Identification and characterization of apoptosis regulator Bax involved in air-exposure stress of the mud crab, Scylla Paramamosain Estampador, 1949

Crustaceana ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 90 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1373-1390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Bin Gu ◽  
Yi-Lian Zhou ◽  
Dan-Dan Tu ◽  
Zhong-Kai Zhou ◽  
Qi-Hui Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Apoptosis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Scylla Paramamosain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mud Crab ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Air Exposure ◽  
Significant Difference

The mud crab, Scylla paramamosain Estampador, 1949, is a widely farmed commercial species in the South-East coastal areas of China. The crabs are captured and placed in a water-free container for further transportation. The long-time air exposure makes the crabs suffer from oxidative stress, triggering cell apoptosis and leading to the crab’s death. In this study, the homologue of the apoptosis regulator BAX was firstly identified in S. paramamosain and named as SpBAX. The coding region of SpBAX yielded a polypeptide of 278 amino acids, consisting of the defining motif of the BAXs family including Bcl-2 homologous BH1, BH2, BH3 regions and a transmembrane (TM) domain. Subcellular prediction suggested that SpBAX was located in the cytoplasm. The three-dimensional structure showed that SpBAX contained 8 helical regions. Two central α-helices (α5 and α6) flanked on one side by α3 and α4, and on the other side by α1, α2 and α7, which showed the same structure as BAXs in mammals. The highest expression level of SpBAX was detected in hepatopancreas tissue. The expression level of SpBAX was up-regulated in 12 h in hepatopancreas and in 24 h in haemocytes after air exposure. Meanwhile, a flow cytometry assay revealed that the proportion of apoptotic haemocytes exceeded 65% after air exposure for 36 h, showing a significant difference with the control group. These results indicated that the cloned SpBAX might be involved in the response to air exposure stress by causing cell apoptosis. This study may thus be helpful to clarify the mechanisms of the air-exposure stress response in the mud crab.

scholarly journals MiR-206 regulates the progression of osteoporosis via targeting HDAC4

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyuan Lu ◽  
Dawei Wang ◽  
Xuming Wang ◽  
Jilong Zou ◽  
Jiabing Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Cell Apoptosis ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Luciferase Reporter Gene ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Gene Assay

Abstract Background More and more studies have confirmed that miRNAs play an important role in maintaining bone remodeling and bone metabolism. This study investigated the expression level of miR-206 in the serum of osteoporosis (OP) patients and explored the effect and mechanism of miR-206 on the occurrence and development of osteoporosis. Methods 120 postmenopausal women were recruited, including 63 cases with OP and 57 women without OP. The levels of miR-206 were determined by qRT-PCR technology. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation of miR-206 with bone mineral density (BMD). An ROC curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of miR-206 in osteoporosis. The effects of miR-206 on cell proliferation and cell apoptosis of hFOBs were measured by CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Luciferase reporter gene assay was used to confirm the interaction of miR-206 and the 3′UTR of HDAC4. Results Serum miR-206 had low expression level in osteoporosis patient group compared with control group. The expression level of serum miR-206 had diagnostic value for osteoporosis, and the serum miR-206 levels were positively correlated with BMD. The down-regulated miR-206 could inhibit cell proliferation and promote cell apoptosis. Luciferase analysis indicated that HDAC4 was the target gene of miR-206. Conclusions MiR-206 could be used as a new potential diagnostic biomarker for osteoporosis, and in in vitro cell experiments, miR-206 may regulate osteoblast cell proliferation and apoptosis by targeting HDAC4.

scholarly journals Effects of L-655,708 on expression changes of GABA, glutamate, and beta-endorphin induced by propofol anesthesia in rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 205873921879670
Author(s):  
Jin Wang ◽  
Xinyi Li ◽  
Huisheng Wu ◽  
Jianjuan Ke ◽  
Zongze Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dentate Gyrus ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Sham Group ◽  
Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Beta Endorphin ◽  
Anesthetized Rats ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dentate Gyrus Region

