scholarly journals Detection of Aedes aegypti larvae using single shot multibox detector with transfer learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 514-518
Author(s):  
Mohamad Aqil Mohd Fuad ◽  
Mohd Ruddin Ab Ghani ◽  
Rozaimi Ghazali ◽  
Tarmizi Ahmad Izzuddin ◽  
Mohamad Fani Sulaima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Transfer Learning ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Population ◽  
Single Shot ◽  
Water Storage Tank ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Model Approach

The flavivirus epidemiology has reached an alarming rate which haunts the world population including Malaysia. In fact, World Health Organization has proposed and practised many methods of vector control through environmental management, chemical and biological orientations but still cannot fully overcome the problem. This paper proposed a detection of Aedes Aegypti larvae in water storage tank using Single Shot Multibox Detector with transfer learning. The objective of the study was to acquire the training and the performance metrics of the detection. The detection was done using SSD with Inception_V2 through transfer learning. The experimental results revealed that the probability detection scored more than 80% accuracies and there was no false alarm. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the model approach.

scholarly journals Combining of Transfer Learning with Faster-RCNN For Aedes Aegyti Larvae Detection

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S6) ◽  
pp. 779-782
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Learning ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
World Health ◽  
Water Storage Tank ◽  
High Detection ◽  
Concrete Solution ◽  
Biological Environment ◽  
Health Organization

The dengue epidemiology episode has become one of the global phenomena especially the rain forest countries including Malaysia. Environmental management, the used of chemical and biological environment are control strategies that has been proposed and practiced by World Health Organization. However, based on statistic al of dengue cases, there is still no concrete solution in curbing this problem especially at non-accessible places. This paper proposed a study on detection Aedes Aegypti larvae in water storage tank by combining transfer learning with Faster-RCNN. The purpose of the study is to acquire train and validation losses along with detection performance metrics. The experimental results disclose that the probability detection has scored 97.01% while false alarm has scored 5.97%. Those significant value has depicted that the trained model has high detection accuracies.

FC 134WATER SAVING COMPARISON AT DIFFERENT DIALYSATE FLOWS IN EXPANDED HEMODIALYSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Molano-Triviño ◽  
Jasmin Vesga ◽  
Gregorio Romero ◽  
Claudio Ronco
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Population ◽  
Dialysate Flow ◽  
Middle Molecules ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Water Waste

Abstract Background and Aims Expanded hemodialysis (HDx) improves clearance of middle molecules as a target for uremia treatment. According to previously published results, high cut off filters have high enough clearance to allow diminishing of dialysate flow (Qd) without detrimental in HD adequacy outcomes with less water waste. According to World Health Organization (WHO), globally, almost 800 million people lack access to safe water and 2.5 billion lack access to optimal sanitation. Is our duty to search for ways to avoid water waste. Our aim is to describe the differences in water use between HDX patients receiving Qd 400 mL/min (Group 1) vs 500 ml/min (group 2) in HD patients from 10 renal clinics in Colombia as an alternative to reduce water waste in chronic HD as a strategy from Blue Planet Dialysis initiatives. Method We performed a Sub-analysis of CORHEX Study: We calculated water use at different Qd from our database: prospective, multicentre, observational cohort study of 992 adult patients undergoing chronic HD from 12 renal clinics in Colombia who were switched from high-flux HD to MCO therapy and observed for 12 months. All patients were prescribed with HDX three times a week for a minimum of 4 hours. We analysed patients with weight lower than 70 Kg at different Qd prescriptions to calculate water use at different Qd prescriptions and performed a prediction analysis, adjusting to Qd 400 mL/min, the whole potential population with weight lower than 70 Kg. Results 462 patients with weight lower than 70 Kg were analysed, 127 patients received Qd 400 mL/min. When diminishing Qd from 500 to 400 mL/min, 24 litres were saved per session per patient without detriment of middle molecule clearance. There were no differences in adequacy HD parameters between Qd prescriptions (Table 1 and 2). Conclusion HDX allows lowering of Qd to 400 mL/min without harm for patients and with remarkable savings of potable water: 24 Litres were saved in each session per patient that can be translated in almost 3500 Litres of water each year by patient which is enough for one year for 47 adults. (Based on the WHO minimum for basic health protection of at least 20 L per person/day) (2). We consider our results especially relevant since the World Health Organization estimates that within the next 5 years, over 50% of world population could reside in geographies lacking sufficient access to water. We hope that our results from the Blue Planet dialysis research group, alongside with Dr. Agar`s and Dr. Barraclough`s green nephrology initiatives, can help educate the nephrology community on the ecological impact of dialysis and can present an innovative solution to offer HD therapy even in countries suffering from limited access to potable water.

