scholarly journals "Fluent dysfluency" as Congruent Lexicalization: A Special Case of Radical Code-Mixing

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Lipski
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Languages In Contact ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Componential Analysis ◽  
Bilingual Communities ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
Special Case

AbstractCode-switching among bilinguals has been typologically classified into three categories e.g. by Muysken (2000): alternation, insertion, and congruent lexicalization. Congruent lexicalization as usually defined not only requires that the languages in contact be structurally congruent, but also presupposes a high level of bilingual competence, as well relatively equal prestige and no tradition of overt language separation. The present study presents data from several communities in which Spanish is in contact with languages increasingly less cognate: Portuguese, Italian, and English, respectively. The data are drawn from "fluently dysfluent" speakers, meaning that they use their L2 frequently and speak it without hesitation, but with much involuntary intrusion of their L1; these dysfluent bilinguals rely on their interlocutors' passive competence in the speakers' L1, and in so doing exhibit code-switching which fits the typological pattern of congruent lexicalization. A componential analysis of several dysfluent bilingual communities results in the suggestion that the definition of congruent lexicalization be expanded to include the special case of fluently dysfluent bilingualism, a situation that arises in several language contact environments.

scholarly journals Codeswitching auf einem hochdiversen urbanen Wochenmarkt: Kommerz, Kommunikation und Identität

2021 ◽  
Vol 110 (5) ◽  
pp. 157-192
Author(s):  
Serkan Yüksel ◽  
İrem Duman
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Language Attitudes ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Cultural And Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Linguistic Resources ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Bilingual Communities

Today's European cities exhibit a great cultural and linguistic diversity. Highly diverse urban areas bring together people from different sociolinguistic backgrounds and thus facilitate intense language contact, with speakers accessing diverse linguistic resources that they creatively use and mix (cf. e. g. Wiese 2020; Otsuji/Pennycook 2010; Pennycook/Otsuji 2015). Such linguistic practices include code-switching. In previous research on code-switching the focus was on relatively homogeneous settings, mostly bilingual communities (cf. Poplack 2015; Torres Cacoullos/Travis 2015; Bullock/ Toribio 2009). As a part of a larger project, we collected spontaneous speech data through audio and video recordings from a highly diverse street market in Berlin-Neukölln that is popular among locals and tourists, the “Maybachufer-Markt”. The analysis of our data reveals new insights with respect to sociolinguistic motivations underlying code-switching. In light of commercial intentions, vendors try to switch to a language according to how they construct the customers’ identity (cf. Bucholtz/Hall 2005; Pfaff-Czarnecka 2011). Besides vendors also commodify specific languages or multilingualism (Heller 2010) based on their and others’ language attitudes or they switch to a language for the purpose of maintaining the communication in sales conversations. Correlating these different factors, we will argue that code-switching is used with a commercial motivation in interactions between vendors and customers.

scholarly journals TEACHER CANDIDATES’ BELIEFS ABOUT CROSSLINGUISTIC PEDAGOGY, CODE-SWITCHING, AND CODE-MIXING: A SNAPSHOT FROM UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG

2021 ◽  
pp. 106-118
Author(s):  
Yevheniia Hasai ◽  
Peter Siemund
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Candidates ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Language Teachers ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Educational Settings ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
High Level

The last decades have seen the active embracement of classroom multilingualism in educational settings. The relevance of this study is justified by the increasing cultural and linguistic diversity in Western societies, the high demand for teachers who understand the value of multilingualism, have deep knowledge of multilingual language practices, are able and willing to provide an appropriate learning environment for language learners. The main objective of the study is to investigate the pre-service language teachers’ beliefs about crosslinguistic pedagogy, code-switching, and codemixing as the leading examples of this pedagogy in educational settings. An online questionnaire was shared among teacher candidates (n=20) enrolled in teacher education programs at the University of Hamburg. The respondents were asked to answer the questions concerning their background and to mark on a Likert scale whether they agreed with the statements provided to them or would find the implementation of certain methodology useful. The findings suggest positive attitudes towards multilingualism and a high level of awareness regarding the importance of previously acquired languages for subsequent language teaching and learning. However, some discrepancies between knowledge, beliefs, and practice are indicated. The results allow us to conclude that target-language-only use in language classes is still a highly desirable goal for pre-service language teachers. Some possible implications for curriculum development arising from the study are discussed.

scholarly journals Arabic English Code Switching among Saudi Speakers

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Ibrahim Alsalami
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Working People ◽  
Training Courses ◽  
Arabic And English ◽  
High Level ◽  
Better Than