Anesthetics are considered to be one of the important inducing factors of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). The hippocampal region of the rat is one of the action sites of general anesthesia drugs. L 655,708, a reverse agonist of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, can significantly improve short-term memory dysfunction in mice after anesthetized with isoflurane. So the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of L-655,708 on expression of GABA, glutamate (GLU), and beta-endorphin (β-EP) in the dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus and cognition of rats anesthetized with propofol. In all, 30 male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were randomly allocated into the control group, sham group, and L-655,708 group, with 10 in each group. The cognitive function of rats was measured by Morris water maze before and 1 h after administration. Then the rats were sacrificed for brain tissues. Immunohistochemistry was used to study the expression of GABA, GLU, and β-EP in the hippocampus of anesthetized rats in each group. Compared with the control group, the latency of the sham group and L-655,708 group were significantly prolonged after administration ( P < 0.05). However, L-655,708 could shorten the prolonged latency ( P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in times of accessing original platform area between the three groups before and after medication ( P > 0.05). The expression level of GABA in the dentate gyrus region of hippocampus of rats in the sham group was significantly higher than that in the control group ( P < 0.05), while the expression level in the L-655,708 group was significantly lower than that in the sham group ( P < 0.05). No significant difference was found in the expression of GLU in the dentate gyrus region of hippocampus of rats in each group ( P > 0.05). Compared with the control group, the expression of β-EP was significantly lower in the dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus of sham group rats ( P < 0.05). However, the expression of β-EP in the L-655,708 group was significantly higher than that in the sham group ( P < 0.05). Cognitive dysfunction in rats anesthetized with propofol may be related to high expression of GABA and low expression of β-EP in the hippocampus. The mechanism of L-655,708 in reducing the cognitive impairment in propofol anesthetized rats may be bound up with down-regulating the expression of GABA and increasing the expression of β-EP in the hippocampus.

scholarly journals 1187 Evaluation of left and right ventricular functions with 3D speckle tracking in patients with mitral stenosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
O Seckin ◽  
S Unlu ◽  
G Tacoy
Keyword(s):  
Right Ventricular ◽  
Mitral Stenosis ◽  
Speckle Tracking ◽  
Longitudinal Strain ◽  
Global Longitudinal Strain ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Free Wall ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background The function of both ventricles have been suggested to be affected in patients with mitral stenosis. In this study, it was aimed to investigate deformation properties of right (RV) and left ventricles (LV) in mild and moderate rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS) patients with three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (3D-STE). Methods A total of 60 patients were included in the study (20 patients with mild MS diagnosis, 20 patients with moderate MS diagnosis and 20 healthy volunteers). Three-dimensional echocardiography datasets were obtained for both ventricles in all patients. An example for RV assessment is shown in Figure 1. LV global longitudinal strain (GLS), LV torsion, RV free wall (FW) LS and interventricular septal (IVS) LS measurements were analyzed. Results The LV ejection fraction (EF), RV fractional area change and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion values were statistically similar and in the normal range. The LV GLS measurements were significantly different among the groups by being highest in the control group and least in the moderate stenosis group (ANOVA,p &lt; 0.001) (Table 1). Patients with MS showed higher torsional values, correlated with MS severity (ANOVA,p &lt; 0.001) (Table 1). IVS LS, RVFW LS values obtained by RV analysis also differed significantly among groups. The FW-GLS values only showed significant difference between the control group and moderate MS group (Table 1). Conclusion Patients with mitral stenosis showed lower LV-GLS and higher LV torsion values. Although the LV GLS is affected; the LV EF was detected to be normal due to increase in LV torsion. RV deformation indices showed signıficant decrease in correlation with the severity of the mitral stenosis. In conclusion, our data suggest that subclinical LV and RV systolic dysfunction is present in mild-moderate MS patients and this dysfunction can be detected by 3D-STE. Table 1 Parameters Control group Mild MS Moderate MS P LV GLS (%) 23.3 ± 2.08 18.9 ± 1.3 17.5 ± 1.8 &lt;0.001 LV torsion 1.5 ± 0.6 2.1 ± 0.6 2.6 ± 0.5 &lt;0.001 IVS LS (%) 23 ± 3.0% 20 ± 2.6 17.1 ± 2.9 &lt;0.001 RV FW LS (%) 25.4 ± 5 22.7 ± 3.2 21.1 ± 4.8 &lt;0.001 FW; free-wall, GLS; global longitudinal strain, IVS; interventricular septum, LV; left ventricular, RV; right ventricular Abstract 1187 Figure 1

Hemoglobin Biosynthesis in Vitreoscilla stercoraria DW: Cloning, Expression, and Characterization of a New Homolog of a Bacterial Globin Gene

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 2220-2228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meenal Joshi ◽  
Shekhar Mande ◽  
Kanak L. Dikshit
Keyword(s):  
Globin Gene ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Binding Pocket ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Strictly Aerobic ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Oxygen Control ◽  
Constitutive Production

