High Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Related Demographic Factors in North of Iran: Results from the PERSIAN Guilan Cohort Study

Introduction. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome has increased in recent decades around the world and is currently reaching epidemic levels as it is a major public health and clinical concern. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its related demographic factors in a population-based study. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, the target population consisted of 10520 individuals aged 35–70 years in Phase 1 of the Persian Guilan cohort study (Guilan site/Some’e Sara) that was conducted in 2014–2017. Demographic, anthropometric, blood pressure, and biochemical data were used in this study. The IDF definitions were used to diagnose the metabolic syndrome. Results. The prevalence of the syndrome according to IDF and ATP definition was 42.87% (95% CI: 41.92–41.81) and 40.68% (95% CI: 39.74–41.62), respectively. The prevalence of components for central obesity, high triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, blood glucose, and hypertension components was 75.8%, 43.1%, 40.6%, 39.2% and 37.9%, respectively. All demographic variables were related to the syndrome, and among them age, gender, and residence were identified as independent and strong predictive variables in the regression model. More than 92% of the population had at least one component of the syndrome. Conclusion. The results of the study show a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome risk factors. It is essential to educate healthy lifestyle behaviors and further health education in the high-risk groups identified in this study, especially the elderly, women, and rural residents.

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The Prevalence and Predictors of Hypertension and the Metabolic Syndrome in Police Personnel

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18136728 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (13) ◽

pp. 6728

Author(s):

James D. Yates ◽

Jeffrey W. F. Aldous ◽

Daniel P. Bailey ◽

Angel M. Chater ◽

Andrew C. S. Mitchell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Job Type ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Police Personnel ◽

Behavioural Factors ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Markers ◽

Police Forces

Hypertension and metabolic syndrome (METSYN) are reportedly high in police forces. This may contribute to health deterioration and absenteeism in police personnel. Police forces comprise of staff in ‘operational’ and ‘non-operational’ job types but it is not known if job type is associated to hypertension and METSYN prevalence. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of hypertension and METSYN, the factors associated with the risk of hypertension and METSYN, and compare physiological, psychological, and behavioural factors between operational and non-operational police personnel. Cross-sectional data was collected from 77 operational and 60 non-operational police workers. Hypertension and METSYN were prevalent in 60.5% and 20% of operational and 60.0% and 13.6% of non-operational police personnel, respectively (p > 0.05). Operational job type, moderate organisational stress (compared with low stress) and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were associated with lower odds of hypertension, whereas increasing body mass index was associated with increased odds of hypertension (p < 0.05). None of the independent variables were significantly associated with the odds of METSYN. Operational police had several increased cardiometabolic risk markers compared with non-operational police. Given the high prevalence of hypertension and METSYN in operational and non-operational personnel, occupational health interventions are needed for the police and could be informed by the findings of this study.

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Serum Angiopoietin-like Protein 6, Risk of Type 2 Diabetes, and Response to Hyperglycemia: A Prospective Cohort Study

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/clinem/dgaa103 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 105 (5) ◽

pp. e1949-e1957 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kang-Chih Fan ◽

Hung-Tsung Wu ◽

Jung-Nan Wei ◽

Lee-Ming Chuang ◽

Chih-Yao Hsu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Cohort Study ◽

High Serum ◽

Incident Diabetes ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Diet Induced Obesity ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Low Incidence ◽

Human Participants

Abstract Context Angiopoietin-like protein 6 (ANGPTL6) is a hepatokine that improves insulin sensitivity in animals. However, serum ANGPTL6 concentration was found to be higher in human participants with diabetes or metabolic syndrome in cross-sectional studies, implying that ANGPTL6 may be induced to counteract hyperglycemia. Objective To investigate whether serum ANGPTL6 can predict incident diabetes and explore whether glucose or insulin can regulate ANGPTL6 expression and secretion. Design This cohort study included adults without diabetes at baseline who were followed every 2 years for incident diabetes. Serum ANGPTL6 concentrations were measured at baseline and during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs). A hepatic cell line, HepG2, and diet-induced obesity mouse model were used to evaluate the response of ANGPTL6 expression and secretion to hyperglycemia and the metabolic syndrome. Results We recruited 1103 participants without diabetes at baseline. During the 4.22-year follow-up, 113 (10.2%) participants developed incident diabetes. Serum ANGPTL6 was negatively associated with the incidence of diabetes (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.77; P = 0.042). However, serum ANGPTL6 level was higher in participants with prediabetes (P = 0.018) and was elevated during OGTT. In HepG2 cells, treatment with glucose, but not insulin, induced ANGPTL6 expression. Hepatic ANGPTL6 expression and serum ANGPTL6 concentrations were significantly higher in mice fed with a high-fat diet than in those fed with a standard chow (both P < 0.05). Conclusion A high serum ANGPTL6 level is associated with a low incidence of diabetes in humans. ANGPTL6 is expressed and secreted in response to hyperglycemia to maintain glucose homeostasis.

