Abstract 470: Understanding the Distribution of CPR Training in Pennsylvania High Schools

Circulation ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 140 (Suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paige Meskers ◽  
Vanessa Mejia ◽  
Jessica Salerno ◽  
Leonard Weiss ◽  
David D Salcido
Keyword(s):  
High Schools ◽  
School Districts ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Median Income ◽  
District Personnel ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
Cpr Training

Introduction: Bystander CPR may increase out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival rates. Incorporating CPR education into high school curricula is an efficient way to teach a large number of individuals CPR. Pennsylvania, unlike most states, does not require CPR training prior to graduation, and the prevalence of school training programs is not known. Objective: The goal of this study was to describe the distribution and characteristics of CPR training practices in high schools across Pennsylvania. Methods: As part of an ongoing public health project, we developed and administered a 7-question survey designed to determine if school districts offer CPR training programs, and if so, query key details about those programs. Using the Pennsylvania Education Names and Addresses database, we compiled contact information for all Pennsylvania school districts. Student researchers then contacted district personnel by telephone or email to administered the survey. Survey results were tabulated and summarized, and basic comparative statistics were calculated using Stata (ver. 15). Geographic patterns were assessed using QGIS (ver. 3.0.1) To understand the role of race and economics in availability of CPR training, our analyses incorporated census data on median income, race and ethnicity. Results: Between July 2018 and May 2019, we attempted to contact all 500 school districts in Pennsylvania, 494 of which were determined to have high schools within the district. We received survey responses from 446 (90%) school districts. Of those, 255 (57%) offered some form of CPR education and 141 (32%) of those programs were mandatory. Of the 255 districts that offered programs, 157 (62%) programs certified students as CPR providers. School districts that have CPR training have a median household income on average $4906 higher than school districts without CPR training. Clusters of districts with and without training were observed, however these clusters did not correlate with state geographic divisions, white race or Hispanic ethnicity. Conclusion: In Pennsylvania, where CPR training is not mandatory in high schools, at least half of all schools have training programs. Factors determining program adoption are unclear.

scholarly journals Young adults’ perception of mandatory CPR training in Australian high schools: a qualitative investigation

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiana Andrews ◽  
Luke Price ◽  
Brennen Mills ◽  
Lisa Holmes
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
High Schools ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
First Aid Training ◽  
Training Cost ◽  
Bystander Cpr ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Cpr Training

IntroductionBystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can be performed by any member of the public who witnesses a cardiac arrest and has the knowledge, training and skills to perform it. Even though bystander CPR has been shown to greatly improve the victim’s chance of survival, its training and performance rates are alarmingly low.MethodsOne potentially effective intervention to tackle this issue is to implement mandatory CPR training programs in high schools. We undertook in-depth qualitative interviews with 28 recent Australian high school graduates. The interviews were transcribed and then analysed, with participants’ answers used to draw conclusions on the acceptability of mandatory CPR high school training.ResultsResults suggested those that had undertaken basic first aid training in high school would be more open and confident to perform bystander CPR. Among those who had not undertaken training, cost and access were identified as the key barriers. Regardless of whether participants had or had not previously undertaken training, they understood the importance of CPR for the treatment of cardiac arrest victims.ConclusionAmong our sample, there was overwhelming support for the concept of mandatory CPR training being implemented in high schools. Should such a program be applied, there is the potential for this to have an impact on bystander CPR provision, and hence cardiac arrest survival rates, within the wider Australian community.

