scholarly journals Age Conditional Probability of Ocular and Ocular Adnexal Malignancies

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Mathias Nittmann ◽  
Curtis E. Margo
Keyword(s):  
Conditional Probability ◽  
Uveal Melanoma ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pedagogical Tool ◽  
United States Population ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Cumulative Risks ◽  
Adjusted Incidence ◽  
Communicating Risk

<b><i>Aim:</i></b> The aim of this study was to discuss and illustrate the role age-conditional probability has in communicating risk of developing ocular and ocular adnexal malignancies. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Cross-sectional incidence for retinoblastoma, uveal melanoma, conjunctival melanoma, and lacrimal gland carcinomas from 2000 to 2017 were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. Incidence rates were age-adjusted to the 2000 United States population. Age-adjusted incidence was converted to age-interval and cumulative risks. Outcomes were examined in 20-year intervals and cumulatively for adult cancers and yearly for retinoblastoma. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The risk of each malignancy displayed age-dependent variation. For adult malignancies, men were at higher risk at most age intervals. Uveal melanoma had the greatest cumulative lifetime risk. The probability of developing retinoblastoma declines precipitously after age 3 years. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Age-conditional probability of developing cancer is a conceptually friendly means of understanding and communicating risk. It is particularly useful in comparing the risks of uncommon or rare cancers, such as those found in and around the eye. The assessment of risk in terms of age-conditional probability is a versatile and an underutilized pedagogical tool.

PERIODONTAL DISEASE STATUS, KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, PRACTICE AND TREATMENT NEEDS OF PREGNANT WOMEN

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 138-144
Author(s):  
Thien Nguyen Duc ◽  
Tai Tran Tan
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Gestation Period ◽  
Treatment Needs ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean

Background: Periodontal disease is a prominent and important issue of public health, especially in pregnant women. The objective of this study is to describe the clinical characteristics; learn knowledge, attitudes, practice oral hygiene and assess the need for treatment of periodontal disease in pregnant women. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study of 210 pregnant women who visited the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy Hospital. Clinical examination and interview questions on knowledge, attitudes and practice of oral care for all subjects. Results: The incidence of gingivitis was 100%, with mild gingivitis of 4,3% and moderate gingivitis of 95.7%. There was a difference in incidence rates of gingivitis in the gestational period (p<0.001). The incidence of periodontitis is 17.6% and there is no difference in gestational age (p>0.05). The mean values of GI and BOP indices differed by gestation period (p<0.05) and PD, OHI-S, PlI have statistically significant relationship with gestation period (p>0.05). The incidence of periodontal disease is 80.5%; The percentage of pregnant women who abstain from brushing their teeth after birth is 61.4%. Prevalence of brushing once a day: 7.1%; Twice a day: 70.5% and 3 times daily: 22.4%; The mean values of GI, PD, BOP, OHI-S and PlI were inversely proportional to the number of brushing (p<0.001). The rate of dental hygiene is just 3.3%; The rate of oral hygiene, dental plaque and plaque removal was 94,3%; The proportion of subjects required for intensive treatment is 2.4%. Conclusion: Periodontal disease, especially for pregnant women, is high. It is necessary to educate the knowledge, attitudes and practice of proper oral hygiene and to better meet the demand for periodontal disease treatment for pregnant women. Key words: Periodontal disease, pregnant women, knowledge, attitude, practice for oral hygiene, treatment needs

scholarly journals POS1015 ANTI-TNF DRUGS AND CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN PATIENTS WITH SPONDYLOARTHRITIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 775.2-776
Author(s):  
C. W. S. Chan ◽  
P. H. LI ◽  
C. S. Lau ◽  
H. Y. Chung
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Psoriatic Arthritis ◽  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cerebrovascular Events ◽  
Cardiovascular Morbidity And Mortality

