scholarly journals The choice of external morphological characters and developmental stages for tadpole-based anuran taxonomy: a case study in Rana (Sylvirana) nigrovittata (Blyth, 1855) (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae)

2005 ◽  
Vol 74 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 61-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Grosjean
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morphometric Character ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Character Variation ◽  
Interspecific Comparisons

The morphology of tadpoles has long received too little attention in taxonomic and phylogenetic contexts, beyond the use of Orton’s general tadpole types, despite the potential of larval characters for resolving problems in systematics. A possible explanation for this neglect is the ontogenetic variation of external morphology. In order to understand the value of larval characters in taxonomy and systematics, it is necessary to determine the developmental stage at which characters reach their definitive size, form and colour before meaningful comparisons can be made within and between species. Here I use the tadpole of Rana (Sylvirana) nigrovittata as a model organism to assess ontogenetic character variation. Morphometric measurements were taken, and external oral and internal buccal characters were assessed separately for each developmental stage from 26 to 38. Coefficients of variation were calculated for each morphometric character at each stage of development to test the character’s efficiency in reflecting the morphology of the tadpole. Most morphometric characters taken from the body described the shape of the animal well and varied little among individuals, whereas those taken from the tail were less reliable and those of the oral disk were quite variable due to contraction during fixation. A developmental 'climax' for most characters was reached by specimens between stages 32-40, indicating that they are best suited for morphological intra- and interspecific comparisons.

scholarly journals Development of a RP-HPLC Method for Separating and Quantifying Muscimol in Different Developmental Stages of the Fungus Amanita muscaria

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Emersón León Ávila ◽  
James Guevara-Pulido
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Tardive Dyskinesia ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Amanita Muscaria ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Rp Hplc

A simple RP-HPLC method was designed for the quantification of muscimol (5-(aminomethyl)-isoxazol-3-ol) present in five aqueous extracts of Amanita muscaria each from a different developmental stage. Results show that the maximum concentration of muscimol (1,210 mg/ml) was found in the young mushroom stage of development. Moreover, it was also found that this concentration progressively decreases as the fungus ages. The developed method is a simple but effective method for the quantification of muscimol, a widely important metabolite for the pharmaceutical industry as a possible treatment for tardive dyskinesia and Parkinson’s disease.

scholarly journals Energetic constraints on an early developmental stage: a comparative view

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F Gillooly ◽  
Gustavo A Londoño ◽  
Andrew P Allen
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
The Body ◽  
Early Developmental Stage ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Early Developmental

Biologists have long sought a means by which to quantify similarities and differences in embryonic development across species. Here we present a quantitative approach for predicting the timing of developmental events based on principles of allometry and biochemical kinetics. Data from diverse oviparous species support model predictions that most variation in the time required to reach one early developmental stage—the time to first heartbeat—is explained by the body size and temperature dependence of metabolic rate. Furthermore, comparisons of this stage with later developmental stages suggest that, after correcting for size and temperature, the relationship of metabolic rate to the rate of embryogenesis is approximately invariant across taxonomic groups and stages of ontogeny.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Cosmetic Properties of Natural Ingredients in the Trás-os-Montes area: a PhD Project

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Gonçalves ◽  
Isabel Gaivão
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Human Lymphocytes ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
The Body ◽  
In Vivo Model ◽  
Dna Integrity ◽  
The European Union

