The Effect of Bonuses on Teacher Retention and Student Learning in Rural Schools: A Story of Spillovers

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-59
Author(s):  
Juan F. Castro ◽  
Bruno Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Retention ◽  
Student Learning ◽  
Rural Schools ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Teaching Resources ◽  
Disadvantaged Schools ◽  
Pedagogical Skills ◽  
Positive Spillover ◽  
Positive Direct

Abstract We estimate the direct and indirect effects of recruitment bonuses paid to teachers working in rural schools in Peru on their retention and student learning. This is the first study to estimate the indirect effects of a bonus aimed at attracting teachers to disadvantaged schools. This is important for assessing whether the incentive has improved the distribution of teaching resources and for estimating the direct effect without bias. We exploit the exogenous variation produced in the size of the bonus by the rule used to classify rural schools, and allow ineligible schools to be affected if they have an eligible school nearby. We find the bonus produces positive direct effects on teacher retention but also a negative spillover on the probability of filling teacher vacancies in neighboring schools. This spillover indicates that the bonus is redistributing resources between equally disadvantaged schools. We also find that the bonus has no direct effects on student learning and produces a positive spillover on the scores of students in neighboring schools. We argue these results are due to the poor pedagogical skills of the teachers being mobilized by the scheme. A reasonable policy alternative is a scheme that targets talented teachers with larger bonuses.

scholarly journals Consequentialism, Indirect Effects and Fair Trade

Utilitas ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREW WALTON
Keyword(s):  
Fair Trade ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Positive Direct ◽  
The Impact

In this article I consider two consequentialist positions on whether individuals in affluent countries ought to purchase Fair Trade goods. One is a narrow argument, which asserts that individuals should purchase Fair Trade goods because this will have positive direct effects on poverty reduction, by, for example, channelling money into development. I argue that this justification is insufficient to show that individuals should purchase Fair Trade goods because individuals could achieve similar results by donating money to charity and, therefore, without purchasing Fair Trade goods. The second position has a wider focus. It notes both the direct effects of purchasing Fair Trade goods and possible indirect effects, such as the impact this might have on other individuals. I argue that certain actions, of which Fair Trade is one example, will be more likely to encourage individuals who would not otherwise contribute to poverty reduction to contribute and that this may produce additional positive value. Although space prohibits specific conclusions about Fair Trade, I note that considerations of this kind could give us reason to purchase such goods beyond those that issue from the direct effects of doing so and that, as such, they are crucial for determining whether individuals should purchase Fair Trade goods.

scholarly journals Stomatal Traits and Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) Forage Yield in Drought Conditions of Northeastern Mexico

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1318
Author(s):  
Foroughbakhch Pournavab Rahim ◽  
Torres Tapia María Alejandra ◽  
Zamora Villa Víctor Manuel ◽  
Treviño Ramirez José Elías ◽  
Ngangyo Heya Maginot
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Lower Side ◽  
Infrared Technology ◽  
Positive Direct

Infrared technology is a practical, fast, non-destructive method that helps in forecasting plant development and can be used to select physiological traits, instead of other methodologies that require more time and breeding efforts. According to the statistical analyses and the relationship between the direct and indirect effects of the variables, this technology could serve as the basis for implementing a genotype selection methodology. Awnless barley was assessed in a randomized block design with three replicates in two crop seasons at Mexico’s northeastern region. Two samplings were carried out during crop development: at 75 and 90 days after sowing. The infrared and stomatal sensors were used to identify the direct and indirect effects of stomata’s traits on dry forage yield. The data were analyzed in a subdivided plot design, using mean comparison tests, correlation coefficients and path analyses, finding significant differences (p < 0.05) among localities and among samplings. Dry forage yield was significant and positively correlated with plant height (r = 0.578) and canopy temperature (r = 0.724), and negatively correlated with the leaf upper side stomatal width (r = −0.409) and the leaf lower side stomatal width (r = −0.641), chlorophyll content and vegetation index. Temperature, chlorophyll, density and leaf lower side stomatal index had the strongest direct effects on yield. Therefore, the infrared technology appears as a way to select high yielding awnless forage barley, to obtain the correlation, the positive direct effect of temperature and the negative effect of chlorophyll. Due to their direct effects, low density and low leaf underside stomatal indexes can also help in the indirect selection of higher yielding forage barley genotypes.

scholarly journals Bystanders in Bullying: Do ToM and Social Competence Skills Play a Role?

