scholarly journals Stability Analysis on the Long-Term Operation of the Horizontal Salt Rock Underground Storage

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Chengzhong Zhang ◽  
Qiang Zhang ◽  
Weiwei Li ◽  
Zhanping Song ◽  
Junbao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Underground Storage ◽  
Salt Rock ◽  
Height Ratio ◽  
Design Capacity ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Operation Process ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Rock Deposit ◽  
Optimal Diameter

The construction of the vertical cavern in the salt dome deposit can meet the requirements of both storage capacity and tightness. However, if the vertical cavern is still used as the design shape of the salt rock underground storage in the layered salt rock deposit, the high design capacity cannot be guaranteed while the tightness is satisfied. In this case, the use of a large-span horizontal cavern as the design shape of the salt rock storage can not only effectively increase the design capacity of the storage, but also solve the problems such as the stability and tightness of the storage during the operation period by improving the structural form and working mode. Based on this, the ellipsoid-shaped horizontal salt rock underground storage is taken as an example, and a single-cavern horizontal salt rock underground storage model with different diameter-to-height ratios is established by using FLAC3D software. The change law of vertical and horizontal displacements, volume loss rate, and plastic zone distribution of salt rock storage changing with the diameter-to-height ratio are studied, and the optimal diameter-to-height ratio is determined. And then the long-term operation process of the double-cavern horizontal salt rock underground storage under the optimal diameter-to-height ratio is simulated, and the optimal pillar width is obtained.

scholarly journals Creep Properties and Constitutive Model of Salt Rock

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Qiang Zhang ◽  
Zhanping Song ◽  
Junbao Wang ◽  
Yuwei Zhang ◽  
Tong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Constitutive Model ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Creep Process ◽  
Underground Storage ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Salt Rock ◽  
Creep Properties ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Rock Creep

Due to the advantages of low porosity, low permeability, high ductility, and excellent capacities for creep and damage self-healing, salt rock is internationally considered as the ideal medium for underground storage of energy and disposal of radioactive waste. As one of the most important mechanical properties of salt rock, creep properties are closely related to the long-term operation stability and safety of salt rock underground storage cavern. A comprehensive review on the creep properties and constitutive model of salt rock is put forward in this paper. The opinions and suggestions on the research priority and direction of salt rock's mechanical properties in the future are put forward: (1) permeability variation of salt rock under the coupling effect of temperature and stress; (2) damage mechanism and evolution process under the effect of creep-fatigue interaction and low frequency cyclic loading; (3) microdeformation mechanisms of salt rock and the relationship between microstructure variations and macrocreep behavior during creep process; (4) the establishment of the creep damage constitutive model with simple form, less parameters, easy application, and considering the damage self-healing ability of salt rock simultaneously.

Detection method for stability of microcontroller accessories based on biosensor

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Yan Ren ◽  
Jiayong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Process Design ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Stability Testing ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Testing Method ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Stability

In order to solve the problem of poor accuracy of traditional microcontroller attachment stability testing method, a microcontroller attachment stability testing method based on biosensor was designed to solve the existing problems. The reliability test index of the microcontroller is established, then the interference of the microcontroller accessory is detected and responded, and the interference detection signal of the microcontroller accessory is selected. The process design of stability detection of microcontroller accessories based on biosensor is completed. The experimental results show that the stability detection method based on biosensor designed in this paper can ensure the stability detection accuracy of microcontroller accessories above 80%, which is more accurate than traditional methods. It can be used to evaluate the stability, reliability and performance of microcontroller accessories in long-term operation.

Performance Stability of Recycle Amine-Free Water-Soluble Coolant in Long Term Operation

2014 ◽  
Vol 625 ◽  
pp. 530-535
Author(s):  
Kenji Yamaguchi ◽  
Yasuo Kondo ◽  
Satoshi Sakamoto ◽  
Mitsugu Yamaguchi ◽  
Ryoichi Nakazawa
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effect ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Machining Processes ◽  
Cooling Performance ◽  
Recycling System ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
The Stability

Recently, the concern for the environment has been increasing rapidly. In machining processes, the treatment of water-soluble coolants waste has caused environmental problems. Water-soluble coolants contain surfactants, preservatives, and corrosion inhibitors for maintaining the stability and performance of the coolants. To reduce the management cost and environmental effect of water-soluble coolants, the authors have been studying a recycling system for water-soluble coolants. In the recycling system, oil-free recycle water is isolated from the coolant waste and reused as a diluent of the new coolant. The authors have been developing different types of water recovery methods for the recycling system, and the recovered water from the coolant waste has potential as a diluent for a new coolant. In this report, we focused on the amine (alkanolamine) -free water-soluble coolant. Some amine-free water-soluble coolants have been developed and are commercially available. A reduction in the environmental effect in the waste treatment of coolants is expected with amine-free coolants. We have demonstrated that the amine-free water-soluble coolant has equal or better cooling and lubricating performance compared with the conventional amine-containing coolant. In addition, the amine-free coolant shows good recyclability for the recycling system. The processing time of the recycling treatment of the amine-free coolant has been decreased by half with our recycling process compared with the conventional amine-containing coolant. In this report, we examined the stability, cooling performance and lubricating performance of the recycle amine-free water-soluble coolant in long term operation. The recycle amine-free water-soluble coolant is operated in a 3-axis machining center for several months. We observed concentration, pH, corrosion inhibition performance, cooling performance, and lubricating performance of the coolant. The results from these experiments show the amine-free water-soluble coolant has the advantage to use in the recycling system for water-soluble coolant.

