models and corresponding signal processing algorithm. Little work related to MIMO SAR antenna analysis can be found. One of the main advantages of MIMO SAR is that the degrees of freedom can be greatly increased by the concept of virtual antenna array. In this paper, we analyze the virtual antenna array for MIMO SAR high-resolution wide-swath remote sensing applications. The one-dimensional uniform and nonuniform linear antenna arrays are investigated and their application potentials in high-resolution wide-swath remote sensing are introduced. The impacts of nonuniform spatial sampling in the virtual antenna array are analyzed, along with a multichannel filtering-based reconstruction algorithm. Conceptual system and discussions are provided. It is shown that high operation flexibility and reconfigurability can be obtained by utilizing the virtual antenna arrays provided by the MIMO SAR systems, thus enabling a satisfactory remote sensing performance.

Miniaturization and Reduction of Mutual Coupling Between Antennas Arrays Using DGS and Planar EBG Structures

2019 ◽  
pp. 192-222
Author(s):  
Ahmed Ghaloua ◽  
Jamal Zbitou ◽  
Larbi El Abdellaoui ◽  
Mohamed Latrach
Keyword(s):  
Antenna Array ◽  
Antenna Arrays ◽  
Patch Antenna ◽  
Mutual Coupling ◽  
Ground Plane ◽  
Defected Ground Structure ◽  
Electromagnetic Band Gap ◽  
Full Wave ◽  
Radiating Element ◽  
Compact Size

As the size of the antenna often has a significant influence on overall dimensions of the wireless system, its reduction in size becomes a significant challenge. The objective of this chapter is to present new contributions made for reducing the size of the antenna array while maintaining excellent performance. An overview of the antenna array is introduced. Then, two designed and fabricated antenna arrays with compact size and good performances are exposed. The first microstrip patch antenna array is miniaturized using a novel shape of defected ground structure (DGS) etched in the ground plane of each radiating element of the antenna array. While the second one is two antenna arrays which are separated by two magnetic walls of a planar compact electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure, with the aim to miniature and to reduce the mutual coupling between them, keeping both the antenna arrays separation smaller than 0.6λ5.8GHz. A full-wave electromagnetic analysis had achieved to evaluate the electrical performances of the proposed structures by using HFSS and CST-MWS.

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