scholarly journals Iodization of table salt and attitudes and habits in relation to the use of salt in general population

2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 225-229
Author(s):  
Gorica Sbutega-Milosevic ◽  
Zorica Djordjevic ◽  
Zoran Marmut ◽  
Boban Mugosa
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
World Health ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
World Population ◽  
Table Salt ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
The World ◽  
Domestic Use ◽  
Health Organization

Introduction. Combating nutritional deficiencies of micronutrients, such as iodine, represents a priority task of health care organizations. In 2003, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the publication: Global Prevalence of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD), according to which some 2,2 billion people live in areas poor in naturally occurring iodine. Approximately 13% of the world population suffer from goitre - one of the IDD. The recommended iodine content in table salt is 20-40 mg/kg, which should satisfy the daily iodine requirements of an adult. Objective. The authors sought to ascertain whether iodization of table salt in Montenegro was carried out in accordance with the existing legislature. An assessment was also carried out of the attitudes and habits of the population regarding the use of salt in nutrition and the level of awareness in relation to the relevance of table salt iodization. Methods. The research was carried out in 2004 and was sponsored by UNICEF. A sample of 594 homes from the municipalities of Bar and Podgorica was chosen: 354 homes from urban and 240 from rural areas. The participants completed a questionnaire related to the daily use and intake of salt, as well as their understanding of the relevance of table salt iodization. Iodine content was tested in 15 samples of table salt at production level, 170 samples at retail level and 126 samples taken from domestic use. Results. The analysis of table salt samples showed an optimal iodine level in 73.3% of samples from production, in 81.2% from retail, and in 73.0% from domestic use. A lower level of iodine was found in 8.8% retail samples and 15.1% samples from home use. A greater concentration of iodine was found in 26.7% production, 10.0% retail and 11.9% samples from domestic use. Conclusion. Although the application of the WHO programme has led to an improvement in iodization of table salt in Montenegro, both at production and retail levels, this still falls short of the standards recommended by WHO to combat IDD. The levels of iodine in table salt in domestic use also fail to comply with the WHO criteria for elimination of IDD.

scholarly journals The Central Role of Non-Structural Protein 1 (NS1) in Influenza Biology and Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nícia Rosário-Ferreira ◽  
António J. Preto ◽  
Rita Melo ◽  
Irina S. Moreira ◽  
Rui M. M. Brito
Keyword(s):  
Viral Disease ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Population ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
Human Respiratory Tract ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Influenza (flu) is a contagious viral disease, which targets the human respiratory tract and spreads throughout the world each year. Every year, influenza infects around 10% of the world population and between 290,000 and 650,000 people die from it according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Influenza viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and have a negative sense eight-segment single-stranded RNA genome that encodes 11 different proteins. The only control over influenza seasonal epidemic outbreaks around the world are vaccines, annually updated according to viral strains in circulation, but, because of high rates of mutation and recurrent genetic assortment, new viral strains of influenza are constantly emerging, increasing the likelihood of pandemics. Vaccination effectiveness is limited, calling for new preventive and therapeutic approaches and a better understanding of the virus–host interactions. In particular, grasping the role of influenza non-structural protein 1 (NS1) and related known interactions in the host cell is pivotal to better understand the mechanisms of virus infection and replication, and thus propose more effective antiviral approaches. In this review, we assess the structure of NS1, its dynamics, and multiple functions and interactions, to highlight the central role of this protein in viral biology and its potential use as an effective therapeutic target to tackle seasonal and pandemic influenza.

