Physiological changes and acetylcholinesterase activity in the cladoceran Moina macrocopa (Straus, 1820) exposed to mercury and sodium dodecyl sulfate

Crustaceana ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 87 (14) ◽  
pp. 1678-1690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Wang ◽  
Na Liu ◽  
Jin-Xiang Wang ◽  
Yu-Long Wu ◽  
Lan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Ache Activity ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Aquatic Systems ◽  
Ache Inhibition ◽  
Moina Macrocopa ◽  
Aquatic Pollutants ◽  
High Concentrations

Mercury is one of the most deleterious heavy metals in aquatic systems. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) is a common surfactant, which may reach relatively high concentrations in aquatic systems. In the present study, water fleas (Moina macrocopa (Straus, 1820)) were exposed to different mercury and SDS concentrations for 24 and 48 h to examine the toxic effect of the two reagents on heart rate, body size and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The 24 h and 48 h LC50 values were 4.93 and 3.51 μg/l for mercury, and 12.74 and 4.55 mg/l for SDS, respectively. Increased heart rate was observed in water fleas treated with 1.5 and 2.0 μg/l mercury for 24 h and 48 h, suggesting that the animals were stressed. The size of water fleas decreased with increasing mercury concentration. An increase in SDS concentration and exposure time had a negative impact on the heart rate and size of the water fleas. A pronounced inhibition of AChE activity was observed in water fleas exposed to mercury and SDS concurrently. However, the AChE inhibition level was different between mercury and SDS, which may be inferred by different pollutants. Although mercury and SDS have different modes of action, the relation between decrease of physiological parameters and AChE inhibition were relatively close for these two compounds. We conclude that measurements of AChE activity can be used as a biomarker for different aquatic pollutants.

scholarly journals 17Α-METHYLTESTOSTERONE (ANABOLIC ANDROGENIC STEROIDS) ALTERS ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ENZYME ACTIVITY IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BRAIN IN FEMALE MICE, MUS MUSCULUS

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 410
Author(s):  
Sachin B Patil ◽  
Laxmi S Inamdar
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Ache Activity ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Anabolic Androgenic Steroids ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Neuronal Transmission ◽  
Androgenic Steroids ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Parts

Aim: Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone. Androgens and anabolic steroids have been used for therapeutic purpose with few exceptions. However, the abuse of AAS is a remarkably prevalent problem, particularly among athletes and adolescents. Supraphysiological doses of AAS exert profound effects on mental state and behaviors such as depression, anxiety, aggressiveness, and cognitive deterioration.Objective: In the present investigation, we studied the impact of one of the AAS compounds, i.e., 17α-methyltestosterone on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity in different brain parts of mice, namely, forebrain, hippocampus, midbrain, and hindbrain.Methods: The adult female mice were assigned to four experimental groups to which different doses of 17α-MT (0.5, 5.0 and 7.5 mg/kg bwt, respectively) were administrated s.c. for 30 days. A significant increase in AChE activity in forebrain and midbrain (low and medium dose treatment) suggests a reduction of cholinergic neurotransmission efficiency due to decrease in acetylcholine levels in trans-synaptic cleft. Further, concurrent reduction in AChE activity was observed in whole brain, hippocampus, and hindbrain of 17α-MT-treated mice suggests the impairment in neuronal transmission. Since the regulation of cholinergic system through acetylcholine hydrolysis has been largely attributed to AChE activity, a significant reduction in its activity may lead to stress-related anxiety, memory loss with some cognitive and behavioral aspects in the mice.Conclusion: Based on the observed results, we propose that 17α-MT, an alkylated steroid compound, has a negative impact on AChE enzyme activity in different parts of mice brain, leading to impairment in neuronal transmission.

scholarly journals The Toxic Effect of Manganese on the Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Rat Brains

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahid Yousefi Babadi ◽  
Leila Sadeghi ◽  
Kobra Shirani ◽  
Ali Akbar Malekirad ◽  
Mohammad Rezaei
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Ache Activity ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Chronic Dose ◽  
Essential Nutrient ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Chronic Doses ◽  
Dose Dependent

Manganese (Mn) is a naturally occurring element and an essential nutrient for humans and animals. However, exposure to high levels of Mn may cause neurotoxic effects. Accumulation of manganese damages central nervous system and causes Parkinson’s disease-like syndrome called manganism. Mn neurotoxicity has been suggested to involve an imbalance between the DAergic and cholinergic systems. The pathological mechanisms associated with Mn neurotoxicity are poorly understood, but several reports have established it is mediated by changing of AChE activity that resulted in oxidative stress. Therefore we focused the effect of Mn in AChE activity in the rat’s brain by MnCl2injection intraperitoneally and analyzed their brains after time intervals. This study used different acute doses in short time course and different chronic doses at different exposing time to investigate which of them (exposing dose or time) is more important in Mn toxic effect. Results showed toxic effect of Mn is highly dose dependent and AChE activity in presence of chronic dose in 8 weeks reaches acute dose in only 2 days.

