Miniaturization of Printed Microstrip Antennas Array by Using Defected Ground Structure Technique

In this chapter, the authors present different techniques used to miniature microstrip antennas, particularly planar antennas array, for different applications demanding small dimensions. This will cover DGS, slot technique, and metamaterials. After the presentation of these techniques based on theoretical studies, the second part of this chapter will be about the authors' contribution in the miniaturization of microstrip antennas arrays. This part will include the presentation of some miniature antennas array which they have validated into simulation and measurement by using DGS techniques. The different structures were validated into simulation by using tow electromagnetic solvers ADS (advanced design system) and CST-MW (computer simulation technology) which permit one to validate and to verify the different performances of antennas arrays as radiation pattern, matching input impedance and small dimensions.

Analytical and Calibration Models for Slot Antennas

In this chapter, the background, analytical formulations, and calibration routines for slot antennas are briefly reviewed. Performance and operating frequency of the slot antenna are strongly dependent on the dimension and shape of the slot or slotted array on the antenna. Nowadays, most antennas are designed using numerical simulation software for accuracy in analysis. However, analytical formulations still play an important role in the pre-design of the antenna due to the numerical simulation which still requires relatively long period of computation time compared to the analytical calculation. The predicted dimension of the antenna from analytical calculations will only require minor adjustment to optimize its performance in numerical simulation. Hence, the time spent for the antenna design can be shortened. Besides the performance of antenna, the antenna calibration process is crucial as well for releasing systematic errors in the antenna measurements. Some one-port calibration methods are described in detail.

Design Considerations Pertaining to the Application of Complementary Split Ring Resonators in Microstrip Antennas

Metamaterial-based design of microstrip antennas and other microwave structures have gained enormous popularity worldwide among researchers. The complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) is one of the most commonly used metamaterial structures in this direction. The CSRR structure yields a negative value of its effective permittivity at a narrow band near its resonant frequency. CSRR structure was initially proposed as a notch filtering element in microstrip transmission lines because of the negative permittivity. Later, the CSRR structure found its use in antennas and other microwave applications. The CSRR structure is reported to enhance the performance of a microstrip antenna in terms of its gain and bandwidth. In addition, CSRR structure is also used in the design of dual band antennas and antennas with integrated filters. This chapter deals with the practical design aspects relative to these applications of CSRR structures.

Additive Manufacturing of Steerable Antenna Systems for 5G and Adaptive Cruise Control Applications

This chapter gives an insight view of the evolving additive manufacturing technology and its application for designing steerable front-end (FE) array antenna architecture dedicated to mmWave for the 5G network and the adaptive cruise control (ACC) applications. The manufacturing of RF system is a challenging work because it comes with complex designs, a long realization time, and high cost as well as weight. Technically, all these challenges could be addressed up with the use of additive manufacturing technology. It allows an increased flexibility in the manufacturing of complex designs such as steerable beamforming and other advanced RF products. Traditional machining technologies used to manufacture RF products are limited in their ability to produce complex shape. The AM technology allows to realize the entire designs in one single time-phase which positively impacts mass, cost, realization time, assembly quality and RF performance.

Design and Analysis of a New Configuration of Microwave Power Amplifier

The chapter has the objective of introducing and explaining the concept of a microwave power amplifier (PA). PA is one of the blocks that has a large effect on the overall performance of communication systems, especially in transmitter systems, and their design is decided by the parameters of the transistor selected. This chapter is divided into three parts, which will be as follows: Part 1 provides background theory relevant to our research. Part 2 describes the matching techniques for PAs. Part 3 utilizes the tools developed in Parts 1 and 2 to analyze and design the proposed microwave power amplifier with a microstrip technology intended for wireless applications.

Design of Miniaturized Antenna for RFID Applications

This chapter presents the design of some miniature antenna for RFID application, in the ISM (industrial, scientific, and medical) band at 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz, by using two techniques. The first technique is the use of slots inserted into the microstrip antenna, and the second technique is the use of the fractal structure. In the end, both techniques are used together in one structure to get the benefit of each technique at the same time. These antennas are designed for RFID system. They can be used in a variety of fields such as access control, transport, banks, health, and logistics. One major consideration for handheld and portable RFID system applications is the compact size. Therefore, the design of miniature RFID antennas is important, and the microstrip antenna is a good choice because they are known to be low-profile, low weight, easy to make, and mechanically robust.

A Comparison Between the Microstrip and the Co-Planar Wave-Guide Antennas in Ultra-Wide-Band Applications by Using Fractal Geometry

This chapter describes a comparison study between the techniques of coplanar waveguide (CPW) and microstrip line applied to antenna in the ultra-wide band by analyzing the different parameters achieved into simulation and fabrication. Fractal geometry has been chosen to design the radiating patch of both types of antennas by including two electromagnetic solvers based on two different numerical methods: CST of microwave studio and ADS. The parameters S11, current density, gain, and the radiation pattern have been achieved into simulation and measurement in the frequency range 3.1 – 10.6GHz released by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) as a commercial UWB. The photolithographic technique, the network analyzer, and the anechoic chamber have been involved to perform the fabrication and the measurement of the validated microstrip and CPW antennas.

Design of New Reconfigurable and Miniature Microstrip Planar Antennas

Recently, wireless communication systems have developed rapidly and have become more mobile and small. This necessarily requires the adequacy of its design. The materials used should be as much as possible small and at a lower cost. So low cost with reduced volume and low weight are some of the major challenges that must be faced by the designer of modern telecommunications equipment. The microstrip planar antenna is an attraction and the most crucial component used in mobile systems, and its miniaturization is one of the research challenges. This chapter focuses on the concept of miniature reconfigurable antennas by presenting and discussing the state of art with contributions in designing reconfigurable miniature printed antennas.

1D Electromagnetic Band Gap Analysis and Applications

In this chapter, a detailed study of the one-dimension electromagnetic band gap (1D-EBG) structures and their application in a directional antenna design are presented. To improve the ability and analyze and understand the behavior of 1D-EBG, three techniques of analysis are developed. The results show that the periodicity of the dielectric permittivity makes it possible to stop the waves propagation in certain frequency bands. A comparison between the different methods shows an excellent agreement. An evolution of the transmission coefficient of a structure consisting of six layers with a cavity of thickness equal a wavelength in the middle of the structure, shows that there is a peak of transmission which is formed at the center frequency of the band gap and reflects a resonance phenomenon. This phenomenon of frequency filtering is exploited for the design of a directive EBG antenna by introducing an excitation to the cavity center.

Printed Antenna for UHF and SHF RFID Applications

In this chapter, new microstrip antennas for RFID system are presented. The chapter is split into two sections. The first section deals with the design of two dual-band antennas for handheld RFID readers, and the second section is dedicated to antennas for RFID tag. In the first section, the authors describe theory and principle characteristics of microstrip antenna and the fundamentals of multiband behavior. The two proposed antennas are designed to operate in the ISM (industrial, scientific, and medical) band at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz bands. In the second section, the authors present the principles of matching techniques for tag antenna design. Then, they present two examples of tag antenna. The first one is a flexible antenna mounted on paper substrate, and the second one is designed for the identification of metallic object.