ABSTRACT In the strictly aerobic, gram-negative bacteriumVitreoscilla strain C1, oxygen-limited growth conditions create a more than 50-fold increase in the expression of a homodimeric heme protein which was recognized as the first bacterial hemoglobin (Hb). The recently determined crystal structure ofVitreoscilla Hb has indicated that the heme pocket of microbial globins differs from that of eukaryotic Hbs. In an attempt to understand the diverse functions of Hb-like proteins in prokaryotes, we have cloned and characterized the gene (vgb) encoding an Hb-like protein from another strain of Vitreoscilla,V. stercoraria DW. Several silent changes were observed within the coding region of the V. stercoraria vgb gene. Apart from that, V. stercoraria Hb exhibited interesting differences between the A and E helices. Compared to its Hb counterpart from Vitreoscilla strain C1, the purified preparation ofV. stercoraria Hb displays a slower autooxidation rate. The differences between Vitreoscilla Hb and V. stercoraria Hb were mapped onto the three-dimensional structure of Vitreoscilla Hb, which indicated that the four changes, namely, Ile7Val, Ile9Thr, Ile10Ser, and Leu62Val, present within theV. stercoraria Hb fall in the region where the A and E helices contact each other. Therefore, alteration in the relative orientation of the A and E helices and the corresponding conformational change in the heme binding pocket of V. stercoraria Hb can be correlated to its slower autooxidation rate. In sharp contrast to the oxygen-regulated biosynthesis of Hb in Vitreoscillastrain C1, production of Hb in V. stercoraria has been found to be low and independent of oxygen control, which is supported by the absence of a fumarate and nitrate reductase regulator box within the V. stercoraria vgb promoter region. Thus, the regulation mechanisms of the Hb-encoding gene appear to be quite different in the two closely related species ofVitreoscilla. The relatively slower autooxidation rate ofV. stercoraria Hb, lack of oxygen sensitivity, and constitutive production of Hb suggest that it may have some other function(s) in the cellular physiology of V. stercorariaDW, together with facilitated oxygen transport, predicted for earlier reported Vitreoscilla Hb.

Effect of personalized wrist orthosis for wrist pain with three-dimensional scanning and printing technique: A preliminary, randomized, controlled, open-label study

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 636-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Jun Kim ◽  
Sung Jae Kim ◽  
Yong Ho Cha ◽  
Keun Ho Lee ◽  
Jeong-Yi Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Hand Function ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Wrist Pain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Open Label Study ◽  
Label Study ◽  
High Satisfaction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Experimental Group

Background: Three-dimensional printer technology can produce the personalized orthosis in various forms. Objective: To develop a personalized wrist orthosis using a three-dimensional scanner and three-dimensional printer for patients with wrist pain. Study design: A preliminary, prospective, randomized, open-label study. Methods: A total of 22 patients with wrist pain were randomly assigned to the control and experimental groups. The control group wore a cock-up orthosis and the experimental group wore a three-dimensional-printed wrist orthosis for 1 week. The Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation, Jebsen Hand Function Test, and Orthotics and Prosthetics Users’ Survey were checked before and 1 week after the application. Results: The Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation showed significant pain relief in both groups. Two items of the 28 Orthotics and Prosthetics Users’ Survey questions, “Put toothpaste on brush and brush teeth” and “Dial a touch tone phone,” showed high satisfaction scores, with statistically significant difference in the experimental group ( p = 0.036 and 0.004). Conclusion: The three-dimensional-printed wrist orthosis was superior to the cock-up orthosis for two items of the Orthotics and Prosthetics Users’ Survey. Wrist pain was reduced in the group wearing the three-dimensional-printed wrist orthosis as well as the group wearing the cock-up orthosis, so the three-dimensional-printed wrist orthosis could possibly play the same role as the cock-up orthosis. Clinical relevance A three-dimensional-printed wrist orthosis can be a substitute for a conventional ready-made wrist orthosis for patients with wrist pain with more satisfaction.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Quantum Berbantuan Media Tiga Dimensi Terhadap Hasil Belajar IPA

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 184
Author(s):  
Ni Komang Winda ◽  
I Ketut Dibia ◽  
I K Sudarma
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Science Learning ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fifth Grade Students ◽  
Quantum Learning ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Academic Year