Evaluation of acetylcholinesterase activity and behavioural alterations induced by ketamine in an animal model of schizophrenia

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra I. Zugno ◽  
Maria Paula Matos ◽  
Leila Canever ◽  
Daiane B. Fraga ◽  
Renata D. De Luca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Cholinergic System ◽  
Ache Activity ◽  
Cognitive Deficit ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Inhibitory Avoidance ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Chronic Effects ◽  
Behavioural Tests

ObjectiveCognitive deficits in schizophrenia play a crucial role in its clinical manifestation and seem to be related to changes in the cholinergic system, specifically the action of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Considering this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the chronic effects of ketamine in the activity of AChE, as well as in behavioural parameters involving learning and memory.MethodsThe ketamine was administered for 7 days. A duration of 24 h after the last injection, the animals were submitted to behavioural tests. The activity of AChE in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum was measured at different times after the last injection (1, 3, 6 and 24 h).ResultsThe results indicate that ketamine did not affect locomotor activity and stereotypical movements. However, a cognitive deficit was observed in these animals by examining their behaviour in inhibitory avoidance. In addition, an increase in AChE activity was observed in all structures analysed 1, 3 and 6 h after the last injection. Differently, serum activity of AChE was similar between groups.ConclusionChronic administration of ketamine in an animal model of schizophrenia generates increased AChE levels in different brain tissues of rats that lead to cognitive deficits. Therefore, further studies are needed to elucidate the complex mechanisms associated with schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Formation and characterization of acid mine drainage in the Madzharovo ore field, Southeastern Bulgaria

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
Svetlana Bratkova
Keyword(s):  
Acid Mine Drainage ◽  
Mine Drainage ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Sulfide Minerals ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Acid Mine ◽  
Zinc Cadmium ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Cadmium Lead ◽  
The Impact

The formation of acid mine drainage (AMD) is a serious environmental problem in areas with mining and processing industries worldwide. Their generation is associated with chemical and biological processes of oxidation of sulfide minerals, mainly pyrite. Sources of AMD can be deposits of sulfide minerals and coal with a high content of pyrite sulfur, mining waste and some tailings. The impact of AMD on surface and groundwater in mining areas continues for decades after the cessation of extraction. An example of the negative impact of generated acid mine drainage on the state of surface waters is in the region of Madzharovo. Years after the cessation of mining, the waters at the discharge points "Momina Skala", "Harman Kaya" and "Pandak Dere" are characterized by low pH values and high concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and manganese.

scholarly journals Enhancing the Lubricity of Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) Paraffinic Kerosene: Impact of the Additives on the Physicochemical Properties

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hani Ababnah ◽  
Nasr Mohamed ◽  
Hanif Choudhury ◽  
Lei Lei Zhang ◽  
Rafiqul Gani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Ethyl Oleate ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
Wear Scar Diameter ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Fuel Jet ◽  
High Concentrations

Abstract Synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK) is an ultra-clean fuel with low aromatic content and negligible quantities of sulfur compounds . Although, SPK has a good potential to replace the conventional fuel Jet A-1 , it also has some deficiencies. One of them is the low lubricity compared to its conventional counterpart Jet A-1. To improve the lubricity of SPK, three selected additives have been mixed with SPK at different concentrations. The lubricity of the samples was determined experimentally and the samples that meet the industry specifications have been studied further. The effect of the additives on the physicochemical properties, such as, density, flash point, freezing point, viscosity, and heat content, were investigated. Linoleic acid was found to be an excellent lubricity improver even at a very low concentration and its negative impact on the other physicochemical properties was found to be insignificant. Ethyl oleate also demonstrated significant improvement in lubricity at low concentrations but had a negative impact on the fuel’s freezing point at high concentrations. Quinoline, at high concentrations, elevated the blend’s freezing point above the acceptable limits. In parallel to the experimental campaign, a pre-existing mathematical modelling tool was utilized to predict the properties of interest. The lubricity model was successfully introduced into the mathematical model in order to improve the capabilities of the model. Linoleic acid sample showed the best improvement in lubricity of SPK with wear scar diameter of 4 17 μm; well below the ASTM D7566 maximum limit of 850µm. The dual nature of this study facilitated the optimization of the physicochemical properties of the fuel samples.