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
Panayiota Metallidou ◽  
Magdalini Baxevani ◽  
Grigoris Kiosseoglou
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Social Competence ◽  
School Children ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Elementary School Children ◽  
School Bullying ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Prosocial Skills ◽  
Positive Direct

The present study aimed at investigating: (a) the direct effects of Theory of Mind (ToM) on elementary school children&rsquo;s self-reports of participant roles in school bullying, (b) ToM&rsquo;s indirect effects via self-reported social competence skills. Gender was examined as moderator. A total of 171 elementary school children (&Nu; = 95 girls) from 3rd to 6thgrade from Greek public schools participated in the study. Participants were examined individually through the administration of advanced ToM stories. Also, they were asked to complete in groups self-report questionnaires as regards their roles as bystanders in bullying situations and their social competence skills. Path analysis indicated significant positive direct effects of ToM on prosocial skills and defending behavior and a negative effect on assisting/reinforcing behavior. Significant indirect effects were found from ToM on bystanding behavior, via its direct effect on prosocial competence skills. Gender was not a significant moderator of the above relations.

scholarly journals Correlation and path analysis studies for parents and F1crosses in barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentaceae (Roxb.) Link) for nutritional characters

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Vishnuprabha ◽  
C. Vanniarajan
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Iron Content ◽  
Zinc Content ◽  
Total Phenols ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Single Plant ◽  
Barnyard Millet ◽  
Plant Yield ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Positive Direct

Association analysis was studied in twenty F1 crosses and five parents of barnyard millet to find out the association of nutrient characters and their direct and indirect effects on single plant yield. The results exhibited that the nutrient traits are inter-related and improvement of yield will bring about the simultaneous improvement of the nutrient characters also. Total phenols and iron content recorded moderate positive direct effects on single plant yield. Total anti-oxidant activity and zinc content had low negative direct effects on single plant yield that were neutralized by positive indirect effects of other traits. The analysis revealed that the improvement of yield will simultaneously bring improvement on total phenols and iron content directly and on total anti-oxidant activity and zinc content indirectly.

scholarly journals Path analysis for morphological traits in maize (Zea mays L.)

Genetika ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 295-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovan Pavlov ◽  
Nenad Delic ◽  
Ksenija Markovic ◽  
Milos Crevar ◽  
Zoran Camdzija ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Path Coefficient ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Coefficient Corrélation ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Positive Direct ◽  
Positive Effect

Six inbred lines were crossed according to incomplete diallel method. In this way fifteen hybrid combinations were obtained. Hybrid combinations derived from these parental components were used in this work. The objective of study was to estimate direct and indirect effects of five morphological traits on grain yield by the application of the simple coefficient correlation and path coefficient analysis. The trait number of leaves above the top ear with the value of 0.736 has the strongest direct positive effect on grain yield. Positive direct effects on grain yield were also observed for height to tassel base and plant height, while negative direct effects were observed for ear height and total number of leaves. As far as indirect effects were considered, a positive effect of the ear position height on yield over the total plant height stands out. The evaluation of the proportion of mutual effects of five observed morphological traits on grain yield, expressed by the coefficient of multiple determination (R2y12345) amounted to 0.7881.

