The Design of Individual Orthopedic Insoles for the Patients with Diabetic Foot Using Integral Curves to Describe the Plantar Over-Pressure Areas

Identification of over-pressure areas in the plantar side of the foot in patients with diabetic foot and reduction of plantar pressure play a major role in clinical practice. The use of individual orthopedic insoles is essential to reduce the over-pressure. The aim of the present study is to mark the over-pressure areas of the plantar part of the foot on a pedogram and describe them with high accuracy using a mathematical research method. The locally over-pressured areas with calluses formed due to repeated injuries were identified on the patients’ pedograms. The geometric shapes of the over-pressure areas were described by means of the integral curves of the solutions to Dirichlet singular boundary differential equations. Based on the mathematical algorithm describing those curves, the computer programs were developed. The individual orthopedic insoles were produced on a computer numerical control milling machine considering the locally over-pressured areas. The ethylene vinyl acetate polymers of different degrees of hardness were used to produce the individual orthopedic insoles. For the over-pressure areas, a soft material with a hardness of 20 Shore A was used, which reduces the pressure on the plantar side of the foot and increases the contact area. A relatively hard material with a hardness of 40 Shore A was used as the main frame, which imparts the stability of shape to the insole and increases its wear life. The individual orthopedic insoles produced by means of such technology effectively reduce the pressure on the plantar side of the foot and protect the foot from mechanical damage, which is important for the treatment of the diabetic foot.

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The Chosen Aspects of Skew Rolling of Hollow Stepped Shafts

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14040764 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 764

Author(s):

Jarosław Bartnicki ◽

Yingxiang Xia ◽

Xuedao Shu

Keyword(s):

Cross Section ◽

Rolling Mill ◽

Metal Flow ◽

Experimental Tests ◽

Rolling Process ◽

Numerical Control ◽

Technological Parameters ◽

Flow Mechanisms ◽

The Individual ◽

Skew Rolling

The paper presents chosen aspects of the skew rolling process of hollow stepped products with the use of a skew rolling mill designed and manufactured at the Lublin University of Technology. This machine is characterized by the numerical control of spacing between the working rolls and the sequence of the gripper axial movement, which allows for the individual programming of the obtained shapes of parts such as stepped axles and shafts. The length of these zones and the values of possibly realizable cross-section reduction and obtained outlines are the subject of this research paper. The chosen results regarding the influence of the technological parameters used on the course of the process are shown in the present study. Numerical modelling using the finite element method in Simufact Forming, as well as the results of experimental tests performed in a skew rolling mill, were applied in the conducted research. The work takes into account the influence of cross-section reduction of the hollow parts and the feed rate per rotation on the metal flow mechanisms in the skew rolling process. The presented results concern the obtained dimensional deviations and changes in the wall thickness determining the proper choice of technological parameters for hollow parts formed by the skew rolling method. Knowledge about the cause of the occurrence of these limitations is very important for the development of this technology and the choice of the process parameters.

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Prevention of Dicing-Induced Damage in Semiconductor Wafers

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.485 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 345-346 ◽

pp. 485-488

Author(s):

Seong Min Lee

Keyword(s):

Rotation Speed ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Mechanical Damage ◽

Processing Method ◽

Productivity Improvement ◽

Active Device ◽

Close Proximity ◽

Saw Blade ◽

The Individual ◽

Sawing Process

Semiconductor devices are usually formed on a single silicon wafer during a batch processing method. Individual devices are separated from the wafer during the wafer sawing or dicing step. Subsequent packaging processes are then performed on the individual devices, whose edge portions are very susceptible to mechanical damage from the sawing process. Defects formed along device edges due to the dicing saw blade often provide potential sites for serious reliability problems. If the scribing area is reduced, the number of the separated devices from a single wafer increases, which results in productivity improvement. However, the closer the scribing position of the saw blade comes to the active device pattern, the greater possibility of sawing-induced damage to the active pattern is. Thus, this work shows methods to reduce the negative impact of the saw blade while maintaining close proximity of the scribe lines to the IC devices. In particular, this work suggests that a decrease in the size of the diamond particles embedded in the saw blade and in the rotation speed of the saw blade might contribute to the prevention of sawing-induced damage to device patterns.