The term cosmetics refers to a product applied to the body for the purpose of beautifying, cleansing or improving appearance and enhancing attractive features. The natural cosmetics market has grown since the consumer took consciousness of the concept of natural-based ingredients. A great number of cosmetics have noxious and chemically-potent substances and have an ecological impact on the environment. A study performed by the Danish Council THINK Chemicalsfound that in total 65 chemicals of concern were found in 39 products. This means consumers are exposed to these chemicals, perhaps in a daily basis. They also found that three products contained illegal ingredients in the European Union. Thus, the use of natural and organic cosmetics becomes increasingly important. This requires a strong investigation into the benefits that fruits and plants can bring to health. The PhD project will focus on four natural ingredients common in the Trás-os-Montes area: almond (Prunus dulcis), elderberry (Sambucus nigra), olive (Olea europaea) and grapes (Vitis vinifera). The general purpose of this PhD project is to evaluate the cosmetic properties of the natural ingredients towards the DNA integrity promotion. Additionally, it is intended to evaluate genoprotection, longevity and prolificacy of the natural ingredients in Drosophila melanogaster. The short life cycle, the distinct developmental stages, the availability of various tools and reagents, known genome sequence and the physiological similarity of Drosophila with humans make them an excellent in vivo model organism to rapidly test toxicity in whole organism and elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity. The natural product with the best result will be used to evaluate genoprotection in human lymphocytes. These are used as a surrogate tissue, as they are easily obtained, in large numbers, do not require cell culture, are diploids and are almost all in the same phase of the cell cycle. This project is in an initial phase and lacks results, which will be available along this year.

scholarly journals Metamorphosis of whitemouth croaker Micropogonias furnieri (Pisces, Sciaenidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-182
Author(s):  
Mara Braverman ◽  
Daniel Brown ◽  
E. Marcelo Acha
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Body ◽  
Juvenile Period ◽  
Meristic Characters ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Micropogonias Furnieri

Fish metamorphosis is an important ontogenetic process with a key role on early stages survival and on successful recruitment to adult populations. The whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) is an important commercial resource for the coastal fisheries of Argentina and Uruguay. Metamorphosis, using morphometric and morphological analyses during larval development was studied. Changes in morpho-meristic characters before and after metamorphosis were employed to determine the length interval of this transition by employing Principal Component Analysis. Individuals (n=430) from 4 to 41 mm standard length (SL) were collected in the Río de la Plata estuary (35.45º S, 56.35º W) in March 2006. Length ranges of individual´s developmental stages were associated with the presence of key morphological characters. During early life stages, M. furnieri changes from a big-headed, robust shape larva to a slender and more elongated body form. Most of the morphometric variables showed an inflexion point at 15.2 mm SL, with a 95% confidence interval of 14.0 – 16.4 mm. The anterior part of the body grows faster during early stages, probably related to an intense feeding activity strategy. The completion of pectoral fin rays and the onset of squamation determine the beginning of metamorphosis at 11-12 mm SL. At around 18 mm SL, squamation ends, first barbels develop and the sagittae otolith primordium is closed. The length-at-metamorphosis for M. furnieri was established between 9 to 18 mm SL, since all developmental characters studied highly overlapped at that interval. All those processes are indicative of the beginning of the juvenile period associated to the settlement and the start of a bottom-oriented life-style.

scholarly journals The ontology of the anatomy and development of the solitary ascidian Ciona

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kohji Hotta ◽  
Delphine Dauga ◽  
Lucia Manni
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Axis ◽  
Tissue Degeneration ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Axis Rotation

AbstractCiona robusta (Ciona intestinalis type A), a model organism for biological studies, belongs to ascidians, the main class of tunicates, which are the closest relatives of vertebrates. In Ciona, a project on the ontology of both development and anatomy is ongoing for several years. Its goal is to standardize a resource relating each anatomical structure to developmental stages. Today, the ontology is codified until the hatching larva stage. Here, we present its extension throughout the swimming larva stages, the metamorphosis, until the juvenile stages. For standardizing the developmental ontology, we acquired different time-lapse movies, confocal microscope images and histological serial section images for each developmental event from the hatching larva stage (17.5 hour post fertilization) to the juvenile stage (7 days post fertilization). Combining these data, we defined 12 new distinct developmental stages (from Stage 26 to Stage 37), in addition to the previously defined 26 stages, referred to embryonic development. The new stages were grouped into four Periods named: Adhesion, Tail Absorption, Body Axis Rotation, and Juvenile. To build the anatomical ontology, 203 anatomical entities were identified, defined according to the literature, and annotated, taking advantage from the high resolution and the complementary information obtained from confocal microscopy and histology. The ontology describes the anatomical entities in hierarchical levels, from the cell level (cell lineage) to the tissue/organ level. Comparing the number of entities during development, we found two rounds on entity increase: in addition to the one occurring after fertilization, there is a second one during the Body Axis Rotation Period, when juvenile structures appear. Vice versa, one-third of anatomical entities associated with the embryo/larval life were significantly reduced at the beginning of metamorphosis. Data was finally integrated within the web-based resource “TunicAnatO”, which includes a number of anatomical images and a dictionary with synonyms. This ontology will allow the standardization of data underpinning an accurate annotation of gene expression and the comprehension of mechanisms of differentiation. It will help in understanding the emergence of elaborated structures during both embryogenesis and metamorphosis, shedding light on tissue degeneration and differentiation occurring at metamorphosis.