Many studies have been conducted on code-switching worldwide, but few were carried out on Saudi context. Therefore, this study inquires the use of code-switching among Saudis who speak both Arabic and English to identify the reasons of code-switching and to know the significant differences regarding gender, age, qualification, and level of English. The study raises two questions. They are: 1) What are the reasons of code-switching of Saudis as native speakers of Arabic? And 2) Are there significant differences for code-switching of Saudis as native speakers of Arabic due to gender, age, qualification, and level of English? A descriptive-analytical approach has been adopted, and SPSS program is used. A questionnaire (30 items) was distributed to a sample of 426 Saudis. Findings showed that those with high-level proficiency combined Arabic and English languages more due to their awareness of English language expressions and found English vocabulary more expressive and delivered their ideas better. Moreover, working people used code-switching extensively. Furthermore, postgraduates were found to be better than others. Additionally, genders were both exposed to the same circumstances. Finally, individuals among all age groups combined both Arabic and English languages due perhaps to several reasons. Therefore, the researcher recommends that it might be better to study the significance of forming training courses to keep the interest of natives to take pride and use it in all aspects of life. Finally, the researcher suggests conducting another study on investigating code-switching among instructors in EFL classrooms and exploring code-mixing since there are few studies.

Code-Switching as a Reflection of Contact-Induced Change

2020 ◽  
pp. 192-214
Author(s):  
Ad Backus
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
The Other ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Language Mixing ◽  
Lexical Change ◽  
Theory Of Language

Code-switching is often studied in purely synchronic terms, as recorded speech is analyzed for patterns of language mixing. Though this has yielded numerous useful theoretical advances, it has also shielded the code-switching literature from serious engagement with the phenomenon of language change, even from the subtype of change caused by language contact. There is also the additional practice of limiting the study of code-mixing and code-switching to lexical mixing. On the other side of the fence, meanwhile, discussions of contact-induced language change tend to be limited to morphological and syntactic phenomena. This chapter breaks through this stalemate, and argues that a usage-based approach to language change actually demands integration of these perspectives. Code-switching should be seen as a reflection of lexical change. It is for this reason that a synchronic distinction between loanwords and code-switching makes no sense, since the terms refer to the diachronic and synchronic planes, respectively, of the same phenomenon. In the chapter, the author interprets the code-switching literature from this theoretical viewpoint, and explores what both the literature on code-switching and that on contact-induced change stand to gain from linking their empirical findings to a usage-based theory of language change that allocates proper attention to synchrony and diachrony, and unites lexical and structural change in the same framework.

scholarly journals Codes Switching and Codes Mixing of Sellers and Buyers in Traditional Markets: Case Study of Market Kampong Asembagus Situbondo

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-129
Author(s):  
Muta’allim ◽  
Nawawi ◽  
Fahmi Reza Alfani ◽  
Abdul Azizul Ghaffar ◽  
Ali Wafi
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Speech Code ◽  
Traditional Markets ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Qualitative Approaches ◽  
The Social ◽  
Traditional Market

The process of buying and selling communication in Asembagus Traditional Market often experiences language contact because the sellers and buyers come from several ethnicities who have different languages ​​and cultures. This study aims to determine the form of code-switching and code-mixing speech between sellers and buyers in Asembagus Market, Situbondo. The method used in data collection is the engaging listening method with the technique of recording, taking notes, interviews and descriptive qualitative approaches. The results showed that there were 12 forms of code switching speech and 10 speech code mixtures between sellers and buyers at Asembagus Situbondo Market Kampong. Master more than one language and speakers try to build an atmosphere of speech with mixed languages, while the functions of code-switching and code-mixing speech used by sellers and buyers at Pasar Kampong are to adjust the social context and to smooth and build the communication process of bargaining, transactions, and interactions.

Bilingual constructions

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derya Demirçay ◽  
Ad Backus
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
The Other ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Basic Requirement ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The Third ◽  
Languages In Contact ◽  
Definition Of

Code-switching comes in three major sub-types: insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization. Turkish-Dutch code-switching is supposed to feature the first two types but not the third, because when the languages in contact are typologically distinct, there is not enough shared lexicon and structure to make the fine-grained integration of the two languages possible that is the basic requirement for congruent lexicalization. Recent data of third generation Dutch Turks, however, shows some instances of code-switching that do not rely as much on keeping the two languages separate as the prototypical instances of insertion and alternation do. This empirical development lends support to a theoretical approach to linguistics that makes use of an expanded definition of the lexicon. Many of the complex instantiations of code-switching qualify as both insertion and alternation, because the inserted unit is so large that it involves a complete switch to the other language at the same time.

scholarly journals College Students’ Attitude toward “Chinese+English”Code Mixing

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-67
Author(s):  
Jianyi Ding ◽  
Jinglu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Bilingual Communities ◽  
Chinese And English ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon

Code-mixing is an natural phenomenon in multilingual and bilingual communities. As a result of language contact in China, code mixing is on the rise. This paper is devoted to exploring the attitude of contemporary college students towards the linguistic phenomenon of code mixing of Chinese and English. Through online survey and data analysis, this paper finds that the need to speak expressively, bring forth humorous effect and use euphemism to avoid awkward situation are the first three factors accounting for code-mixing.  As talkers , they tend to use code mixing of Chinese-English in informal situations with more intimate people; as listeners, they hope that such expressions can make humor and make the topic easy. In terms of usage, they are more willing to accept English expressions to avoid some disadvantages. Most of them are remaining neutral on supporting or opposing the code mixing of Chinese and English.