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Diabetic foot and its serial treatment in high-risk patients: focusing on the individual

Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1806-9282.66.11.1542 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 66 (11) ◽

pp. 1542-1547

Author(s):

Eli Ávila Souza Júnior ◽

Raul Silva Simões de Camargo ◽

Tiago Soares Baumfeld ◽

Daniel Soares Baumfeld ◽

Benjamin Dutra Macedo

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Diabetic Foot ◽

Tertiary Hospital ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

High Risk Group ◽

Foot Care ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

High Risk Patients ◽

Risk Patients ◽

The Individual

SUMMARY Objectives: To assess knowledge about diabetic foot, care measures, and the importance attached to serial treatment in a group of high-risk diabetic foot patients. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study, carried out in a tertiary hospital, with 25 patients undergoing serial treatment for diabetic foot. The tabulation of the data occurred through the use of three methodological figures: core idea, key expressions, and the collective subject discourse. RESULTS: It became evident that even among high-risk patients with diabetic foot, there is no complete knowledge about the definition of the disease. Despite this, all participants reported practicing daily care measures, including frequent inspection of the feet, food care, and attention to footwear. Regarding the importance of serial treatment, there was unanimous recognition of the relevance of this practice, which improves self-care discipline, optimizes the understanding of the disease, and helps to prevent progression. CONCLUSIONS: Authentic speeches in the context of a pathology of considerable prevalence manifested, in an unprecedented way, with conceptions about its definition, care measures, and importance of serial treatment in a high-risk group.

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Design for disassembly: Using temporary fabrication for land politics in the Negev

International Journal of Architectural Computing ◽

10.1177/1478077120924738 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 155-173

Author(s):

Nof Nathansohn ◽

Molly Mason ◽

David Allen White ◽

Hugh Timothy Ebdy ◽

Yaara Yacoby ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Digital Fabrication ◽

Numerical Control ◽

Mobile Computer ◽

Family Structures ◽

Cultural Survival ◽

Political Conflicts ◽

Land Politics ◽

Displaced People ◽

The Individual

Political conflicts have increasingly displaced people from their homes, necessitating various forms of temporary structures and housing. However, these shelters are often one-size-fits-all and do not take into account the individual requirements, family structures, or cultural needs of these communities. This article explores how digital fabrication can be used to empower disenfranchised communities to act as their own architects. Because the police demolish the structures in Al Araqib every 3 weeks, the residents have to rebuild their structures, and appropriate architecture as a resistance tool, and not only as a housing solution. This circumstance allows us to develop a structure designed primarily for the condition of rapid disassembly that can additionally be produced with a low-tech setup of a mobile computer numerical control router. Through this case study with the Bedouin village Al Araqib in the Negev Desert, we introduce the term community-specific design, present our methodology for designing and fabricating a temporary structure in collaboration with the community, and outline the logistics for a future mobile infrastructure. Beyond aiding the Bedouin’s fight for justice, our intention as designers, acutely aware of the power of technology and architecture, is to harness both physical and digital tools in an effort to create innovative systems that can be leveraged by unrecognized populations struggling for cultural survival.

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Mathematical Model of a Vertical Six-Axis Cartesian Computer Numerical Control Machine for Producing Face-Milled and Face-Hobbed Bevel Gears

Journal of Mechanical Design ◽

10.1115/1.4044433 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 142 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ruei-Hung Hsu ◽

Yi-Pei Shih ◽

Zhang-Hua Fong ◽

Chin-Lung Huang ◽

Szu-Hung Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Correction Method ◽

Computer Numerical Control ◽

Bevel Gear ◽

Numerical Control ◽

Numerical Illustration ◽

Bevel Gears ◽

Machine Stiffness ◽

The Individual ◽

Compact Design

Abstract Prior to the development of sophisticated computer numerical control (CNC), both face milling (FM) and face hobbing (FH), the two most popular technologies for bevel gear production, required cradle-type machines with diverse and complicated mechanisms. In the last two decades, however, the gear industry has replaced these traditional machines with six-axis CNC bevel gear cutting machines that have superior efficiency and accuracy. One such machine is a vertical six-axis machine with a vertical spindle arrangement, which offers two industrially proven advantages: compact design and maximum machine stiffness. The technical details of this machine, however, remain undisclosed; so, this paper proposes a mathematical model that uses inverse kinematics to derive the vertical machine's nonlinear six-axis coordinates from those of a traditional machine. The model also reduces manufacturing errors by applying an effective flank correction method based on a sensitivity analysis of how slight variations in the individual machine setting coefficients affect tooth geometry. We prove the model's efficacy by first using the proposed equations to derive the nonlinear coordinates for pinion and gear production and then conducting several cutting experiments on the gear and its correction. Although the numerical illustration used for this verification is based only on FM bevel gears produced by an SGDH cutting system, the model is, in fact, applicable in the production of both FM and FH bevel gears.