Background:Cardiovascular (CVS) diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide and patients with rheumatic diseases have an increased CVS risk including stroke and myocardial infarction (MI) (1-3). CVS risk factors and CVS events are common in SpA (4). Delineating the CVS risk and the association with medications in patients with SpA would be useful.Objectives:The objective of this study was to delineate the CVS risk and the association with medications in patients with SpA.Methods:Patients with SpA and patients with non-specific back pain (NSBP) were identified in rheumatology and orthopedics clinics respectively. Clinical information and CVS events were retrieved. Incidence rates were calculated. Association analysis was performed to determine the CVS risk of SpA and other modifiable risk factors.Results:A total of 5046 patients (SpA 2616 and NSBP 2430) were included from eight centers. Over 56 484 person-years of follow-up, 160 strokes, 84 MI and 262 major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were identified. Hypercholesterolemia was more prevalent in SpA (SpA 34.2%, NSBP 28.7%, P<0.01). Crude incidence rates of stroke and MI were higher in SpA patients. SpA was associated with a higher risk of MACE (HR 1.66, 95%CI 1.22-2.27, P<0.01) and cerebrovascular events (HR 1.42, 95%CI 1.01-2.00, p=0.04). The use of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) drugs was associated with a reduced risk of MACE (HR 0.37, 95%CI 0.17-0.80, P=0.01) and cerebrovascular events (HR 0.21, 95%CI 0.06-0.78, P=0.02).Conclusion:SpA is an independent CVS risk factor. Anti-TNF drugs were associated with a reduced CVS risk in these patients.References:[1]Crowson CS, Liao KP, Davis JM, 3rd, Solomon DH, Matteson EL, Knutson KL, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular disease. Am Heart J. 2013;166(4):622-8 e1.[2]Verhoeven F, Prati C, Demougeot C, Wendling D. Cardiovascular risk in psoriatic arthritis, a narrative review. Joint Bone Spine. 2020;87(5):413-8.[3]Liew JW, Ramiro S, Gensler LS. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2018;32(3):369-89.[4]Molto A, Etcheto A, van der Heijde D, Landewe R, van den Bosch F, Bautista Molano W, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities and evaluation of their screening in spondyloarthritis: results of the international cross-sectional ASAS-COMOSPA study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(6):1016-23.Disclosure of Interests:None declared.

scholarly journals Fueling the Covid-19 pandemic: summer school holidays and incidence rates in German districts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Plümper ◽  
Eric Neumayer
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Summer School ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Robert Koch Institute ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Holiday Period ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities

AbstractBackgroundThe Robert-Koch-Institute reports that during the summer holiday period a foreign country is stated as the most likely place of infection for an average of 27 and a maximum of 49% of new SARS-CoV-2 infections in Germany.MethodsCross-sectional study on observational data. In Germany, summer school holidays are coordinated between states and spread out over 13 weeks. Employing a dynamic model with district fixed effects, we analyze the association between these holidays and weekly incidence rates across 401 German districts.ResultsWe find effects of the holiday period of around 45% of the average district incidence rates in Germany during their respective final week of holidays and the 2 weeks after holidays end. Western states tend to experience stronger effects than Eastern states. We also find statistically significant interaction effects of school holidays with per capita taxable income and the share of foreign residents in a district’s population.ConclusionsOur results suggest that changed behavior during the holiday season accelerated the pandemic and made it considerably more difficult for public health authorities to contain the spread of the virus by means of contact tracing. Germany’s public health authorities did not prepare adequately for this acceleration.

scholarly journals Urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China, 2008–2012: a cross-sectional analysis of data from 36 cancer registers

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. e042762
Author(s):  
Shuai Yuan ◽  
Shao-Hua Xie
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Anatomic Site ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Rural

ObjectiveThe substantial differences in socioeconomic and lifestyle exposures between urban and rural areas in China may lead to urban–rural disparity in cancer risk. This study aimed to assess the urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China.MethodsUsing data from 36 regional cancer registries in China in 2008–2012, we compared the age-standardised incidence rates of cancer by sex and anatomic site between rural and urban areas. We calculated the rate difference and rate ratio comparing rates in rural versus urban areas by sex and cancer type.ResultsThe incidence rate of all cancers in women was slightly lower in rural areas than in urban areas, but the total cancer rate in men was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. The incidence rates in women were higher in rural areas than in urban areas for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, and liver and biliary passages, but lower for cancers of thyroid and breast. Men residing in rural areas had higher incidence rates for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, and liver and biliary passages, but lower rates for prostate cancer, lip, oral cavity and pharynx cancer, and colorectal cancer.ConclusionsOur findings suggest substantial urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China, which varies across cancer types and the sexes. Cancer prevention strategies should be tailored for common cancers in rural and urban areas.

scholarly journals Could age increase the strength of inverse association between ultraviolet B exposure and colorectal cancer?