scholarly journals Rail Track with Rail Compression

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-242
Author(s):  
V. N. Sukhodoev
Keyword(s):  
Effective Property ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Rail Track ◽  
Loading And Unloading ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Cost

The problem of damping the noise on the track, arising from the movement of the train, is solved sufficiently but it is simple, if the rail with spacers is laid inside the longitudinally located band sleeper-mechanism. The result is a layered rail thread, consisting of belts: a rail tape with elastic spacers on three sides, a tie-mechanism tape and a ballast layer. The unity of the layers is carried out due to their own mass. This is the static track without external load. Rail compression is an effective property of rail tracks. It is formed in the sleeper mechanism under the influence of vertical forces with displacements and their horizontal derivatives. When loading the track, the compression is carried out repeatedly with subsequent unloading.n this case, each previous changes in the conditions in work of the track are taken into account in the subsequent cycle of loading and unloading. A rail track with a rail compression is a kind of self-adapting linear system, which is necessary with frequent changes in load and operating conditions for silent performance of a functional purpose. The specificity of this path is that the movement of the wheel creates rail vibration and noise, which are immediately damped by compression with damping. The balance between the occurrence of noise and its suppression is achieved by the ratio of the lengths of half-sleeper shoulders as a lever. The condition for the appearance of a shift of the compression forces in the direction from vertical shoulder of the half-sleepers is the unequal settlements of the horizontal shoulder of the L-shaped half-sleepers and its eccentric loading. As a result of the research, the advantages of a rail track with rail compression have been revealed, which is a guarantor of the stability of the design parameters during long-term operation of the track. The cost of a rail track with rail reduction is halved as a result of steel savings, lower labor costs and operational needs.

Stability Analysis of Storage Caverns in Bedded Salt Rock Formation

2013 ◽  
Vol 353-356 ◽  
pp. 1345-1352
Author(s):  
Ming Zhang ◽  
Qiang Yang
Keyword(s):  
Stability Analysis ◽  
Internal Pressure ◽  
Influencing Factor ◽  
Creep Model ◽  
Salt Rock ◽  
Rock Formation ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Salt Caverns

Salt cavern storage is usually in bedded salt rock formation except salt dome, in particular in China. The rocks composing a bedded salt rock formation, e.g., mudstone, rock salt, interlayer, etc., often present viscoelastic-plastic behaviors, which is an important influencing factor of the long-term stability of salt caverns in it. Modelling the rheological behavior with the Druck-Prager creep model, an example of stability analysis of four salt caverns at Jintan Salt Mine of China with the finite element method is elaborated in this paper. The results show that besides the inevitable loss of effective storage room with time due to creep deformation, which decreases evidently with internal pressure but decreases slowly at a certain pressure value, the variation of operating internal pressure in each cavern can cause the change of volumes of other nearby caverns and then affect the stability of all the caverns. The internal pressure difference should be as small as possible during the operation of salt caverns.

Targeted filling of silica in Nafion by a modified in situ sol–gel method for enhanced fuel cell performance at elevated temperatures and low humidity

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (38) ◽  
pp. 5499-5502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoxiao Xu ◽  
Shuai Li ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Zhao Liu ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Silica Network ◽  
Fuel Cell Performance ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Ionic Cluster ◽  
Low Humidity ◽  
The Stability

By facilely utilizing an ionic cluster as a nano-reactor, a silica network can be targeted filled in Nafion to increase the PEMFC performance at elevated temperatures and low humidity. Moreover, the stability of Nafion can be improved for the long-term operation of PEMFC under harsh conditions.

scholarly journals Effect of Additives Ag and Rare‐Earth Elements Y and Sc on the Properties of Hydrogen Sensors Based on Thin SnO2 Films during Long‐Term Testing

Coatings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maksimova ◽  
Almaev ◽  
Sevastyanov ◽  
Potekaev ◽  
Chernikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tin Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Adsorption ◽  
Hydrogen Sensors ◽  
Band Bending ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Adsorption Sites ◽  
Effect Of Additives ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
The Stability

The paper presents the results of an investigation of the nanostructure, elements, and phase composition of thin (100–140 nm) tin dioxide films obtained via magnetron sputtering and containing Ag, Y, Sc, Ag + Y, and Ag + Sc additives in the volume. Electrical and gas‐sensitive characteristics of hydrogen sensors based on these films with dispersed Pt/Pd layers deposited on the surface were studied. The additives had a significant effect on the nanostructure of the films, the density of oxygen adsorption sites on the surface of tin dioxide, the band bending at the grain boundaries of tin dioxide, the resistance values in pure air, and the responses to hydrogen in the concentration range of 50–2000 ppm. During the long‐term tests of most of the samples studied, there was an increase in the resistance of the sensors in clean air and in the response to hydrogen. It has been established that the joint introduction of Ag + Y into the volume of films prevents the increase in the resistance and response. For these sensors based on thin films of Pt/Pd/SnO2:Sb, Ag, Y the responses to 100 and 1000 ppm of H2 are 25 and 575, correspondingly, the response time at exposure to 100 and 1000 ppm of H2 are 10 and 90 s, the recovery time at exposure to 100 and 1000 ppm of H2 17 and 125 s. Possible mechanisms of the effect of additives on the properties of sensors and the stability of their parameters during long‐term operation were considered.

