Hybrid verbs in Yorùbá-English code-mixing

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
MufutauTemitayo Lamidi
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Languages In Contact ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Using Data

This paper studies the verbs that result from contact between English and Yorùbá languages. Using data generated from informal discussions, it discusses two of the categories of lexical verbs in use in Yorùbá-English code-mixing. The first type, clean verbs, originate from each of the languages in contact and are interchangeable; the second type, hybrid verbs, is a creation that results from language contact. The study concludes that these features of the verb are part of the grammatical basis of the Yorùbá-English code-mixing.

scholarly journals "Fluent dysfluency" as Congruent Lexicalization: A Special Case of Radical Code-Mixing

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Lipski
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Languages In Contact ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Componential Analysis ◽  
Bilingual Communities ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
Special Case

AbstractCode-switching among bilinguals has been typologically classified into three categories e.g. by Muysken (2000): alternation, insertion, and congruent lexicalization. Congruent lexicalization as usually defined not only requires that the languages in contact be structurally congruent, but also presupposes a high level of bilingual competence, as well relatively equal prestige and no tradition of overt language separation. The present study presents data from several communities in which Spanish is in contact with languages increasingly less cognate: Portuguese, Italian, and English, respectively. The data are drawn from "fluently dysfluent" speakers, meaning that they use their L2 frequently and speak it without hesitation, but with much involuntary intrusion of their L1; these dysfluent bilinguals rely on their interlocutors' passive competence in the speakers' L1, and in so doing exhibit code-switching which fits the typological pattern of congruent lexicalization. A componential analysis of several dysfluent bilingual communities results in the suggestion that the definition of congruent lexicalization be expanded to include the special case of fluently dysfluent bilingualism, a situation that arises in several language contact environments.

The Contact Diffusion of Linguistic Practices

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Bohnemeyer ◽  
Katharine T. Donelson ◽  
Randi E. Moore ◽  
Elena Benedicto ◽  
Alyson Eggleston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
Indigenous Languages ◽  
Spatial Reference ◽  
Diffusion Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Spatial Reference Frame ◽  
Using Data

We examine the extent to which practices of language use may be diffused through language contact and areally shared, using data on spatial reference frame use by speakers of eight indigenous languages from in and around the Mesoamerican linguistic area and three varieties of Spanish. Regression models show that the frequency of L2-Spanish use by speakers of the indigenous languages predicts the use of relative reference frames in the L1 even when literacy and education levels are accounted for. A significant difference in frame use between the Mesoamerican and non-Mesoamerican indigenous languages further supports the contact diffusion analysis.

The complexity of grammatical gender and language ecology

2020 ◽  
pp. 193-229
Author(s):  
Francesca Di Garbo
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Grammatical Gender ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linguistic Identity ◽  
Gender Agreement ◽  
Language Ecology ◽  
Morphological Complexity ◽  
Languages In Contact ◽  
Speech Communities ◽  
The Prestige

This chapter investigates the evolution of grammatical gender agreement, taken as an instance of paradigmatic and syntagmatic morphological complexity, in a sample of thirty-six languages, organized per sets of closely related languages with different sociolinguistic profiles. Both loss and emergence of gender agreement occur in areas of intense language contact between diverse speech communities. However, given similar contact scenarios, asymmetries in the structure of the bilingual population and/or in the prestige dynamics between the languages in contact tend to favour one development over the other. Loss of gender agreement occurs when the demographically dominant and/or more prestigious language lacks grammatical gender. Conversely, borrowing of gender agreement is favoured when the demographically dominant and/or more prestigious language has grammatical gender. Finally, the data suggest that patterns of gender marking may have important ties to the way in which speakers construe their linguistic identity in opposition to that of their neighbours.