The Pharmacological Profile of the Acetylcholine Response of a Crustacean Muscle

1980 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-160
Author(s):  
EVE MARDER ◽  
DANIÈLE PAUPARDIN-TRITSCH
Keyword(s):  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Gastric Mill ◽  
Muscarinic Agonists ◽  
Pharmacological Profile ◽  
Cancer Borealis ◽  
Cancer Irroratus ◽  
Pharmacological Analysis ◽  
Crustacean Muscle ◽  
Cancer Pagurus ◽  
High Concentrations

A pharmacological analysis was made of the depolarizing acetylcholine (ACh) response found on the gastric mill 1 muscles of the crabs Cancer pagurus, Cancer irroratus and Cancer borealis. Acetylcholine, carbamylcholine, trimethylammonium, nicotine, and dimethyl-4-phenyl-piperazinium were effective in producing contractures and depolarizations in these muscles. No response to decamethonium, suberyldicholine, acetyl-β-methylcholine, carbamyl-β-methylcholine, pilocarpine and oxotremorine could be detected. High concentrations of muscarinic agonists (10−4 to 10−3 M) potentiated and prolonged the ACh iontophoretic response. When the acetylcholinesterase activity was inhibited with neostigmine, or when the response was elicited with carbamylcholine, muscarinic agonists partially inhibited the response. ACh responses were most effectively blocked by vertebrate nicotinic ganglionic antagonists, including dihydro-β-erythroidine, pempidine, and mecamylamine. α-Bungarotoxin was without effect on the ACh response.

scholarly journals Systematic Comparison of the Effect of Four Clinical-Grade Platelet Rich Hemoderivatives on Osteoblast Behaviour

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
pp. 6243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tulio Fernández-Medina ◽  
Cedryck Vaquette ◽  
Sašo Ivanovski
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Clinical Grade ◽  
Platelet Recovery ◽  
Migration Assay ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Clinical Considerations ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
And Migration

Hemoderivatives have utilized in an empirical manner, driven by clinical considerations, leading to the development of a plethora of manufacturing protocols. The purpose of this study was to investigate the composition and bioactivity of four common clinical-grade hemoderivates prepared using standardised methods. Four different hemoderivatives were obtained from sheep blood and divided into two groups: A-PRF/i-PRF (fresh) and P-PRP/L-PRP (anticoagulated). Thrombus (CLOT) was used as a control. Thrombocyte quantification, growth factor composition (IGF-I, VEGF, PDGF-BB, BMP-2), cell viability, migration and mineralization assay were evaluated. Platelet recovery was superior for L-PRP followed by P-PRP. A significant cumulative release of IGF-I and PDGF-BB was noted for A-PRF and L-PRP groups at early time points. Similar release profiles of BMP-2 and VEGF were noted in all protocols. Cell viability and migration assay have demonstrated a detrimental effect when the concentration was ≥60%. Moreover, at Day 21, i-PRF have demonstrated superior mineralisation properties when compared to all groups. A negative impact of A-PRF was demonstrated at high concentrations. Despite its low content in growth factors, i-PRF was the best performing blood product for inducing osteoblast mineralisation, and therefore could be the candidate of choice for utilisation in bone tissue engineering applications.

scholarly journals Mechanism of neutrophil chemiluminescence induced by wheat germ agglutinin: partial characterization of the antigens recognized by wheat germ agglutinin

Blood ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 1094-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Ozaki ◽  
J Iwata ◽  
T Ohashi
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Wheat Germ Agglutinin ◽  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Submaxillary Gland ◽  
Binding Property ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Acetylneuraminic Acid ◽  
Cell Extracts ◽  
High Concentrations