This research aimed at finding out the significant difference of science learning outcomes among the group of students who were taught by Quantum learning model aided three dimensional media and the group of students who were taught by conventional learning model on fifth grade students at Cluster I Sukasada Sub-district, Buleleng Regency in Academic Year 2017/2018. This research was a quasi-experimental research with the non-equivalent post-test only control group design. The population of this research was the entire fifth grade students at Cluster I Sukasada Sub-district, Buleleng Regency in Academic Year 2017/2018 which amounted to 175 people. The sample of this research was fifth grade students of SD Negeri 2 Wanagiri which was selected as the experimental group and fifth grade students of SD Negeri 2 Wanagiri which was selected as the control group. The obtained data were analyzed by using descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistical analysis. The result of this research showed there was a significant difference of science learning outcomes among the group of students who were taught by Quantum learning model-aided three-dimensional media and the group of students who were taught by conventional learning model on fifth grade students at Cluster I Sukasada Sub-district, Buleleng Regency in Academic Year 2017/2018. Therefore, it can be concluded that Quantum learning model aided three dimensional media has a positive effect on fifth grade students’ learning outcomes at Cluster I Sukasada Sub-district Buleleng Regency in Academic Year 2017/2018

scholarly journals Three-dimensional volumetric evaluation of the different mandibular segments using CBCT in patients affected by juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Cavagnetto ◽  
Andrea Abate ◽  
Alberto Caprioglio ◽  
Paolo Cressoni ◽  
Cinzia Maspero
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Unaffected Side ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Affected Side ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background There is currently no information on how different mandibular segments are affected by juvenile idiopathic arthritis. The aim of this paper is to assess volumetric differences of different mandibular segments in subjects with unilateral and bilateral JIA and to compare them with non-JIA control volumes. Materials and methods Forty subjects with unilateral TMJ involvement and 48 with bilateral TMJ involvement were selected for the case group and 45 subjects with no known rheumatic comorbidities for the control group. The mandible of each subject was divided according to a validated method into different paired volumes (hemimandible, condyle, ramus and hemibody). Results The ANOVA test revealed a statistically significant difference in all the groups for condylar and ramus volumes, and the pairwise comparison evidenced a statistically significant higher condylar and ramus volume in the control group (1444.47 mm3; 5715.44 mm3) than in the affected side in the unilateral JIA group (929.46 mm3; 4776.31 mm3) and the bilateral JIA group (1068.54 mm3; 5715.44 mm3). Moreover, there was also a higher condylar volume in the unaffected side in the unilateral JIA group (1419.39 mm3; 5566.24 mm3) than in the bilateral JIA group and the affected side in the unilateral JIA group. Conclusions The affected side of unilateral JIA patients showed statistically significant lower volumes in the hemimandible, in the condyle and in the ramus. The largest total mandibular volume was observed in the control group, followed by the unilateral JIA group and, lastly, by the bilateral JIA group.

scholarly journals Two Pathogenic Gene Mutations Identified Associating with Congenital Cataract and Iris Coloboma Respectively in a Chinese Family

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Bin Li ◽  
Bin Lu ◽  
Xuewen Guo ◽  
Shenghui Hu ◽  
Guihu Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Cataract ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Chinese Family ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Three Dimensional Structure ◽  
Han Ethnicity ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Impact

Purpose. To screen out pathogenic genes in a Chinese family with congenital cataract and iris coloboma. Material and Methods. A three-generation family with congenital cataract and iris coloboma from a Han ethnicity was recruited. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples collected from all individuals in the family. Whole exon sequencing was employed for screening the disease-causing gene mutations in the proband, and Sanger sequencing was used for other members of the family and a control group of 500 healthy individuals. Bioinformatics analysis and three-dimensional structure predictions were used to predict the impact of amino acid changes on protein structure and function. Results. The candidate genes of cataract and iris coloboma were successfully screened out. A heterozygote mutation, CRYGD c.70C>A (p.P24T), was identified as cosegregating with congenital cataracts, while another heterozygous mutation, WFS1 c.1514G>C (p.C505S), which had not been reported previously, cosegregated with congenital iris coloboma. Bioinformatic analyses and three-dimensional structure prediction proved that the three-dimensional structures of WFS1 p.C505S and CRYGD p.P24T changed markedly and may contribute significantly to iris coloboma and congenital cataract, respectively. Conclusions. We report a novel mutation, WFS1 p.C505S, and a known mutation, CRYGD p.P24T, that cosegregate with iris coloboma and congenital cataract, respectively, in a Chinese family. This is the first time the association of WFS1 p.C505S with iris coloboma has been demonstrated, although CRYGD p.P24T has been widely reported as being associated with congenital cataract, especially in the Eastern Asian population. These findings may have future therapeutic benefit for the diagnosis of iris coloboma and congenital cataract. The results may also be relevant in further studies aiming to investigate the molecular pathogenesis of iris coloboma and congenital cataract.