Trophic Cascades in Grasslands

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Wilsey
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Temperate Grasslands ◽  
Cascading Effect ◽  
Top Predators ◽  
Invertebrate Predators ◽  
Ecology Of Fear

Top predators have effects that can ‘cascade down’ on lower trophic levels. Because of this cascading effect, it matters how many trophic levels are present. Predators are either ‘sit and wait’ or ‘active’. Wolves are top predators in temperate grasslands and can alter species composition of smaller-sized predators, prey, and woody and herbaceous plant species, either through direct effects or indirect effects (‘Ecology of Fear’). In human derived grasslands, invertebrate predators fill a similar ecological role as wolves. Migrating populations of herbivores tend to be more limited by food than non-migratory populations. The phenology and synchrony of births vary among prey species in a way that is consistent with an adaptation to predation. Precocious species have highly synchronous birth dates to satiate predators. Non-precocious species (‘hiders’) have asynchronous births. Results from studies that manipulate both predators and food support the hypothesis that bottom-up and top-down effects interact.

scholarly journals Possible Traffic Safety Effects of the Implementation of Section Control in Hungary

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-323
Author(s):  
Zsolt Sándor
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Social Cost ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Implementation Cost ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Environmental Loads

This article presents the anticipated safety effects of the implantation of section control in Hungary. The proposed results were originated from international studies and the local circumstances. Effects are depending on the control coverage and the magnitude of the sanctions. Direct (short term benefits) and indirect effects (long term benefits) can be identified. Direct effects are the decreasing of accident numbers, while indirect effects are the decrease of other externalities of transport like environmental loads. Based on the results the implementation cost of the enforcement system is measureable with the proposed social cost savings come from the decreasing number of accidents.

scholarly journals ‘Incentivised reading’- Using an online VLE to measure engagement and attainment in student learning.

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 74-86
Author(s):  
Louise Helen Beard
Keyword(s):  
Student Engagement ◽  
Student Learning ◽  
Student Motivation ◽  
Student Feedback ◽  
Online Assessment ◽  
Teaching Resources ◽  
Qualitative Feedback ◽  
Online Assignments ◽  
High Engagement ◽  
Study Student

Virtual Learning Environments (VLEs) can be used as a resource repository but also as an environment to encourage independent student learning. Customised online assignments that can be assembled by the lecturer can be found in teaching resources such as Mastering Biology, developed by Pearson Publishers. In this study, student engagement in both summative and formative assignments was measured, and student attainment and qualitative feedback on the use of Mastering Biology was collected.During the period 2010-2017, the online VLE Mastering Biology was used to create online summative assignments and promoted to the students as ‘incentivized reading.'The results showed high student engagement in summative online assessment (94±3.2%) but lower engagement in formative online assessment (34±10.9%) and DSM assessment (36±3.5%) across all years. Student attainment increased after the introduction of Mastering Biology, in coursework (+13.2%), exams (+12.5%) and total module scores (+10.6%). Importantly, student feedback was also very positive about the implementation of Mastering Biology.This study suggests that students display high engagement with the summative online assessment. Lower engagement in formative assessment could be due to differences in student motivation. Lack of engagement in this assessment could be used to identify disengaged students and intervention and extra support could be given.

The Interaction of Reactions and Transport Part II: Combined Reactors and Exchangers

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart W. Churchill
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Chemical Reactor ◽  
Complex Behavior ◽  
Geometrical Configuration ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Chemical Reactors ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Transport Part

The interactions between chemical reactions and transport may be divided into direct effects, for example on the molecular level, and indirect effects, for example those arising from the geometrical configuration of the integrated reactor/exchanger. Attention herein is focused on the latter, although in many instances the direct effects must be accounted for as well. Particular attention is given to the identification of behavior that does not arise in chemical reactors not connected to an exchanger or in exchangers not connected to a chemical reactor, as well as to optimal conditions and configurations of combined reactors and exchangers. Generalizations are difficult to formulate for such complex behavior and equipment, necessitating a primary reliance on illustrative examples. However, some general conclusions are drawn concerning the occurrence, identification, and performance of interactive designs.

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