scholarly journals High-Performance Ultraviolet Photodetector Based on a Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle@Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Heterojunction Hybrid Film

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myung-Soo Choi ◽  
Taehyun Park ◽  
Woo-Jae Kim ◽  
Jaehyun Hur
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Hybrid Film ◽  
Defect Density ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Zno Nps ◽  
Transport Pathways ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
The Stability

A hybrid film consisting of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is formed on a glass substrate using a simple and swift spin coating process for the use in ultraviolet photodetectors (UV PDs). The incorporation of various types of CNTs into ZnO NPs (ZnO@CNT) enhances the performance of UV PDs with respect to sensitivity, photoresponse, and long-term operation stability when compared with pristine ZnO NP films. In particular, the introduction of single-walled CNTs (SWNTs) exhibits a superior performance when compared with the multiwalled CNTs (MWNTs) because SWNTs can not only facilitate the stability of free electrons generated by the O2 desorption on ZnO under UV irradiation owing to the built-in potential between ZnO and SWNT heterojunctions, but also allow facile and efficient transport pathways for electrons through SWNTs with high aspect ratio and low defect density. Furthermore, among the various SWNTs (arc-discharged (A-SWNT), Hipco (H-SWNT), and CoMoCat (C-SWNT) SWNTs), we demonstrate the ZnO@A-SWNT hybrid film exhibits the best performance because of higher conductivity and aspect ratio in A-SWNTs when compared with those of other types of SWNTs. At the optimized conditions for the ZnO@A-SWNT film (ratio of A-SWNTs and ZnO NPs and electrode distance), ZnO@A-SWNT displays a sensitivity of 4.9 × 103 % with an on/off current ratio of ~104 at the bias of 2 V under the UV wavelength of 365 nm (0.47 mW/cm2). In addition, the stability in long-term operation and photoresponse time are significantly improved by the introduction of A-SWNTs into the ZnO NP film when compared with the bare ZnO NPs film.

Fiberglass: Lateral Loads from Climatic and Temporary Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 1031 ◽  
pp. 88-96
Author(s):  
Irina V. Zlobina
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Lateral Loads ◽  
Functional Dependencies ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Control Samples

The influence of modification of fiberglass in the cured state in the microwave electromagnetic field on the value of the limit stresses is significantly manifested when testing samples in the initial state. The increase in limit voltages is on average 7%. Tests of modified samples after exposure in full-scale conditions showed a decrease in the effect with an increase in the exposure time from 6% for exposure of 3 months to 3% for exposure of 8 months. This significantly increases the uniformity of the bending strength values in the batch, which is manifested in a decrease in the coefficient of variation of limit stresses relative to the control samples by 33%. Functional dependencies in the form of 2nd-order polynomials are obtained, which allow predicting the stability of products made of modified fiberglass for long-term operation under the influence of environmental factors with a confidence of up to 98%.

scholarly journals Aluminium Nanofluids Stability: A Comparison between the Conventional Two-Step Fabrication Approach and the Controlled Sonication Bath Temperature Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naser Ali ◽  
Joao A. Teixeira ◽  
Abdulmajid Addali
Keyword(s):  
Bath Temperature ◽  
Nanoparticle Concentration ◽  
Height Ratio ◽  
Fixed Temperature ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Temperature Method ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Settling Process

This study investigates the shelving stability of dispersed aluminium nanoparticles in water mixtures fabricated by the conventional and the controlled bath temperature two-step methods. The nanofluids were prepared with water of pH 9 and nanoparticles of 0.1–1.0 vol.%. A bath type ultrasonicator was employed for dispersing the nanoparticles into the base fluid. The sonication process, for all as-prepared samples, lasted for 4 hours and was either device bath temperature uncontrolled or controlled in the range of 10–60°C. Furthermore, the stability of the as-produced nanosuspensions was evaluated using the sedimentation photograph capturing method by capturing images at equal intervals of time for 12 hours then analysing the data based on the sample sedimentation height ratios. It was found that the sedimentation behaviour of the nanofluids fabricated via the controlled temperatures of less than 30°C was of dispersed sedimentation type, while those produced by the conventional method and the fixed temperatures of 30°C and higher were of flocculated sedimentation type. In addition, increasing the controlled sonication temperature has shown to increase the settling process of the sediments. Moreover, the rise in nanoparticle concentration was seen to reduce the variation in sedimentation height ratio between the fixed temperature samples. A comparison between the two fabrication methods has shown that the 30°C nanofluids had better short- and long-term stability than the conventionally produced suspensions.

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