Abstract Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) stimulated neutrophils to produce significant levels of luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (CL). Since WGA is known to bind N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) oligomers and N- acetylneuraminic acid (NANA), we attempted to determine which binding property of WGA is essential for induction of CL. The succinylated form of WGA (SuWGA), which is no longer able to bind NANA, was still able to induce CL. N-Acetylglucosamine at a concentration of 20 mmol/L almost completely inhibited WGA-induced CL production by neutrophils, whereas bovine submaxillary gland mucin, a potent blocker of NANA binding of WGA, failed to inhibit CL production. Lectins with the GlcNAc-binding property were examined for their ability to induce CL. Those that have higher valences and have a tendency to bind GlcNAc oligomers in the internal portion of glycoconjugates were able to induce CL, whereas those that have low valences and bind terminal GlcNAc of glycoconjugates failed to induce CL even at high concentrations. Attempts were made to characterize the neutrophil membrane proteins recognized by WGA. Glycoproteins with a molecular weight of 25,000 daltons were identified by a 50 mmol/L GlcNAc elution of WGA gels loaded with 125I-labeled neutrophil membrane proteins. Elution with 500 mumol/L GlcNAc trimer produced several glycoproteins of different molecular weights in addition to the glycoproteins of 25,000 daltons. 125I-labeled WGA and SuWGA were used for autoradiographic analysis of cell extracts of the neutrophils separated on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. WGA recognized multiple glycoproteins of different molecular weights, whereas SuWGA bound only a few of them. Glycoproteins of 25,000 daltons, probably corresponding to those identified by 50 mmol/L GlcNAc elution, were also recognized.

scholarly journals Response of Cladocera Fauna to Heavy Metal Pollution, Based on Sediments from Subsidence Ponds Downstream of a Mine Discharge (S. Poland)

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Pociecha ◽  
Agata Z. Wojtal ◽  
Ewa Szarek-Gwiazda ◽  
Anna Cieplok ◽  
Dariusz Ciszewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Exchange ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Aquatic Systems ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Alona Affinis ◽  
Mine Discharge ◽  
Invertebrate Assemblages ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
S Poland

Mining is recognized to deeply influence invertebrate assemblages in aquatic systems, but different invertebrates respond in different ways to mining cessation. Here, we document the response of the cladoceran assemblage of the Chechło river, S. Poland (southern Poland) to the cessation of Pb-Zn ore mining. The aquatic system includes the river and associated subsidence ponds in the valley. Some ponds were contaminated during the period of mining, which ceased in 2009, while one of the ponds only appeared after mining had stopped. We used Cladocera to reveal how the cessation of mine water discharge reflected on the structure and density of organisms. A total of 20 Cladocera taxa were identified in the sediment of subsidence ponds. Their density ranged from 0 to 109 ind./1 cm3. The concentrations of Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb were much higher in sediments of the ponds formed during peak mining than in the ponds formed after the closure of the mine. Statistical analysis (CCA) showed that Alonella nana, Alona affinis, Alona sp. and Pleuroxus sp. strongly correlated with pond age and did not tolerate high concentrations of heavy metals (Cu and Cd). This analysis indicated that the rate of water exchange by the river flow and the presence of aquatic plants, affect species composition more than pond age itself.

scholarly journals Biomarker Effects in Carassius auratus Exposure to Ofloxacin, Sulfamethoxazole and Ibuprofen

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofan Yang ◽  
Xiaoping Xu ◽  
Xueyu Wei ◽  
Jie Wan ◽  
Yu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Ache Activity ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Crucian Carp ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Adverse Impacts ◽  
The Brain

Ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole and ibuprofen are three commonly used drugs which can be detected in aquatic environments. To assess their ecotoxicity, the effects of these three pharmaceuticals and their mixture on AChE (acetylcholinesterase) activity in the brain, and EROD (7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase) and SOD (superoxide dismutase) activities in the liver of the freshwater crucian carp Carassius auratus were tested after exposure for 1, 2, 4 and 7 days. The results showed that treatments with 0.002–0.01 mg/L ofloxacin and 0.0008–0.004 mg/L sulfamethoxazole did not significantly change AChE, EROD and SOD activities. AChE activity was significantly inhibited in response to treatment with >0.05mg/L ofloxacin and >0.02 mg/L sulfamethoxazole. All three biomarkers were induced significantly in treatments with ibuprofen and the mixture of the three pharmaceuticals at all the tested concentrations. The combined effects of ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole and ibuprofen were compared with their isolated effects on the three biomarkers, and the results indicated that exposure to ibuprofen and the mixture at environmentally relevant concentrations could trigger adverse impacts on Carassius auratus. The hazard quotient (HQ) index also demonstrated a high risk for ibuprofen. Moreover, the present study showed that the effects of ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole and ibuprofen might be additive on the physiological indices of Carassius auratus.

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