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Finite Element Analysis of Cushioned Diabetic Footwear Using Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Polymer

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13142261 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 2261

Author(s):

Mariyam J. Ghazali ◽

Xu Ren ◽

Armin Rajabi ◽

Wan Fathul Hakim W. Zamri ◽

Nadia Mohd Mustafah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Vinyl Acetate ◽

Diabetic Foot ◽

Plantar Pressure ◽

Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽

Foot Ulcers ◽

Diabetic Foot Ulcers ◽

Foot Pressure ◽

Treatment And Prevention ◽

Foot Model

With the development of societies, diabetic foot ulcers have become one of the most common diseases requiring lower extremity amputation. The early treatment and prevention of diabetic foot ulcers can considerably reduce the possibility of amputation. Using footwear to redistribute and relieve plantar pressure is one of the important measures for the treatment and prevention of diabetic foot ulcers. Thus, the evaluation and prediction of the distribution of plantar pressure play an important role in designing footwears. Herein, the finite element method was used to study plantar pressure under two kinds of foot models, namely, the skeletal structure foot model and the whole foot model, to explore the influence of human bones on the pressure of the soles of the feet and obtain accurate foot pressure. Simulation results showed that under the two models, the plantar pressure and the pressure from the footwear with ethylene vinyl acetate were all reduced. The total deformation demonstrated a slight increase. These stresses are very useful as they enable the design of suitable orthotic footwear that reduces the amount of stress in individuals with diabetic foot ulcers.

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Modelling the Relations of Rheological Characteristics with Composition of Plaster Mortar

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma15010371 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 371

Author(s):

Khrystyna Moskalova ◽

Tatiana Lyashenko ◽

Aleksej Aniskin

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Cellulose ◽

Effective Viscosity ◽

Cement Hydration ◽

Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽

Rheological Characteristics ◽

Expanded Perlite ◽

Rotational Viscometer ◽

Information Set ◽

The Individual ◽

Composition Factors

The rheological properties of fresh plaster mortars, with varied contents of porous fillers and polymer admixtures, have been studied. The quantities of fine limestone and expanded perlite, and dosages of methyl hydroxy ethyl cellulose and ethylene vinyl acetate were varied in the experiment. Effective viscosity (at a shear rate from 0.045 to 5.705 s−1) and the thixotropy of the mixes were determined with rotational viscometer for 18 compositions (according to the design of the experiment). Each of the 18 viscosity curves were described with the Ostwald–de-Waele equation. The Experimental–Statistical models describing the dependencies of the parameters of the rheological model and of mix thixotropy on the composition factors were built on the obtained data. ES-models have allowed the individual and synergetic effects of mix components on the rheological characteristics to be evaluated. The expanded perlite powder can increase the viscosity by two times, probably due to its pozzolanic effect increasing the content of the CSH phase during cement hydration. The thixotropy can be increased by the quantity of limestone. The computational experiments with ES-models have made it possible for the information set, without a noticeable interrelation between rheological characteristics, to be stratified into subsets, in which such interrelations differ significantly.

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Feature Analysis and Extraction of the Garment Layout Planning

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.796.439 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 796 ◽

pp. 439-442

Author(s):

Ai Yan Jin ◽

Xiao Mei Shang

Keyword(s):

Scientific Basis ◽

Numerical Control ◽

Utilization Rate ◽

Individual Feature ◽

Layout Planning ◽

Linear Path ◽

Depth Analysis ◽

The Difference ◽

The Individual ◽

Cutting Path

Automatic cutting helps improve efficiency in modern garment production. The design of cutting Numerical Control System determines the speed and quality of cutting flow. The optimization of cutting path based on different marking project, which helps improve not only the efficiency but also the level of systematic intelligence. The optimization of automatic cutting path varies with different layout planning. The layout planning of style design is different, so the individual feature of automatic cutting movement is different. The difference reduces the efficiency of automatic cutting work. Therefore it becomes especially important to analyze and extract common and individual feature of the different garment marking. This paper makes in-depth analysis on the layout planning of enterprises dressing gowns. Through using the method of actual discharge case by comparing and mathematical statistics, from the frequency characteristics, the sample outline of linear features and the utilization rate of discharge, this paper abstracts the character of different schemes of the dressing gown, obtains the common and individual feature, generates the linear path configuration of different pattern. The linear path help automatic cutting system path optimization for scientific basis and technical methods.