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Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in Central and South American Immigrant Residents of the Washington, DC, Area

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1155/2017/9531964 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Regina M. Gill ◽

Saira A. Khan ◽

Robert T. Jackson ◽

Marguerite Duane

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Low Income ◽

Mexican Americans ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Washington Dc ◽

South American ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and its risk components and then compare differences in the risk components among low-income, uninsured Central and South American recent immigrants to the USA. This cross-sectional survey sampled 1,042 adult patients from a medical clinic in metropolitan Washington, DC. The overall prevalence of the MetS was 26.9% estimated using the modified harmonized definition. The most common abnormal metabolic indicator for women was an elevated BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2(36.1%), while, for men, it was an elevated triglyceride level (46.5%). The risk of abnormal MetS indicators increased steadily with increasing BMI. The abnormal indicator combination identifying the most subjects with the MetS included the following: high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, and obesity. MetS rates were highest among subjects from El Salvador and Honduras, 31.3% and 28.0%, respectively, and lowest among subjects from Bolivia (21.7%). Dyslipidemia and high BMI increased the likelihood of having the MetS, which is consistent with studies on Mexican Americans in the San Antonio Heart Study and studies within Central and South American countries. This study adds new baseline epidemiological data for largely understudied, low-income, and mostly recent immigrant groups.

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Living in the Southern Hemisphere: Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Amazonian Riverine Populations

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10163630 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (16) ◽

pp. 3630

Author(s):

Gabriela P. Arrifano ◽

Jacqueline I. Alvarez-Leite ◽

Barbarella M. Macchi ◽

Núbia F. S. S. Campos ◽

Marcus Augusto-Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Southern Hemisphere ◽

Vulnerable Populations ◽

Low Income ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Atherogenic Dyslipidemia ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Low Hdl

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) epidemic is a global challenge. Although developing countries (including Brazil, India, and South Africa) present a higher proportion of deaths by cardiovascular diseases than developed countries, most of our knowledge is from these developed countries. Amazonian riverine populations (ARP), as well as other vulnerable populations of the Southern Hemisphere, share low-income and traditional practices, among other features. This large cross-sectional study of ARP (n = 818) shows high prevalence of hypertension (51%) and obesity (23%). MetS was diagnosed in 38% of participants (especially in women and 60–69 years-old individuals) without the influence of ancestry. Only 7–8% of adults had no cardio-metabolic abnormalities related to MetS. Atherogenic dyslipidemia (low HDL-cholesterol) was generally observed, including in individuals without MetS. Still, slight differences were detected between settings with a clear predominance of hypertension in Tucuruí. Hypotheses on possible genetic influence and factors (nutrition transition and environmental pollutants -mercury) are proposed for future studies. Moreover, a roadmap to MetS progression based on the most prevalent components is provided for the development of tailored interventions in the Amazon (initially, individuals would present low HDL-cholesterol levels, later progressing to increased blood pressure characterizing hypertension, and ultimately reaching MetS with obesity). Our alarming results support the need to improve our knowledge on these vulnerable populations.

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Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH): potential mechanisms of action against risk factors of the metabolic syndrome

Nutrition Research Reviews ◽

10.1017/s0954422419000155 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 1-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Masoumeh Akhlaghi

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Saturated Fat ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Reduce Blood Pressure ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Dash Diet ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