CONVERGENCE AND THE FORMATION OF AFRIKAANS

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul T. Roberge
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Important Case ◽  
General Idea ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
Languages In Contact ◽  
History Of

As a phenomenon to be explained, convergence in historical linguistics is substantively no different than in creolistics. The general idea is that accommodation by speakers of “established” languages in contact and the formation of new language varieties both involve a process of leveling of different structures that achieve the same referential and nonreferential effects. The relatively short and well-documented history of Afrikaans presents an important case study in the competition and selection of linguistic features during intensive language contact.

Een Model Voor Taalcontact

2006 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
Pieter Muysken
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Alternative Strategies ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Universal Principles ◽  
Structural Coherence ◽  
Language Areas ◽  
Important Progress

In a number of domains of language contact studies important progress has been made, including Creole studies, code switching and code mixing, second language acquisition, linguistic borrowing, and language areas. Less attention has been paid to the conceptual links between these fields. These links will be the focus of the present paper, which approaches this issue from the perspective of speaker optimization strategies. Four alternative strategies are proposed: optimize the structural coherence of the LI, optimize possible matching between LI and L2 patterns, optimize universal principles of language processing, optimize the structural coherence of the L2. It will be argued that these strategies can be invoked to explain outcomes of language contact, and that different outcomes correspond to different rankings of these strategies by bilingual speakers and the community they belong to.

English loanwords in the Serbo-Croatian immigrant press

1966 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-63
Author(s):  
Milan I. Surducki
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Languages In Contact ◽  
Weekly Newspapers ◽  
Contact Situation ◽  
Secondary Phenomenon ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Immigrant Language

I propose to present here the findings of an analysis of a limited corpus of English loanwords as found in four Canadian weekly newspapers published in the Serbo-Croatian language. Though interference in written language is a secondary phenomenon in a situation of languages in contact, instances of such interference are interesting and important since they may contribute to the adoption and spread of the corresponding instances of interference in spoken language. In addition, kinds of interference, as well as the total amount of interference in an immigrant language contact situation, may be usefully compared with interference phenomena in the corresponding standard language (in which very often, as is the case with E and SC in contact, almost all borrowing is done from a written model language). The linguistic analysis of the interference in written language seems therefore to be worth while.

scholarly journals Vowel weakening in the Sabellic languages as language contact

2016 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 295-316
Author(s):  
Nicholas Zair
Keyword(s):  
Initial Stress ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Languages In Contact ◽  
The Individual

Abstract In this article I show that weakening of unstressed vowels in Oscan, Umbrian and Paelignian occurs in different environments and at different points in the relative or absolute chronologies of the individual languages, and produces different results. Consequently, vowel weakening did not take place in Proto- or Common Sabellic as commonly thought, but should instead be seen as the longterm result of the generalisation of an initial stress accent across a number of languages in contact in Ancient Italy, including Latin, the Sabellic languages, and Etruscan.

Towards a pragmatic approach to the study of languages in contact

Pragmatics ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan A. Argente ◽  
Lluís Payrató
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Communicative Competence ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Languages In Contact ◽  
The Social ◽  
Interactive Strategies ◽  
And Function ◽  
Adaptation Processes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
New Distribution

The study of language contact has been traditionally carried out from a structural perspective (synchronic or diachronic), from a sociolinguistic perspective and/or from a rather psychological perspective, centered on the linguistic and communicative competence of the multilingual individual. However, a great number of linguistic and sociolinguistic topics that appear in language contact situations may be productively tackled from a pragmatic viewpoint. This pragmatic perspective takes into account linguistic use in communication contexts and raises, at a different level, questions that deal with the structures and the evolution of the codes in contact. The main aim of this presentation is the analysis of some of the specific problems that arise in given language contact situations from a pragmatic perspective, considering the adaptation processes of the speakers, their particular interactive strategies and the social meaning generated. Understanding pragmatics in its original sense, i.e. as the study of the relationship between linguistic signs and speakers (users of certain resources), these phenomena should be understood as the result of speakers’ adaptation to changing sociocultural circumstances. This adaptation creates a new distribution of the verbal resources (or linguistic economy) of the community and, consequently, modifies its varieties as far as form and function are concerned.