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidya Lakshmi Purushothaman ◽  
Raphael E. Cuomo ◽  
Cedric F. Garland ◽  
Timothy K. Mackey
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Crude Incidence ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Uvb Exposure

Abstract Background Vitamin D has been identified as a potential protective factor in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). We expect to see a stronger association of ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure and CRC crude rates with increasing age since chronic vitamin D deficiency leads to sustained molecular changes that increase cancer risk. The DINOMIT (disjunction, initiation, natural selection, overgrowth, metastasis, involution, and transition) model postulates various stages of cancer development due to vitamin D deficiency and the associated latency period. The purpose of this study is to examine this age-dependent inverse relationship globally. Methods In this ecological study, a series of linear and polynomial regression tests were performed between country-specific UVB estimates adjusted for cloud cover and crude incidence rates of CRC for different age groups. Multiple linear regression was used to investigate the association between crude incidence rates of colorectal cancer and UVB estimate adjusting for urbanization, skin pigmentation, smoking, animal consumption, per capita GDP, and life expectancy. Statistical analysis was followed by geospatial visualization by producing choropleth maps. Results The inverse relationship between UVB exposure and CRC crude rates was stronger in older age groups at the country level. Quadratic curve fitting was preferred, and these models were statistically significant for all age groups. The inverse association between crude incidence rates of CRC and UVB exposure was statistically significant for age groups above 45 years, after controlling for covariates. Conclusion The age-dependent inverse association between UVB exposure and incidence of colorectal cancer exhibits a greater effect size among older age groups in global analyses. Studying the effect of chronic vitamin D deficiency on colorectal cancer etiology will help in understanding the necessity for population-wide screening programs for vitamin D deficiency, especially in regions with inadequate UVB exposure. Further studies are required to assess the need for adequate public health programs such as selective supplementation and food fortification.

Cognitive function and risk for depression in old age: a meta-analysis of published literature

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 516-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Quan Huang ◽  
Zheng-Rong Wang ◽  
Yong-Hong Li ◽  
Yi-Zhou Xie ◽  
Qing-Xiu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Risk For Depression

ABSTRACTBackground: We assessed the relationship between cognitive impairment (including mild cognitive impairment with no signs of dementia, and dementia) and risk for depression in old age (60 years and older).Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library database were used to identify potential studies. All of the clinical studies that produced data on the association between cognitive function and risk of depression among individuals aged 55 years or older were identified and included in this review. The studies were classified into cross-sectional and longitudinal subsets. The quantitative meta-analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were performed. For prevalence and incidence rates of depression, odds risk (OR) and relative risk (RR) were calculated, respectively.Results: Since all but two studies found in the search were for individuals aged 60 years or over, we assessed and reported on results for this larger group only. In this review we included 13 cross-sectional and four prospective longitudinal studies. The quantitative meta-analysis showed that, in old age, individuals with non-dementia cognitive impairment had neither significant higher prevalence nor incidence rates of depression than those without (odds risk (OR): 1.48, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI): 0.87–2.52; relative risk (RR): 1.12, 95% CI: 0.62–2.01). In old age, individuals with dementia had both significant higher prevalence and incidence rates of depression than those without (OR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.15–2.89; RR: 3.92, 95% CI: 1.93–7.99).Conclusions: Despite the methodological limitations of this meta-analysis, we found that in old age, there was no association between depression and cognitive impairment with no dementia; however, there was a definite association between depression and dementia and thus dementia might be a risk for depression.

Decreasing incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Nicholson ◽  
Alan O’Hare ◽  
Sarah Power ◽  
Seamus Looby ◽  
Mohsen Javadpour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
National Database ◽  
Irish Hospital ◽  
Acute Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Adjusted Rate ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Adjusted Incidence

ObjectiveTo determine the incidence and trends in subarachnoid hemorrhage in Ireland using data from a national database.Materials and methodsWe performed a retrospective nationwide query of the Irish Hospital In-patient Enquiry System (HIPE). This is a national database of all in-patient activity in acute public hospitals in Ireland. Each HIPE entry records one episode of in-patient care. The study period ranged from 1997 to 2015. Population data was obtained from the Irish Central Statistics Office, and the annual prevalence of smoking from the Irish National Tobacco Control Office. We were therefore able to calculate both crude annual acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) incidence rates, as well as population-standardized rates, and compared them with trends in the annual smoking rates.ResultsThe mean number of SAH cases per year is 549, with 465 cases in 1997 and 517 in 2015 (range: 465–624). The absolute incidence of SAH, therefore, remained relatively stable. Due to population increases over time, the population-adjusted rate of SAH therefore decreased, from 126.9/million people/year in 1997 to 111.5/million people/year in 2015. Nationally, there was a decrease in smoking prevalence, from 31% in 1998 to 19.2% in 2015. There was a statistically significant correlation between decreasing smoking rates and decreasing population-adjusted incidence of SAH (P=<0.0001).ConclusionsOur data suggests that the incidence of non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage in our population appears to be decreasing, a decrease which is correlated with decreasing smoking rates. This provides important data both in terms of the epidemiology of SAH, as well as the possible role of public-health interventions in tackling both smoking and declining rates of SAH.