AbstractThe metabolic syndrome is a cluster of disorders dominated by abdominal obesity, hypertriacylglycerolaemia, low HDL-cholesterol, high blood pressure and high fasting glucose. Diet modification is a safe and effective way to treat the metabolic syndrome. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) is a dietary pattern rich in fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy products, and low in meats and sweets. DASH provides good amounts of fibre, K, Ca and Mg, and limited quantities of total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol and Na. Although DASH was initially designed for the prevention or control of hypertension, using a DASH diet has other metabolic benefits. In the present review, the effect of each dietary component of DASH on the risk factors of the metabolic syndrome is discussed. Due to limited fat and high fibre and Ca content, individuals on the DASH diet are less prone to overweight and obesity and possess lower concentrations of total and LDL-cholesterol although changes in TAG and HDL-cholesterol have been less significant and available evidence in this regard is still inconclusive. Moreover, high amounts of fruit and vegetables in DASH provide great quantities of K, Mg and fibre, all of which have been shown to reduce blood pressure. K, Mg, fibre and antioxidants have also been effective in correcting glucose and insulin abnormalities. Evidence is provided from cross-sectional investigations, cohort studies and randomised controlled trials, and, where available, from published meta-analyses. Mechanisms are described according to human studies and, in the case of a lack of evidence, from animal and cell culture investigations.

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Higher breakfast glycaemic load is associated with increased metabolic syndrome risk, including lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations and increased TAG concentrations, in adolescent girls

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114514003092 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 112 (12) ◽

pp. 1974-1983 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Analise Nicholl ◽

Mary du Heaume ◽

Trevor A. Mori ◽

Lawrence J. Beilin ◽

Wendy H. Oddy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Adolescent Girls ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Glycaemic Load ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Almost All ◽

Metabolic Syndrome Components

Almost all previous studies examining the associations between glycaemic load (GL) and metabolic syndrome risk have used a daily GL value. The daily value does not distinguish between peaks of GL intake over the day, which may be more closely associated with the risk of the metabolic syndrome. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cross-sectional associations between daily and mealtime measures of GL and metabolic syndrome risk, including metabolic syndrome components, in adolescents. Adolescents participating in the 14-year follow-up of the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study completed 3 d food records and metabolic assessments. Breakfast GL, lunch GL, dinner GL and a score representing meal GL peaks over the day were determined in 516 adolescents. Logistic regression models were used to investigate whether GL variables were independent predictors of the metabolic syndrome in this population-based cohort (3·5 % prevalence of the metabolic syndrome). Breakfast GL was found to be predictive of the metabolic syndrome in girls (OR 1·15, 95 % CI 1·04, 1·27; P <0·01), but not in boys. Other meal GL values and daily GL were found to be not significant predictors of the metabolic syndrome. When breakfast GL was examined in relation to each of the components of the metabolic syndrome in girls, it was found to be negatively associated with fasting HDL-cholesterol concentrations (P= 0·037; β = − 0·004; 95 % CI − 0·008, − 0·002) and positively associated with fasting TAG concentrations (P= 0·008; exp(β) = 1·002; 95 % CI 1·001, 1·004). The results of the present study suggest that there may be an association between breakfast composition and metabolic syndrome components in adolescent girls. These findings support further investigation into including lower-GL foods as part of a healthy breakfast in adolescence, particularly for girls.

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The Relationship between Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis and Metabolic Syndrome

Advances in Bioscience and Clinical Medicine ◽

10.7575/aiac.abcmed.v.8n.4p.8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 8

Author(s):

Tahmoores Abdollahian ◽

Solmaz Pourzare Mehrbani ◽

Paria Motahari

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Underlying Disease ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis ◽

Aphthous Stomatitis ◽

Laboratory Findings ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

High Prevalence ◽

The Relationship

Metabolic syndrome or X syndrome includes a group of metabolic and non-metabolic disorders, that increase the risk of some disease. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in healthy subjects and patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) was conducted. In this cross-sectional study 33 patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis which were referred to Department of Oral Medicine of Tabriz dental school were studied. The inclusion criteria included consent to participates in the study, lack of underlying disease associated with RAS such as Behcet’s syndrome and lack of systemic diseases. RAS patients were examined in terms of risk of the metabolic syndrome and 33 age and sex matched healthy individuals were selected and examined in terms of risk of metabolic syndrome. Data samples from check list contain demographic and laboratory findings were collected. Results showed that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with RAS (21.2%) was significantly higher than in healthy people (9.1%). (p<0.05) Female percentage of RAS patients with metabolic syndrome were 71.4 and Male percentage of RAS patients with metabolic syndrome were 28.6. Given the high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with RAS, this syndrome can be considered as a risk factor for RAS.

