Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter Species in Diarrheal Patients in Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Campylobacter enteritis is the leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans worldwide including Bangladesh. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and antimicrobial-resistance status of Campylobacter spp. in human diarrheal samples collected from Surya Kanta Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. In this study, we evaluated a total of 330 clinical samples for the presence Campylobacter spp. via cultural and biochemical tests and molecular assays. Furthermore, antimicrobial susceptibility testing for Campylobacter species was accomplished by the standard agar disc diffusion technique against eight commercially available antimicrobial agents. A pretested semistructured questionnaire was used to capture the data on socioanthropological factors from the diarrheal patients. Pearson’s chi-square test was performed, and a p value of <0.05 was considered for the level of significance. Nearly one in three diarrheal patients admitted in this hospital were infected with Campylobacter spp. Overall prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was estimated to be 31.5% (104/330) that comprised the prevalence of C. jejuni, 21.8% ( n = 72 ), and C. coli, 9.6% ( n = 32 ). Among the positive cases, the prevalence of Campylobacter was higher in the age group 0-5 years (52%) followed by 6-18 years (42.7%), 19-40 years (34.0%), 41-60 years (25.4%), and >60 years (10.5%). Age, family level’s personal hygiene, and involvement with animal husbandry were captured as potential determinants to be associated with the Campylobacter positive status. Among the isolates, 27.3% ( n = 20 ) of C. jejuni and 31.2% ( n = 10 ) of C. coli demonstrated as multidrug-resistant (MDR) to three or more antimicrobial agents. The present study shows that Campylobacter spp. is most prevalent among the hospital-admitted diarrheal patients, and proper measures should be taken to reduce the burden focusing on the potential determinants.

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Characterization of Multidrug Resistance Patterns of Emerging Salmonella enterica Serovar Rissen along the Food Chain in China

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9100660 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 660

Author(s):

Xuebin Xu ◽

Silpak Biswas ◽

Guimin Gu ◽

Mohammed Elbediwi ◽

Yan Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Foodborne Pathogens ◽

Food Chain ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Broth Microdilution Method ◽

Resistance Patterns

Salmonella spp. are recognized as important foodborne pathogens globally. Salmonella enterica serovar Rissen is one of the important Salmonella serovars linked with swine products in numerous countries and can transmit to humans by food chain contamination. Worldwide emerging S. Rissen is considered as one of the most common pathogens to cause human salmonellosis. The objective of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance properties and patterns of Salmonella Rissen isolates obtained from humans, animals, animal-derived food products, and the environment in China. Between 2016 and 2019, a total of 311 S. Rissen isolates from different provinces or province-level cities in China were included here. Bacterial isolates were characterized by serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 14 clinically relevant antimicrobials were obtained by broth microdilution method. S. Rissen isolates from humans were found dominant (67%; 208/311). S. Rissen isolates obtained from human patients were mostly found with diarrhea. Other S. Rissen isolates were acquired from food (22%; 69/311), animals (8%; 25/311), and the environment (3%; 9/311). Most of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and ampicillin. The S. Rissen isolates showed susceptibility against ceftriaxone, ceftiofur, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin. In total, 92% of the S. Rissen isolates were multidrug-resistant and ASSuT (27%), ACT (25%), ACSSuT (22%), ACSSuTAmc (11%), and ACSSuTFox (7%) patterns were among the most prevalent antibiotic resistance patterns found in this study. The widespread dissemination of antimicrobial resistance could have emerged from misuse of antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry in China. These findings could be useful for rational antimicrobial usage against Salmonella Rissen infections.

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Biochemical and Molecular Analysis ofStaphylococcus aureusClinical Isolates from Hospitalized Patients

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2016/9041636 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Amit Karmakar ◽

Parimal Dua ◽

Chandradipa Ghosh

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Species Specific ◽

High Level ◽

Gelatin Hydrolysis

Staphylococcus aureusis opportunistic human as well as animal pathogen that causes a variety of diseases. A total of 100Staphylococcus aureusisolates were obtained from clinical samples derived from hospitalized patients. The presumptiveStaphylococcus aureusclinical isolates were identified phenotypically by different biochemical tests. Molecular identification was done by PCR using species specific 16S rRNA primer pairs and finally 100 isolates were found to be positive asStaphylococcus aureus. Screened isolates were further analyzed by several microbiological diagnostics tests including gelatin hydrolysis, protease, and lipase tests. It was found that 78%, 81%, and 51% isolates were positive for gelatin hydrolysis, protease, and lipase activities, respectively. Antibiogram analysis of isolatedStaphylococcus aureusstrains with respect to different antimicrobial agents revealed resistance pattern ranging from 57 to 96%. Our study also shows 70% strains to be MRSA, 54.3% as VRSA, and 54.3% as both MRSA and VRSA. All the identified isolates were subjected to detection ofmecA,nuc, andhlbgenes and 70%, 84%, and 40% were found to harbourmecA,nuc, andhlbgenes, respectively. The current investigation is highly important and informative for the high level multidrug resistantStaphylococcus aureusinfections inclusive also of methicillin and vancomycin.