scholarly journals Fighting Strategies Against the Novel Coronavirus Pandemic: Impact on Global Economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bapi Gorain ◽  
Hira Choudhury ◽  
Nagashekhara Molugulu ◽  
Rajani B. Athawale ◽  
Prashant Kesharwani
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Population ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Treatment Measures ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Sudden outbreak of a new pathogen in numbers of pneumonic patients in Wuhan province during December 2019 has threatened the world population within a short period of its occurrence. This respiratory tract–isolated pathogen was initially named as novel coronavirus 2019 (nCoV-2019), but later termed as SARS-CoV-2. The rapid spreading of this infectious disease received the label of pandemic by the World Health Organization within 4 months of its occurrence, which still seeks continuous attention of the researchers to prevent the spread and for cure of the infected patients. The propagation of the disease has been recorded in 215 countries, with more than 25.5 million cases and a death toll of more than 0.85 million. Several measures are taken to control the disease transmission, and researchers are actively engaged in finding suitable therapeutics to effectively control the disease to minimize the mortality and morbidity rates. Several existing potential candidates were explored in the prevention and treatment of worsening condition of COVID-19 patients; however, none of the formulation has been approved for the treatment but used under medical supervision. In this article, a focus has been made to highlight on current epidemiology on the COVID-19 infection, clinical features, diagnosis, and transmission, with special emphasis on treatment measures of the disease at different stages of clinical research and the global economic influence due to this pandemic situation. Progress in the development on vaccine against COVID-19 has also been explored as important measures to immunize people. Moreover, this article is expected to provide information to the researchers, who are constantly combating in the management against this outbreak.

scholarly journals Incidence of first stroke and ethnic differences in stroke pattern in Bradford, UK: Bradford Stroke Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 374-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hawraman Ramadan ◽  
Chris Patterson ◽  
Stuart Maguire ◽  
Ian Melvin ◽  
Kirti Kain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Ethnic Origin ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Population ◽  
Large Artery ◽  
Stroke Incidence ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Health Organization

Background Information on ethnic disparities in stroke between White and Pakistani population in Europe is scarce. Bradford District has the largest proportion of Pakistani people in England; this provides a unique opportunity to study the difference in stroke between the two major ethnic groups. Aim To determine the first-ever-stroke incidence and examine the disparities in stroke patterns between Whites and Pakistanis in Bradford. Methods Prospective 12 months study consisting of 273,327 adults (≥18 years) residents. Stroke cases were identified by multiple overlapping approaches. Results In the study period, 541 first-ever-strokes were recorded. The crude incidence rate was 198 per 100,000 person-years. Age adjusted-standardized rate to the World Health Organization world population of first-ever-stroke is 155 and 101 per 100,000 person-years in Pakistanis and Whites respectively. Four hundred and thirty-eight patients (81%) were Whites, 83 (15.3%) were Pakistanis, 11 (2%) were Indian and Bangladeshis, and 9 (1.7%) were of other ethnic origin. Pakistanis were significantly younger and had more obesity ( p = 0.049), and diabetes mellitus (DM) ( p = <0.001). They were less likely to suffer from atrial fibrillation ( p = <0.001), be ex- or current smokers ( p = <0.001), and drink alcohol above the recommended level ( p = 0.007) compared with Whites. In comparison with Whites, higher rates of age-adjusted stroke (1.5-fold), lacunar infarction (threefold), and ischemic infarction due to large artery disease (twofold) were found in the Pakistanis. Conclusions The incidence of first-ever-stroke is higher in the Pakistanis compared with the Whites in Bradford, UK. Etiology and vascular risk factors vary between the ethnic groups. This information should be considered when investigating stroke etiology, and when planning prevention and care provision to improve outcomes after stroke.