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Evaluation of Metabolic Syndrome among Locomotive Drivers

Occupational Medicine ◽

10.18502/tkj.v11i3.2588 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

M Saraei ◽

A Najafi ◽

E Heidarbagi ◽

A Rahimi-Golkhandan

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

High Waist Circumference ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Train Drivers

Introduction: Screening of risk factors for metabolic syndrome among commercial and train drivers that are considered safety sensitive jobs, is an important issue in safety of transportation system. Metabolic syndrome is consisted of disturbed lipid profile, high blood pressure, and high waist circumference. It can lead to decrease the quality of life and higher health associated costs for these patients. This study aimed to assess risk factors for metabolic syndrome among train drivers. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 281 train drivers referred to their annual health examinations to Occupational Medicine Clinic of Baharloo Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Demographic characteristics of participants were recorded. Blood pressure, body mass index and waist circumference of drivers were measured. Participants’ blood sample for fasting blood sugar, triglyceride, high and low density lipoproteins were collected. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the NCEP ATP III criteria. Results: All of the participants were males. Their mean age and BMI was 43±10 year and 26.60±3.67 Kg/m2, respectively. Fifty three (21%) of the participants were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. The more frequent risk factor for metabolic syndrome was triglyceride more than 150mg/dl. Conclusion: Findings of the present study revealed high prevalence of metabolic syndrome among train drivers. Further studies are needed for screening the metabolic syndrome in this occupational group as it is a sensitive occupation.

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Screening for the metabolic syndrome in subjects with migraine

Cephalalgia ◽

10.1177/0333102416672494 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (12) ◽

pp. 1180-1188 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sylvie Streel ◽

Anne-Françoise Donneau ◽

Nadia Dardenne ◽

Axelle Hoge ◽

Adelin Albert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Large Scale ◽

Cardiovascular Health ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Systematic Screening ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Low Hdl

Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and migraine are known to be associated. This study assessed the risk of MetS and its clinical characteristics in migraine with aura (MA) and without aura (MO) based on a large-scale cross-sectional survey. Methods The study material consisted of 751 participants in the Nutrition, Environment and CardioVascular Health (NESCaV) survey. Diagnosis of migraine was based on the ef-ID migraine questionnaire and MetS was defined according to the Revised-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Sociodemographic and risk factors were also recorded. Weighted logistic regression was used to assess the risk of MetS. Results After adjusting for stratification (gender, age, district) and other factors (smoking status, sedentary lifestyle, family history of stroke, myocardial infarction and hypertension), MA subjects were at higher risk of MetS (OR 3.45; 95% CI: 1.63–7.29) while MO individuals were not, when compared to non-migraineurs. When considering MetS components, MA was positively associated with low HDL-cholesterol (OR 2.26; 95% CI: 1.08–4.74), hyperglycemia (OR 2.77; 95% CI: 1.30–5.88) and abdominal obesity (OR 2.03; 95% CI: 1.07–3.86). Conclusion Migraineurs with aura are at higher risk of MetS, suggesting that these subjects, already more exposed to stroke, may benefit from a systematic screening for the metabolic syndrome.

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Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components among working-age residents of the Kyrgyz Republic

Kazan medical journal ◽

10.17750/kmj2015-618 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 97 (4) ◽

pp. 618-624 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A G Polupanov ◽

A V Kontsevaya ◽

Zh A Mamasaidov ◽

A N Khalmatov ◽

A T Altymysheva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

High Density Lipoproteins ◽

Kyrgyz Republic ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Waist Size ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Working Age ◽

Study Type

Aim. To study of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its components among residents of the Kyrgyz Republic.Methods. This study was conducted within the framework of the international «INTEREPID» project, in which, in addition to Kyrgyzstan, the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan participated. Study type is cross-sectional epidemiological study. A cohort was formed randomly, consisting of 1672 people, representative of sex and age structure of the population. In addition to completing the questionnaire, we performed the following examinations: estimation of height, body weight and waist size, measurement of blood pressure and heart rate, electrocardiogram, as well as the determination of a number of biochemical parameters: sugar and creatinine levels in blood and lipid profile (low density lipoproteins, high density lipoproteins and triglycerides levels).Results.Among the residents of the Kyrgyz Republic the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 30.9% with predominance of its occurrence among women (33.3% vs. 27.7% in men, pConclusion. Among the residents of the Kyrgyz Republic the high prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was registered with certain gender and ethnic features of its components occurrence.

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