scholarly journals SPACE DISCOURSE IN A LANGUAGE CONTACT SITUATION: “US” VS. “THEM”

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-632
Author(s):  
Alessandra Dezi ◽  
Elizaveta Kostandi
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Linguistic Landscape ◽  
Spatial Awareness ◽  
Language Practices ◽  
Languages In Contact ◽  
Russian Speakers ◽  
Surrounding Space ◽  
Tv Shows ◽  
Contact Situation ◽  
Definition Of

Multilingual practices inevitably lead to language contact phenomena. This phenomenon occurs in Estonia, where the Russian speaking minority, often defined as a Russian diaspora, differs from the socially and linguistically dominant Estonian group with respect to their language and language practices. We suggest that the analysis of one of the languages in contact, in this case Russian, allows for a deeper understanding of the role of the other, i.e. Estonian, in the multilingual practices of the Estonian population as a whole. In this paper, we will focus on “spatial indicators” (i.e. toponyms, ergonyms, linguistic landscape objects, etc.) in the discourse on space provided by participants from the Russian-speaking population living in Estonia. These sociolinguistic foci have been partially described in several existing works which underscore the influence of Estonian on the speech of the local Russian speakers. Previous research gives insights into the peculiarities that the influence of Estonian generates: in the use of toponyms, in the naming of different language landscape objects, in the everyday language practices, and in the description and evaluation of the surrounding space (i.e. in the “spatial awareness”) of the local Russian speaking population. However, little attention has been paid to the fact that the aforementioned phenomena represent a whole that reflects the development of the speakers’ apprehension of the surrounding physical, sociocultural and sociolinguistic space. This process is put into focus in this paper and is shown to be characterized by the (re)definition of space(s) as “ours” vs “theirs”. Such processes will be revealed here by giving an overview of the “spatial components” in the speech of the Russian speaking population of Estonia in several spheres of communication (newspapers, TV shows, advertisements, web forums, etc.) and by analysing interviews involving three Estonian residents, each with a different sociolinguistic background. We attempt to demonstrate how these “spatial components” reflect the interaction of Russian and Estonian speakers, with an emphasis on their affinities across certain language practices. In the analysis of the interviews, we focus in particular on the participants’ (re)definitions of “us” vs “them” in their discourse on space. Special attention is also given to the use of Estonian insertions as a tool for evaluation and the creation of the opposition between “us” and “them” in the internet communication of Russian speakers living in Estonia.

Hybrid verbs in Yorùbá-English code-mixing

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
MufutauTemitayo Lamidi
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Languages In Contact ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Using Data

This paper studies the verbs that result from contact between English and Yorùbá languages. Using data generated from informal discussions, it discusses two of the categories of lexical verbs in use in Yorùbá-English code-mixing. The first type, clean verbs, originate from each of the languages in contact and are interchangeable; the second type, hybrid verbs, is a creation that results from language contact. The study concludes that these features of the verb are part of the grammatical basis of the Yorùbá-English code-mixing.

scholarly journals On the Nature of the French Verbal Forms in the Code-Switching of Songhay, Bamanan and Fulah Speakers of French

2021 ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Past Participle ◽  
Native Languages ◽  
Contact Phenomenon ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Linguistic Transfer

Code-Switching is a process of bilingualism that involves the alternation of two languages in the course of a single conversation as a result of language contact phenomenon. This paper is about the conjugation of the verbal forms in the switches of bilingual Songhay-French, Bamanankan-French and Fulfulde-French speakers as pointed out in several studies by I. Abdoulaye (2013, 2016), M. Minkailou and I. Abdoulaye (2016, 2018), I. Abdoulaye and M. Minkailou (2017, 2019). The main objective of the present paper is to describe the verbal paradigm in the switches of these three different groups of francophone speakers according to the existing theories and models on Code-Switching and Code-Mixing constraints. Based on the Matrix Language Frame Model of C. Myers-Scotton (1993a, b), the paper aims at proposing and analysing a francophone alternative of grammatical constraint in code switching. The study uses secondary data collected from the research works cited above in which spontaneous and fresh conversations have been recorded, transcribed and translated into English in an oral corpus. The population of these three different investigations is heterogeneous consisting of bilingual Songhay, Bamanan and Fulah civil servants and university students. Examining the nature of the switches, the study purposely focuses on the intra-sentential code-switching, in which the participants alternate the two codes, inserting words from French into their respective native languages. Analysing the inflected forms of the French verbs embedded in Songhay, Bamanankan or Fulfulde codes, the study has revealed that all the switched verbs belong to the same verb form, the French past participle of the three verb groups (first, second and third). So, the study has concluded that this way of conjugating verbs in Code-Switching is typical to francophone second language leaners. This approach in Code-Switching that the authors are proposing as the Francophone Model of Switching Verbs is a result of linguistic transfer of L2 learners of French.

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