scholarly journals Pyrethroid Resistance Status of Aedes (Stegomyia) Aegypti (Linneaus) from Dengue Endemic Areas in Peninsular Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosilawati R ◽  
Lee HL ◽  
Nazni WA ◽  
Nurulhusna AH ◽  
Roziah A ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
World Health ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Health Organization

Vector control is still the principal method to control dengue and chemical insecticides, especially the pyrethroids such as permethrin are the forerunners of mosquito control agent. Intensive and extensive use of pyrethroids often result in resistance, thereby hampering control efforts. The present study was conducted to evaluate the susceptible status of Aedes aegypti, the primary vector of dengue against permethrin. A nationwide mosquito sampling via ovitrapping was conducted in 12 dengue hotspots across 5 states in Peninsular Malaysia. Field collected Aedes eggs were hatched and reared until L3 larval and further identified it species. Adult F0 Aedes aegypti were reared until F1 progeny and the female were used in adult assay, performed according to World Health Organization (WHO) protocol as to determine the resistance level. The laboratory strain maintained for more than 1000 generations that were susceptible to permethrin served as the control strain. Evaluation of resistance ratio was assessed by comparing the knockdown rate with laboratory susceptible strain. In this present study, 70% ofAe. aegypti population from dengue hotspots was highly resistance to permethrin. The study clearly demonstrated that widespread of permethrin resistant Ae. aegypti in Malaysian mosquito’s population, indicating the need of implementing an efficient pyrethroid resistance management.

scholarly journals TREATMENT OF DIABETES, EDUCATION ON THE COMPLICATIONS FROM THE DISEASE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE HYGIENE-DYTHETIC REGIME

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 581-589
Author(s):  
Gordana Panova ◽  
Georgi Shumanov ◽  
Danijel Trajanovski
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Education ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
World Health ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
World Population ◽  
Dietary Regimen ◽  
Medication Therapy ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Health Organization

Introduction: Diabetes is a metabolic disease that has a chronic and aggressive nature, characterized by a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism due to decreased secretion of insulin from the pancreas, thereby increasing the blood sugar level - hyperglycemia. Symptoms that characterize this disease are: polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia.The World Health Organization defines diabetes as an elevated blood glucose level followed by symptoms, increased values during two measurements:Fast plasma glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol / L (126 mg / dL) orPlasma Glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol / L (200 mg / dL), which is determined by an oral glucose tolerance test, which is measured two hours after the patient receives 75 g of glucose solution. (HbA1c) ≥6.5%Objectives: The goals of the work are to show the characteristics of the disease with an emphasis on the treatment of it, the importance of education and explanation for possible complications and hygiene dietary regimen with statistics of patients in the Republic of Macedonia in 2017Materials and Methods: Data from the Public Health Institute of the Republic of Macedonia for newly diagnosed diseased in 2017 have been used, explaining the importance of diabetes education to patients with diabetes.Results: The survey showed that, statistically, the number of cases increases after the fifth decade. Lifestyle and genetics play an important role.Conclusion: The disease itself is very specific and if it is not controlled it can contribute to several acute and chronic complications that further complicate the process of treatment of the same. With the educative approach of healthcare professionals towards all the people who deal with diabetes, with love, empathy and dedication, the problem that affects a large group of the entire world population will become a solved puzzle.The proper use of medication and non-medication therapy also plays a major role in the treatment of the disease. Proper physical activity, knowledge of the bread units and proper use of them, in line with good medication therapy, using the innovative methods in medicine, the disease can be controlled very easily.

scholarly journals Epidemic cholera in Kakuma Refugee Camp, Kenya, 2009: the importance of sanitation and soap