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The Waterproofing Mechanism of Arthropods

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.36.2.391 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 391-422 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. W. L. BEAMENT

Keyword(s):

Transition Temperature ◽

Outer Surface ◽

Transition Point ◽

Mechanical Damage ◽

Absolute Permeability ◽

Volatile Components ◽

Terrestrial Arthropods ◽

Molecular Arrangement ◽

Lower Transition ◽

The Individual

1. The relationship between the temperature of the cuticle and its permeability to water has been determined for a number of different terrestrial arthropods 2. In most of these animals the waterproofing wax loses its great impermeability to water very abruptly at a particular transition temperature; that temperature varies appreciably with the individual, but appears to be characteristic of any one species at a particular age within a particular instar. No change in permeability with temperature was found in Tipula sp. taken from soil, in which the cuticle was greatly damaged; above 48° C. the permeability of the cuticle of Schistocerca nymphs changes rapidly with increasing temperature, but this change is not abrupt. 3. In the permeability/temperature curves for larvae of Pieris, Tenebrio, Calliphora and Nematus, pupae of Calliphora and adults of Schistocerca, Ixodes and Ornithodorus only one transition discontinuity is found. In all these animals the wax maintains almost constant permeability up to the point of transition, above which permeability increases very rapidly with temperature. 4. Immediately after moulting, Rhodnius nymphs and pupae of Tenebrio and Pieris also reveal only one transition point; this occurs at a comparatively low temperature. But when cement is secreted over the primary wax layer, a second and higher transition point is found which is independent of the first point. The lower transition temperature seems constant in position during the life of an instar, but the upper point occurs at progressively higher temperatures as the instar ages. The evidence suggests that these animals have two special waterproof layers of wax, the one with high transition temperature occurring on the outer surface of the cement. This outer layer could arise by the migration of wax from the primary layer (with lower transition temperature) through the cement to the outer surface, there to lose volatile components and waterproof the surface. 5. In every animal investigated a permanent increase in permeability is produced by heating a wax layer above its transition point; after such treatment no transition point can be found. 6. From calculations of the absolute permeability of the various wax layers, and from the behaviour of the wax, it is suggested that all epicuticular waxes are laid down with some special molecular arrangement and that in very waterproof insects this may extend throughout the thickness of the wax layers; in less waterproof insects only a portion of the wax layer (as in the cockroach) may be specially organized. 7. Very slight mechanical damage promotes increased transpiration through the cuticle. Stationary adsorptive dusts applied directly to a primary wax layer do not affect permeability; applied to wax above the cement, they promote rates of evaporation in excess of the value exhibited by the same cuticle having a primary wax layer alone. This phenomenon is discussed in relation to the distribution of water within the transpiring cuticle.

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Pharmacological treatments for diabetic foot disease: current state and future perspectives

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612826666201207102423 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

Author(s):

Prashanth R J Vas ◽

Erika Vainieri ◽

Natasha Patel

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Foot ◽

Standard Of Care ◽

Routine Care ◽

Pharmacological Treatments ◽

Foot Care ◽

Charcot Neuroarthropathy ◽

Novel Technologies ◽

Diabetic Foot Disease ◽

Foot Disease ◽

The Individual

: The care of the individual with diabetic foot disease (DFD) represents a significant challenge. In addition to the primary foot pathology, individuals with DFD are frequently compromised by multiple co-existent medical complications. Successful management of DFD therefore requires simultaneous addressal of these issues alongside high-quality foot care. We explore the pharmacological treatments in DFD with an emphasis on the emerging putative technologies centred on addressing the pathobiology of wound healing but also discuss developments in infection control, Charcot neuroarthropathy, cardiovascular and diabetes care. Many of these will have a significant impact on future treatment paradigms and how we amalgamate these novel technologies may help shape the standard of care in DFD hereafter. However, there is a need for better quality of evidence and cost-effectiveness data prior to widespread adoption into routine care is considered.

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