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Carcass Salmonella and Its Drug Resistance

International Journal of Pathogen Research ◽

10.9734/ijpr/2019/v2i130064 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-21

Author(s):

Gizachew Muluneh Amera ◽

Amit Kumar Singh

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Health Concern ◽

Personal Hygiene ◽

Wide Range ◽

Food Animals

Salmonella are the major pathogenic bacteria in humans as well as in animals. Salmonella species are leading causes of acute gastroenteritis in several countries and salmonellosis remains an important public health problem worldwide, particularly in the developing countries. Isolation of Salmonella from a wide range of sources suggests that Salmonella is widespread in food animals and meat products and underlines the necessity for a joint and coordinated surveillance and monitoring programs for salmonellosis and other major food borne zoonotic diseases. Food animals harbor a wide range of Salmonella and so act as sources of contamination, which is of paramount epidemiological importance in non-typhoid human salmonellosis. Salmonellosis is more aggravated by the ever increasing rate of antimicrobial resistance strains in food animals. The high prevalence and dissemination of multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella have become a growing public health concern. Multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of Salmonella are now encountered frequently and the rates of multidrug resistance have increased considerably in recent years. Food animal consumption is a potential cause for antimicrobial resistant Salmonella illnesses besides, the common factors such as overcrowding, poverty, inadequate sanitary conditions, and poor personal hygiene. Practicing good sanitary measures, extensive education programs for proper hygiene and improvement of managements are solutions to eliminate the high bacteriological load as well as prevalence of Salmonella in cattle carcass. Furthermore, restricting the use of antimicrobial agents in food animals, designation of multidrug-resistant Salmonella as an adulterant in ground beef, improving the mechanisms for product trace-back investigations and wise and discriminate use of antimicrobials should be practiced to combat the ever increasing situation of antimicrobial resistance. So, this review used for updating information on their prevalence and resistance patterns is very important to suggest the acceptance of the carcass in relation to the standards and for proper selection and use of antimicrobial agents in a setting.

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Temporal Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter spp. from Beef Cattle in Alberta Feedlots

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.02830-05 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 72 (6) ◽

pp. 4088-4095 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

G. D. Inglis ◽

D. W. Morck ◽

T. A. McAllister ◽

T. Entz ◽

M. E. Olson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Beef Cattle ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Campylobacter Coli ◽

Erythromycin Resistance ◽

Fecal Samples ◽

Minimal Impact ◽

Long Acting ◽

Campylobacter Spp

ABSTRACT Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was temporally assessed in campylobacters isolated from beef cattle (7,738 fecal samples from 2,622 animals) in four commercial feedlots in Alberta. All calves were administered chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline in feed, and a majority of the animals (93%) were injected with long-acting oxytetracycline upon arrival at the feedlot. Fecal samples from individual animals were collected upon arrival (i.e., entry sample), 69 days (standard deviation [SD] = 3 days) after arrival (i.e., interim sample), and 189 days (SD = 33 days) after arrival (i.e., exit sample) at the feedlot. In total, 1,586 Campylobacter isolates consisting of Campylobacter coli (n = 154), Campylobacter fetus (n = 994), Campylobacter jejuni (n = 431), Campylobacter hyointestinalis (n = 4), and Campylobacter lanienae (n = 3) were recovered and characterized. The administration of antimicrobials did not decrease carriage rates of campylobacters, and minimal resistance (≤4%) to azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, and meropenem was observed. In contrast, substantive increases in the prevalence of isolates resistant to tetracycline and doxycycline (56 to 89%) for C. coli, C. fetus, and C. jejuni, as well as in the number of animals (7 to 42%) from which resistant isolates were recovered, were observed during the feedlot period. Increased resistance to erythromycin (total isolates and carriages rates) was also observed in isolates of C. coli over the three isolation times. The majority of C. fetus isolates recovered were resistant to nalidixic acid, but this was independent of when they were isolated. A relatively limited number of multidrug-resistant isolates were recovered and consisted primarily of C. coli resistant to tetracyclines and erythromycin (10% of isolates). Over the course of the feedlot period, considerable increases in antimicrobial resistance were observed in C. coli, C. fetus, and C. jejuni, but with the exception of erythromycin resistance in C. coli, the administration of antimicrobial agents to beef cattle was found to have a minimal impact on resistance to macrolides and fluoroquinolones, the two classes of antimicrobials used to treat campylobacteriosis in humans. However, the widespread use of antimicrobial agents in beef production and the possible horizontal transfer of mobile genetic elements with antimicrobial resistance determinants among Campylobacter and other bacterial taxa emphasize the need to monitor AMR development in bacteria from beef cattle.