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (03) ◽  
pp. 234-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdirahman Sheikh Mahamud ◽  
Jamal A Ahmed ◽  
Raymond Nyoka ◽  
Erick Auko ◽  
Vincet Kahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Storage ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Refugee Camp ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
World Health ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Storage Containers ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Hospital Registry

Introduction: Cholera remains a major public health problem that causes substantial morbidity and mortality in displaced populations due to inadequate or unprotected water supplies, poor sanitation and hygiene, overcrowding, and limited resources. A cholera outbreak with 224 cases and four deaths occurred in Kakuma Refugee Camp in Kenya from September to December 2009. Methodology: We conducted a case-control study to characterize the epidemiology of the outbreak. Cases were identified by reviewing the hospital registry for patients meeting the World Health Organization (WHO) case definition for cholera. For each case a matched control was selected. A questionnaire focusing on potential risk factors was administered to cases and controls. Results: From 18 September to 15 December 2009, a total of 224 cases were identified and were hospitalised at Kakuma IRC hospital.  Three refugees and one Kenyan national died of cholera. V. cholerae O1, serotype Inaba was isolated in 44 (42%) out of 104 stool specimens collected. A total of 93 cases and 93 matched controls were enrolled in the study. In a multivariate model, washing hands with soap was protective against cholera (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =0.25[0.09-0.71]; p < 0.01), while presence of dirty water storage containers was a risk factor (AOR=4.39[1.12-17.14]; p=0.03). Conclusion:  Provision of soap, along with education on hand hygiene and cleaning water storage containers, may be an affordable intervention to prevent cholera.

scholarly journals Kerentanan larva Aedes aegypti di Jawa Timur terhadap Temephos komersial dengan dosis berbeda

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Firas Khaleyla ◽  
Etik Ainun Rohmah ◽  
Kris Cahyo Mulyatno
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Organization

Pengendalian populasi nyamuk Ae. Aegypti di Indonesia dilakukan sebagai upaya untuk menekan penularan virus dengue, salah satunya dengan penaburan larvasida temephos. Dosis operasional penggunaan temephos di Indonesia (1 mg/L) lebih tinggi dibandingkan dosis yang disarankan World Health Organization (WHO) (0,012 mg/L). Di Jawa Timur, terdapat temephos yang beredar komersial dengan perbedaan pada dosis penggunaan, yaitu10 gram/100 L air (10 G) dan 8 gram/100 L air (8G). Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memeriksa kerentanan populasi larva Ae. aegypti yang berasal dari Jember (JEM), Surabaya (SBY), dan koleksi Laboratorium Entomologi Universitas Airlangga (LAB) terhadap temephos10G dan 8G pada dosis pemakaian tinggi (1 mg/L) hingga rendah (0,015625 mg/L). Uji mortalitas pada larva dilakukan sesuai dengan ketentuan WHO dengan replikasi 4 kali. Data dianalisis secara statistik. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ketiga kelompoklarva Ae. aegypti mengalami >90% mortalitas dengan penambahan temephos pada dosis rendah (0,015625 mg/L) pada ambang waktu 240 menit, baik untuk temephos10 G maupun 8 G. Perbedaan respon mortalitas yang signifikan antara dosis tertinggi (1 mg/L) dan dosisterendah (0,015625 mg/L) ditemukan pada kelompok JEM pada dosis 8 G dan 10 G serta LAB pada dosis 8 G. Kelompok JEM dan SBY memiliki rasio resistensi 95 (RR95) temephos dengan kategori rendah (<5) dibandingkan dengan kelompok LAB. Semua kelompok masih memiliki kerentanan pada temephoskomersial pada dosis rendah (0,015625 mg/L). Dari hasil penelitian ini, kami menyarankan untuk menurunkan dosis operasional larvasida temephos yang digunakan untuk pengendalian populasi larva Ae. aegypti di Jawa Timur.

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