scholarly journals PEMERTAHANAN BAHASA SUNDA DI SENTRA KRAMIK PLERED (Studi Kasus)

LOKABASA ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
TATANG TATANG
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
West Java ◽  
Business Transaction ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
The People ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
International Visitors ◽  
The Village

Penelitian ini didasari oleh fenomena kontak bahasa yang terjadi di Sentra Kramik Plered Jawa Barat. Plered adalah salah satu daerah Sunda di Jawa Barat yang mayoritas masyarakatnya menggunakan bahasa Sunda sebagai bahasa pengantar sehari-hari. Bagaimanapun, fenomena kontak bahasa antara masyarakat Plered dengan para pelancong (peminat kramik) baik dari dalam negeri maupun luar negeri, akan menimbulkan fenomena multilingualisme; campur kode atau alih kode. Bagaimana masyarakat Plered mempertahankan bahasa daerah Sunda sebagai bahasa daerahnya, fenomena ini menjadi menarik untuk dikaji. Untuk mengetahui hal tersebut, peneliti melakukan wawancara dengan para pengrajin keramik dan observasi langsung terhadap transaksi jual beli di Sentra Kramik Plered. Dari hasil pengolahan data, disimpulkan bahwa upaya pemertahanan bahasa Sunda dilakukan melalui penamaan produk keramik (95% berbahsa Sunda, 5 % bahasa Asing), dalam percakapan sehari-hari antar orang dewasa dan antar anak-anak, dalam kegiatan formal kepala desa, dalam acara keagamaan, dalam transaksi jual beli yang penjualnya adalah orang dewasa. Bahasa Sunda kurang digunakan dalam peristilahan bahan baku, proses, dan alat pembuatan keramik, dalam penamaan toko, dalam pergaulan antar remaja, dan dalam transaksi jual beli yang penjualnya anak remaja.Kata kunci: The present research is motivated by the language contact phenomena at the ceramic center, Plered, West Java. Plered is one of Sundanese speaking areas in West Java in which Sundanese is used as a daily language by the majority of the people. The language contact phenomena between people of Plered and domestic and international visitors (ceramic enthusiasts) give rise to multilingualism phenomena; code mixing or code switching. How people of Plered maintain Sundanese as their local language is the focal interest of this research. To meet that end, interviews with ceramic makers and direct observation of transaction at the ceramic center were deployed. Results indicate that Sundanese language maintenance is undertaken through the naming of ceramic products (95% in Sundanese and 5 % in foreign language), in daily communications between adults and children, on formal occasions of the chief of the village, religious activities, and business transaction whose vendors are adults. Sundanese is less used in the naming of raw materials, process and ceramic-making tools, ceramic stores, interactions among teenagers and business transaction whose vendors are teenagers.

When cultural maintenance means linguistic convergence: Pennsylvania German evidence for the Matrix Language Turnover hypothesis

1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet M. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Pennsylvania German ◽  
Model Code ◽  
Languages In Contact ◽  
Conceptual Structures ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Verb Phrases ◽  
The Matrix

ABSTRACTResearch on languages in contact has shown evidence of structural convergence, as well as internally motivated language change; one language which has been frequently studied in this light is Pennsylvania German (PG). Myers-Scotton 1993 posits that convergence involves a change in the selection of the language which sets the morpho-syntactic frame involved in language production. This is called a turnover in the Matrix Language (ML). Data from PG collected in the 1940s, as compared with data collected in the late 1970s and 1980s, indicate that an ML turnover is underway in the sectarian communities; the language can be characterized as having a composite ML. The primary features of convergence in these data are English lexical-conceptual structures in the tense system, English morphological realization patterns in verb phrases, and the increased syntactization of word order in PG. There is only weak evidence for the introduction of English system morphemes at this stage. The loss of case-marking does not conform to English patterns; this indicates that much of the influence of language contact occurs at the lexical-conceptual level. (Pennsylvania German, convergence, Matrix Language Frame Model, code-switching, borrowing, language contact)

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