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Need for Annual Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: 2-Year Longitudinal Analysis

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.45.4.1037-1042.2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 45 (4) ◽

pp. 1037-1042 ◽

Cited By ~ 94

Author(s):

Daniel F. Sahm ◽

James A. Karlowsky ◽

Laurie J. Kelly ◽

Ian A. Critchley ◽

Mark E. Jones ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

The United States ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Changing Patterns ◽

Resistance To Penicillin

ABSTRACT Although changing patterns in antimicrobial resistance inStreptococcus pneumoniae have prompted several surveillance initiatives in recent years, the frequency with which these studies are needed has not been addressed. To approach this issue, the extent to which resistance patterns change over a 1-year period was examined. In this study we analyzed S. pneumoniaeantimicrobial susceptibility results produced in our laboratory with isolates obtained over 2 consecutive years (1997–1998 and 1998–1999) from the same 96 institutions distributed throughout the United States. Comparison of results revealed increases in resistant percentages for all antimicrobial agents studied except vancomycin. For four of the agents tested (penicillin, cefuroxime, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and levofloxacin), the increases were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Resistance to the fluoroquinolone remained low in both years (0.1 and 0.6%, respectively); in contrast, resistance to macrolides was consistently greater than 20%, and resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole increased from 13.3 to 27.3%. Multidrug resistance, concurrent resistance to three or more antimicrobials of different chemical classes, also increased significantly between years, from 5.9 to 11%. The most prevalent phenotype was resistance to penicillin, azithromycin (representative macrolide), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Multidrug-resistant phenotypes that included fluoroquinolone resistance were uncommon; however, two phenotypes that included fluoroquinolone resistance not found in 1997–1998 were encountered in 1998–1999. This longitudinal surveillance study of resistance inS. pneumoniae revealed that significant changes do occur in just a single year and supports the need for surveillance at least on an annual basis, if not continuously.

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Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance in ESKAPE Pathogens

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2016/2475067 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 324

Author(s):

Sirijan Santajit ◽

Nitaya Indrawattana

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistance Mechanisms ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Drug Usage ◽

Inappropriate Use ◽

Public Health Challenges ◽

Eskape Pathogens

The ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium,Staphylococcus aureus,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Acinetobacter baumannii,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, andEnterobacterspecies) are the leading cause of nosocomial infections throughout the world. Most of them are multidrug resistant isolates, which is one of the greatest challenges in clinical practice. Multidrug resistance is amongst the top three threats to global public health and is usually caused by excessive drug usage or prescription, inappropriate use of antimicrobials, and substandard pharmaceuticals. Understanding the resistance mechanisms of these bacteria is crucial for the development of novel antimicrobial agents or other alternative tools to combat these public health challenges. Greater mechanistic understanding would also aid in the prediction of underlying or even unknown mechanisms of resistance, which could be applied to other emerging multidrug resistant pathogens. In this review, we summarize the known antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of ESKAPE pathogens.

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The face of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from clinical samples of two Iranian teaching hospitals

Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials ◽

10.1186/s12941-021-00467-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rahimeh Sanikhani ◽

Mohammad Moeinirad ◽

Hamid Solgi ◽

Azar Hadadi ◽

Fereshteh Shahcheraghi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Markers ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

High Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Teaching Hospitals ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Clonal Relatedness ◽

The Face ◽

Global Concern

AbstractHypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) has emerged as a pathogen of global concern. In this study, both phenotypic and genotypic tests were used to detect hvKp. Antimicrobial resistance profiles and clonal relatedness of clinical isolates were also determined. We found that 34.2% (163/477) of the isolates were tellurite resistant, and among them 102 hvKp isolates detected with iucA or iutA or peg-344 as molecular markers. The blaSHV (80.4%), followed by blaCTX-M-15 (76.5%) and blaTEM (67.6%), blaOXA-48 (53.9%), and blaNDM-1 (32.3%) were detected, while blaKPC-1 was not present in any hvKp isolates. It was found that the majority of hvKp isolates belonged to capsular serotype K20 and ompK36 group C, which is related to clonal group (CG) 23 (e.g. ST23). A high percentage of multidrug-resistant hvKp (76.6%) and high resistance to imipenem (67%) indicated a serious problem that should be addressed in the clinical setting.