Abstract W P48: Marked Regional Variation in Acute Stroke Treatment in Medicare Beneficiaries

Stroke ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James F Burke ◽  
Lesli E Skolarus ◽  
Eric E Adelman ◽  
Phillip A Scott ◽  
William J Meurer
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Acute Stroke ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Combined Therapy ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Medicare Beneficiaries ◽  
Stroke Treatment ◽  
Acute Stroke Treatment ◽  
Iv Tpa

Objective: Regionalization of stroke care has occurred sporadically across the U.S, so determining realistic goal treatment rates for individual regions or the nation as a whole is challenging. Studies of a single hospital or region vary widely in estimates of eligibility for acute therapy and may have limited generalizability or biases. We hypothesized that the proportion of U.S. Medicare beneficiaries receiving acute stroke therapy varies by region. Treatment rates in high performing regions may represent realistic national goals and inform policy to increase treatment rates. Methods: All Medicare beneficiaries with a principal diagnosis of ischemic stroke (ICD-9 433.x1, 434.x1, 436) admitted through the emergency department were identified using MEDPAR files from 2007-2010. Receipt of IV tPA (DRG 559, MS-DRG 61-63, ICD-9 procedure code 99.10) or IA thrombolysis (CPT code 37184-6, 37201, 75896 via linked Medicare Carrier files) was determined. Patients were assigned to one of 3,436 Hospital Service Areas (HSA; local health care markets for hospital care) by zip code. Regional acute stroke treatment rates were calculated and the lowest and highest quintiles were compared. Multi-level logistic regression was used to adjust for individual demographics as well as regional population density, education, median income, and unemployment using linked census data. Model-based adjusted regional acute stroke treatment rates were estimated. Results: Of 916,232 stroke admissions 3.6% received IV tPA only and 0.6% received IA or combined therapy. Unadjusted treatment rates by region ranged from 0.8% (minimum) to 14.8% (maximum). Regional rates ranged from 1.7% (quintile 1) to 5.4% (quintile 5). Regions with higher education, population density and income had higher treatment rates (p <= 0.001). After adjustment, regional differences were attenuated slightly _ 1.9% (quintile 1) to 5.1% (quintile 5). Conclusions: Marked variation exists in acute stroke treatment rates by region, even after adjusting for patient and regional characteristics, supporting the perception that a major opportunity exists to improve acute stroke treatment within many HSAs.

The cost of linguistic loyalty

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin L. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Language Maintenance ◽  
Census Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Model Set ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

In a census-related study on language maintenance among the Hispanic/Latino population in the southwest United States, Hudson, Hernández-Chávez and Bills (1995) stated that, given negative correlations between language maintenance and years of education and per capita income, “educational and economic success in the Spanish origin population are purchased at the expense of Spanish language maintenance in the home” (1995: 179). While census figures from 1980 make this statement undeniable for the Southwest, the recent growth of the Spanish-language population in the United States, which has grown by a factor of ~2.5 over the last twenty years, begs a reexamination of these correlations. A recent study on the state of Colorado (McCullough & Jenkins 2005) found a correlational weakening, especially with regard to the relationship between language maintenance and median income.
 The current study follows the model set forth by Hudson et al. (1995) in examining the interrelationship between the measures of count, density, language loyalty and retention based on 2000 census data, as well as the relationship between these metrics and socioeconomic and demographic variables, including income and education. While some relationships existed in 2000 much in the same way that they did in the 1980 data, especially with regard to count and density, the measures of loyalty and retention saw marked reductions in their correlations with social variables.

scholarly journals KỸ NĂNG QUẢN LÝ, LÃNH ĐẠO CỦA CÁN BỘ QUẢN LÝ TRƯỜNG PHỔ THÔNG

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phuong huyen Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
High Schools ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Leadership Skills ◽  
Education And Training ◽  
Current Time ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Vice Principals ◽  
And Training ◽  
Management And Leadership

Abstract: This article presents a study on management and leadership skills of education managers (principals, vice principals) of high schools in Vietnam in the current time. By clarifying theories of skills and leadership skills, alongside with empricial study to explore the performance of these skills of the principals and vice principals from high schools. Research results have made specific contributions to the development of training programs for managers to contribute to the overall renovation of basic education and training to meet the needs of society.