scholarly journals Alemtuzumab CARE-MS II 5-year follow-up

Neurology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (11) ◽  
pp. 1117-1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alasdair J. Coles ◽  
Jeffrey A. Cohen ◽  
Edward J. Fox ◽  
Gavin Giovannoni ◽  
Hans-Peter Hartung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Continuous Treatment ◽  
Inadequate Response ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Prior Therapy ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Brain Volume Loss ◽  
Core Study ◽  
Adjusted Incidence

Objective:To evaluate 5-year efficacy and safety of alemtuzumab in patients with active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and inadequate response to prior therapy.Methods:In the 2-year Comparison of Alemtuzumab and Rebif Efficacy in Multiple Sclerosis (CARE-MS) II study (NCT00548405), alemtuzumab-treated patients received 2 courses (baseline and 12 months later). Patients could enter an extension (NCT00930553), with as-needed alemtuzumab retreatment for relapse or MRI activity. Annualized relapse rate (ARR), 6-month confirmed disability worsening (CDW; ≥1-point Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] score increase [≥1.5 if baseline EDSS = 0]), 6-month confirmed disability improvement (CDI; ≥1-point EDSS decrease [baseline score ≥2.0]), no evidence of disease activity (NEDA), brain volume loss (BVL), and adverse events (AEs) were assessed.Results:Most alemtuzumab-treated patients (92.9%) who completed CARE-MS II entered the extension; 59.8% received no alemtuzumab retreatment. ARR was low in each extension year (years 3–5: 0.22, 0.23, 0.18). Through 5 years, 75.1% of patients were free of 6-month CDW; 42.9% achieved 6-month CDI. In years 3, 4, and 5, proportions with NEDA were 52.9%, 54.2%, and 58.2%, respectively. Median yearly BVL remained low in the extension (years 1–5: −0.48%, −0.22%, −0.10%, −0.19%, −0.07%). AE exposure-adjusted incidence rates in the extension were lower than in the core study. Thyroid disorders peaked at year 3, declining thereafter.Conclusions:Alemtuzumab provides durable efficacy through 5 years in patients with an inadequate response to prior therapy in the absence of continuous treatment.Classification of evidence:This study provides Class III evidence that alemtuzumab provides efficacy and slowing of brain atrophy through 5 years.

scholarly journals Testosterone substitution of hypogonadal men prevents the age-dependent increases in body mass index, body fat and leptin seen in healthy ageing men: results of a cross-sectional study

2002 ◽  
pp. 505-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Rolf ◽  
S von Eckardstein ◽  
U Koken ◽  
E Nieschlag
Keyword(s):  
Fat Mass ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Testosterone Substitution ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Total Fat

INTRODUCTION: In healthy men, body weight and total fat content increase with advancing age, while serum testosterone levels decrease. In order to elucidate whether a causal relationship between these phenomena exists, we investigated the influence of testosterone or human chorionic gonadotrophin substitution on body mass index (BMI), total fat mass and serum leptin in testosterone-treated and untreated hypogonadal patients in comparison with ageing eugonadal men. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, the inter-relationships of body weight, total fat mass, serum sex hormones and leptin were analysed in untreated hypogonadal men (n=24; age 19-65 years), treated hypogonadal men (n=61; age 20-67 years) and healthy eugonadal men (n=60; age 24-78 years). Total fat mass was assessed by bioimpedance measurement. Univariate and multiple linear regression analysis was used to detect possible differences. RESULTS: In eugonadal men, serum testosterone levels decreased with advancing age (correlation coefficients: r=-0.71; P<0.0001), while BMI (r=0.39; P=0.002), total fat content (r=0.51; P<0.0001) and leptin (r=0.48; P<0.0001) increased significantly. In untreated hypogonadal patients, an increase in BMI (r=0.50; P=0.013) and total fat mass (r=0.41; P=0.044) was also observed with advancing age. However, in substituted hypogonadal patients, no age-dependent change in BMI (r=0.067; P=0.606), body fat content (r=-0.083; P=0.522), serum testosterone (r=-0,071; P=0.59) or serum leptin (r=-0.23; P=0.176) was found. CONCLUSION: Since testosterone-substituted older hypogonadal men show BMI and fat mass similar to those of younger eugonadal men and since non-treated hypogonadal men are similar to normal ageing men, testosterone appears to be an important factor contributing to these changes. Thus ageing men should benefit from testosterone substitution as far as body composition is concerned.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document