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Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from pigs with respiratory clinical signs in Brazil

Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science ◽

10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2020.160956 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 57 (1) ◽

pp. e160956

Author(s):

Maysa Serpa ◽

Juliana Amália Fonte Bôa do Nascimento ◽

Mirian Fátima Alves ◽

Maria Isabel Maldonado Coelho Guedes ◽

Adrienny Trindade Reis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Great Level ◽

Respiratory Pathogens ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Pig Farms

Antimicrobial resistance is a current and important issue to public health, and it is usually associated with the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in animal production. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile in bacterial isolates from pigs with clinical respiratory signs in Brazil. One hundred sixty bacterial strains isolated from pigs from 51 pig farms in Brazil were studied. In vitro disk-diffusion method was employed using 14 antimicrobial agents: amoxicillin, penicillin, ceftiofur, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, erythromycin, tilmicosin, florfenicol, lincomycin, and sulfadiazine/trimethoprim. The majority of isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent (98.75%; 158/160), while 31.25% (50/160) of the strains were multidrug resistant. Streptococcus suis and Bordetella bronchiseptica were the pathogens that showed higher resistance levels. Haemophilus parasuis showed high resistance levels to sulfadiazine/trimethoprim (9/18=50%). We observed that isolates from the midwestern and southern regions exhibited four times greater chance of being multidrug resistant than the isolates from the southeastern region studied. Overall, the results of the present study showed a great level of resistance to lincomycin, erythromycin, sulfadiazine/trimethoprim, and tetracycline among bacterial respiratory pathogens isolated from pigs in Brazil. The high levels of antimicrobial resistance in swine respiratory bacterial pathogens highlight the need for the proper use of antimicrobials in Brazilian pig farms.

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Antibiotics Profile, Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL), and Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae from Different Clinical Samples in Khartoum State, Sudan

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2020/8898430 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Ehssan H. Moglad

Keyword(s):

Tracheal Aspirate ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Vaginal Swab ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

E Coli ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Different Sources

One of the global requirements for controlling the occurrence of resistance to antimicrobial drugs is to understanding the resistivity profile of various clinical isolates. Therefore, this study aimed to deliver the indication of different resistant profiles of clinically isolated Enterobacteriaceae from different sources of samples from Khartoum state, Sudan, and to determine the prevalence rate of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and pandrug-resistant (PDR) bacteria. A total of 144 Gram-negative bacteria were collected from different sources (vaginal swab, urine, catheter tip, sputum, blood, tracheal aspirate, pus, stool, pleural fluid, and throat swab). Samples were subcultured and identified according to their cultural characteristics and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed for twenty-four antibiotics from eleven categories against all isolated Enterobacteriaceae according to the recommendation of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The result showed that out of 144 isolates, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were predominant isolates with the percentage of 47.9 and 25%, respectively. The prevalence of ESBL was higher in K. pneumonia (38.9%) than E. coli (34.8%). All isolated E. coli were sensitive to nitrofurantoin and tigecycline. There was a high prevalence of MDR Enterobacteriaceae, and only one isolate was XDR, while PDR was zero for all isolated bacteria. Active antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) observation through constant data sharing and management of all stakeholders is crucial to recognize and control the AMR global burden. Also, effective antibiotic stewardship procedures would be applied to limit the unreasonable expenditure of antibiotics in Sudan.

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Surveillance and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Strains Isolated from Slaughtered Pigs in Spain

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-70.6.1502 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 70 (6) ◽

pp. 1502-1506 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

RAFAEL JESÚS ASTORGA MÁRQUEZ ◽

AURORA ECHEITA SALABERRIA ◽

ALFONSO MALDONADO GARCÍA ◽

SILVIA VALDEZATE JIMENEZ ◽

ALFONSO CARBONERO MARTINEZ ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Phage Type ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Gold Coast ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Salmonella Serotypes ◽

Slaughtered Pigs

The prevalence of and the antibiotic resistance shown by Salmonella isolated from pigs in Andalusia (southern Spain) is reported. Salmonella enterica was recovered from 40 (33%) of 121 sampled herds, and a total of 65 isolates were serotyped. The most common Salmonella serotypes were Typhimurium and Rissen (30.7% each); others included Derby (9.2%), Brandenburg (9.2%), Newport (7.7%), Bredeney (4.6%), Anatum (3.0%), Hadar (1.5%), and Goldcoast (1.5%). One strain (1.5%) belonging to the monophasic variant of the Typhimurium serotype (Salmonella 4,5,12:i:−) was also detected. Definitive phage type (DT) 104b was the most common Typhimurium phage type isolated. These Salmonella strains were resistant to various antimicrobial agents, including tetracycline (84.6%), streptomycin (69.2%), neomycin (63.0%), sulfonamides (61.5%), ampicillin (53.8%), and amoxicillin (53.8%). All isolates were fully susceptible to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and colistin. Thirty-nine strains (64%) resistant to four or more antimicrobial agents were defined as multidrug resistant. Multidrug resistance profiles were observed in Salmonella serotypes Typhimurium, Rissen, Brandenburg, Bredeney, a monophasic variant, Gold-coast, Hadar, and Anatum, with serotypes Typhimurium and Brandenburg showing the most complicated resistance patterns (resistant to ≥11 drugs).

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