Race and/or Ethnicity in Hawai‘i

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Y. Okamura
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Construction ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Ethnic Inequality ◽  
Racial Categories ◽  
Structural Principle ◽  
The Social ◽  
Historical Transition

This chapter argues that ethnicity is the dominant organizing principle of social relations in Hawai‘i since the 1970s when it superseded race. This contention is based on the social construction of Hawaii’s constituent groups as ethnic groups rather than races, on the consequent lesser construction and assertion of racial categories and identities commonly invoked in the continental United States, and on the ongoing regulation of differential access to socioeconomic status by ethnicity and not race (or class). The chapter first discusses the conceptual difference between race and ethnicity, outlines the historical transition from race to ethnicity as the foremost structural principle of island society, reviews persisting ethnic inequality evident from 2010 U.S. Census data, and analyzes the racial dimensions of the shooting death in 2011 of a young Native Hawaiian by a U.S. State Department agent in Waikīkī. The argument that ethnicity is more significant than race as the primary principle of social organization in contemporary Hawai‘i is consistent with multiculturalism being the dominant ideology related to race and ethnicity in the islands rather than colorblindness as in the continental United States.

Using Covariates to Improve Precision for Studies That Randomize Schools to Evaluate Educational Interventions

2007 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard S. Bloom ◽  
Lashawn Richburg-Hayes ◽  
Alison Rebeck Black
Keyword(s):  
Student Achievement ◽  
Elementary Schools ◽  
High Schools ◽  
School Districts ◽  
Middle Schools ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Urban School Districts ◽  
School Level ◽  
Baseline Covariates

This article examines how controlling statistically for baseline covariates, especially pretests, improves the precision of studies that randomize schools to measure the impacts of educational interventions on student achievement. Empirical findings from five urban school districts indicate that (1) pretests can reduce the number of randomized schools needed for a given level of precision to about half of what would be needed otherwise for elementary schools, one fifth for middle schools, and one tenth for high schools, and (2) school-level pretests are as effective in this regard as student-level pretests. Furthermore, the precision-enhancing power of pretests (3) declines only slightly as the number of years between the pretest and posttests increases; (4) improves only slightly with pretests for more than 1 baseline year; and (5) is substantial, even when the pretest differs from the posttest. The article compares these findings with past research and presents an approach for quantifying their uncertainty.

scholarly journals Hysterectomy-Corrected Uterine Corpus Cancer Incidence Trends and Differences in Relative Survival Reveal Racial Disparities and Rising Rates of Nonendometrioid Cancers

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (22) ◽  
pp. 1895-1908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan A. Clarke ◽  
Susan S. Devesa ◽  
Summer V. Harvey ◽  
Nicolas Wentzensen
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Relative Survival ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Pacific Islanders ◽  
Endometrioid Carcinoma ◽  
Histologic Subtype ◽  
Uterine Corpus ◽  
Cancer Incidence Rates

PURPOSE Uterine corpus cancer incidence rates have been projected to increase, a prediction often attributed to the obesity epidemic. However, correct estimation of these rates requires accounting for hysterectomy prevalence, which varies by race, ethnicity, and region. Here, we evaluated recent trends in hysterectomy-corrected rates by race and ethnicity and histologic subtype and estimated differences in relative survival by race and ethnicity, subtype, and stage. METHODS We estimated hysterectomy prevalence from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Hysterectomy-corrected age-standardized uterine corpus cancer incidence rates from 2000 to 2015 were calculated from the SEER 18 registries. Incidence rates and trends were estimated separately by race and ethnicity, region, and histologic subtype. Five-year relative survival rates were estimated by race and ethnicity, histologic subtype, and stage. RESULTS Hysterectomy-corrected incidence rates of uterine corpus cancer were similar among non-Hispanic whites and blacks and lower among Hispanics and Asians/Pacific Islanders. Endometrioid carcinoma rates were highest in non-Hispanic whites, whereas nonendometrioid carcinoma and sarcoma rates were highest in non-Hispanic blacks. Hysterectomy-corrected uterine corpus cancer incidence increased among non-Hispanic whites from 2003 to 2015 and among non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics, and Asians/Pacific Islanders from 2000 to 2015. Overall incidence rates among non-Hispanic blacks surpassed those of non-Hispanic whites in 2007. Endometrioid carcinoma rates rose among non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics, and Asians/Pacific Islanders but were stable among non-Hispanic whites; however, nonendometrioid carcinoma rates rose significantly among all women. Non-Hispanic blacks had the lowest survival rates, irrespective of stage at diagnosis or histologic subtype. CONCLUSION Among all women, rates of nonendometrioid subtypes have been rising rapidly. Our analysis shows profound racial differences and disparities indicated by higher rates of nonendometrioid subtypes and poorer survival among non-Hispanic black women.