scholarly journals The severity of developmental dysplasia of the hip does not correlate with the abnormality in pelvic incidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongshan Cheng ◽  
Muyin Huang ◽  
Willem Alexander Kernkamp ◽  
Huiwu Li ◽  
Zhenan Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pelvic Incidence ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Developmental Dysplasia ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Computed Tomography Images ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dysplasia Of The Hip

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the severity of Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) and the abnormality in pelvic incidence (PI). Methods This was a retrospective study analyzing 53 DDH patients and 53 non-DDH age-matched controls. Computed tomography images were used to construct three-dimensional pelvic model. The Crowe classification was used to classify the severity of DDH. The midpoint of the femoral head centers and sacral endplates were projected to the sagittal plane of the pelvis. The PI was defined as the angle between a line perpendicular to the sacral plate at its midpoint and a line connecting this point to the axis of the femoral heads. Independent sample t-tests were used to compare the differences between the PI of DDH group and the non-DDH controls group. Kendall’s coefficient of concordance was used to determine the correlation between the severity of DDH and PI. Results Patients with DDH had a significantly (p = 0.041) higher PI than the non-DDH controls (DDH 47.6 ± 8.2°, normal 44.2 ± 8.8°). Crowe type I patients had a significantly (p = 0.038) higher PI (48.2 ± 7.6°) than the non-DDH controls. No significant difference between the PI in Crowe type II or III patients and the PI in non-DDH controls were found (Crowe type II, 50.2 ± 9.6°, p = 0.073; Crowe type III, 43.8 ± 7.2°, p = 0.930). No correlation was found between the severity of DDH and the PI (r = 0.091, p = 0.222). Conclusions No correlation was found between the severity of DDH and the PI. The study confirmed that the PI in DDH (Crowe type I) group was higher than that of the non-DDH control group, while the PI does not correlate with the severity of DDH.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional ultrasound evaluation of tongue posture and its impact on articulation disorders in preschool children with anterior open bite

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-256
Author(s):  
Sanda Lah Kravanja ◽  
Irena Hocevar-Boltezar ◽  
Maja Marolt Music ◽  
Ana Jarc ◽  
Ivan Verdenik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Open Bite ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Odds Ratios ◽  
Functional Diagnostics ◽  
Anterior Open Bite ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Articulation Disorders

Abstract Background Tongue posture plays an important role in the etiology of anterior open bite (AOB) and articulation disorders, and is crucial for AOB treatment planning and posttreatment stability. Clinical assessment of tongue posture in children is unreliable due to anatomical limitations. The aim of the study was to present functional diagnostics using three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) assessment of resting tongue posture in comparison to clinical assessment, and the associations between the improper tongue posture, otorhinolaryngological characteristics, and articulation disorders in preschool children with AOB. Patients and methods A cross-sectional study included 446 children, aged 3–7 years, 236 boys and 210 girls, examined by an orthodontist to detect the prevalence of AOB. The AOB was present in 32 children. The control group consisted of 43 children randomly selected from the participants with normocclusion. An orthodontist, an ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist and a speech therapist assessed orofacial and ENT conditions, oral habits, and articulation disorders in the AOB group and control group. Tongue posture was also assessed by an experienced radiologist, using 3DUS. The 3DUS assessment of tongue posture was compared to the clinical assessment of orthodontist and ENT specialist. Results The prevalence of AOB was 7.2%. The AOB group and the control group significantly differed regarding improper tongue posture (p < 0.001), and articulation disorders (p < 0.001). In children without articulation disorders from both groups, the improper tongue posture occured less frequently than in children with articulation disorders (p < 0.001). After age adjustment, a statistical regression model showed that the children with the improper tongue posture had higher odds ratios for the presence of AOB (OR 14.63; p < 0.001) than the others. When articulation disorders were included in the model, these odds ratios for the AOB became insignificant (p = 0.177). There was a strong association between the improper tongue posture and articulation disorders (p = 0.002). The 3DUS detected the highest number of children with improper resting tongue posture, though there was no significant difference between the 3DUS and clinical assessments done by orthodontist and ENT specialist. Conclusions The 3DUS has proved to be an objective, non-invasive, radiation free method for the assessment of tongue posture and could become an important tool in functional diagnostics and early rehabilitation in preschool children with speech irregularities and irregular tongue posture and malocclusion in order to enable optimal conditions for articulation development.

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