scholarly journals Death Within 1 Month of Diagnosis in Childhood Cancer: An Analysis of Risk Factors and Scope of the Problem

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (12) ◽  
pp. 1320-1327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam L. Green ◽  
Elissa Furutani ◽  
Karina Braga Ribeiro ◽  
Carlos Rodriguez Galindo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Childhood Cancer ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Early Death ◽  
Hematologic Malignancies

Purpose Despite advances in childhood cancer care, some patients die soon after diagnosis. This population is not well described and may be under-reported. Better understanding of risk factors for early death and scope of the problem could lead to prevention of these occurrences and thus better survival rates in childhood cancer. Methods We retrieved data from SEER 13 registries on 36,337 patients age 0 to 19 years diagnosed with cancer between 1992 and 2011. Early death was defined as death within 1 month of diagnosis. Socioeconomic status data for each individual’s county of residence were derived from Census 2000. Crude and adjusted odds ratios and corresponding 95% CIs were estimated for the association between early death and demographic, clinical, and socioeconomic factors. Results Percentage of early death in the period was 1.5% (n = 555). Children with acute myeloid leukemia, infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia, hepatoblastoma, and malignant brain tumors had the highest risk of early death. On multivariable analysis, an age younger than 1 year was a strong predictor of early death in all disease groups examined. Black race and Hispanic ethnicity were both risk factors for early death in multiple disease groups. Residence in counties with lower than median average income was associated with a higher risk of early death in hematologic malignancies. Percentages of early death decreased significantly over time, especially in hematologic malignancies. Conclusion Risk factors for early death in childhood cancer include an age younger than 1 year, specific diagnoses, minority race and ethnicity, and disadvantaged socioeconomic status. The population-based disease-specific percentages of early death were uniformly higher than those reported in cooperative clinical trials, suggesting that early death is under-reported in the medical literature. Initiatives to identify those at risk and develop preventive interventions should be prioritized.

scholarly journals A Strategic Approach to Implementation of Medical Mentorship Programs

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Caruso ◽  
Diane H. Steinberg ◽  
Nancy Piro ◽  
Kimberly Walker ◽  
Rebecca Blankenburg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Training Programs ◽  
Psychosocial Support ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Mentorship Program ◽  
Professional Aspirations ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Group 1

ABSTRACT Background Mentors influence medical trainees' experiences through career enhancement and psychosocial support, yet some trainees never receive benefits from involved mentors. Objective Our goals were to examine the effectiveness of 2 interventions aimed at increasing the number of mentors in training programs, and to assess group differences in mentor effectiveness, the relationship between trainees' satisfaction with their programs given the presence of mentors, and the relationship between the number of trainees with mentors and postgraduate year (PGY). Methods In group 1, a physician adviser funded by the graduate medical education department implemented mentorships in 6 residency programs, while group 2 involved a training program with funded physician mentoring time. The remaining 89 training programs served as controls. Chi-square tests were used to determine differences. Results Survey responses from group 1, group 2, and controls were 47 of 84 (56%), 34 of 78 (44%), and 471 of 981 (48%, P = .38), respectively. The percentages of trainees reporting a mentor in group 1, group 2, and the control group were 89%, 97%, and 79%, respectively (P = .01). There were no differences in mentor effectiveness between groups. Mentored trainees were more likely to be satisfied with their programs (P = .01) and to report that faculty supported their professional aspirations (P = .001). Across all programs, fewer first-year trainees (59%) identified a mentor compared to PGY-2 through PGY-8 trainees (84%, P &lt; .001). Conclusions A supported mentorship program is an effective way to create an educational environment that maximizes trainees' perceptions of mentorship and satisfaction with their training programs.

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