scholarly journals The ontology of the anatomy and development of the solitary ascidian Ciona: the swimming larva and its metamorphosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kohji Hotta ◽  
Delphine Dauga ◽  
Lucia Manni
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Axis ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Axis Rotation ◽  
Swimming Larva

Abstract Ciona robusta (Ciona intestinalis type A), a model organism for biological studies, belongs to ascidians, the main class of tunicates, which are the closest relatives of vertebrates. In Ciona, a project on the ontology of both development and anatomy is ongoing for several years. Its goal is to standardize a resource relating each anatomical structure to developmental stages. Today, the ontology is codified until the hatching larva stage. Here, we present its extension throughout the swimming larva stages, the metamorphosis, until the juvenile stages. For standardizing the developmental ontology, we acquired different time-lapse movies, confocal microscope images and histological serial section images for each developmental event from the hatching larva stage (17.5 h post fertilization) to the juvenile stage (7 days post fertilization). Combining these data, we defined 12 new distinct developmental stages (from Stage 26 to Stage 37), in addition to the previously defined 26 stages, referred to embryonic development. The new stages were grouped into four Periods named: Adhesion, Tail Absorption, Body Axis Rotation, and Juvenile. To build the anatomical ontology, 203 anatomical entities were identified, defined according to the literature, and annotated, taking advantage from the high resolution and the complementary information obtained from confocal microscopy and histology. The ontology describes the anatomical entities in hierarchical levels, from the cell level (cell lineage) to the tissue/organ level. Comparing the number of entities during development, we found two rounds on entity increase: in addition to the one occurring after fertilization, there is a second one during the Body Axis Rotation Period, when juvenile structures appear. Vice versa, one-third of anatomical entities associated with the embryo/larval life were significantly reduced at the beginning of metamorphosis. Data was finally integrated within the web-based resource "TunicAnatO", which includes a number of anatomical images and a dictionary with synonyms. This ontology will allow the standardization of data underpinning an accurate annotation of gene expression and the comprehension of mechanisms of differentiation. It will help in understanding the emergence of elaborated structures during both embryogenesis and metamorphosis, shedding light on tissue degeneration and differentiation occurring at metamorphosis.

Anaesthetization and fixation effects on the morphology of sabellid polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta: Sabellidae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 1127-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Maria Costa-Paiva ◽  
Paulo Cesar Paiva ◽  
Michelle Klautau
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Statistics ◽  
Magnesium Chloride ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Canonical Variables ◽  
Branchial Crown

One hundred and four specimens of Branchiomma luctuosum (Grube, 1870), a sabellid polychaete, were submitted to different anaesthetization and fixation procedures: a control group with living animals, immediate fixation with formaldehyde 4% (FO), ethanol 100% (AE) or ethanol 70% (ET), and anaesthetization with magnesium chloride (MC), refrigeration (RE), menthol crystals (ME) or freshwater (FW). Twenty-three morphometric variables of the body were measured and analysed with size-free multivariate statistics. The first three canonical variables explained 80% of the variation, being significantly correlated with 19 measured variables, mainly those related to the shape of the body setigers. Besides morphometric variables, some morphological characters commonly used in polychaete taxonomy also presented variation among fixation procedures, such as the release of parapodial elements and the integument. Among the procedures tested, AE, ET and FW were the best in approximating the shape of living specimens. Specimens submitted to FO and RE had shorter, wider, and thicker bodies, whereas those submitted to MC and ME were more elongated, narrower, flatter, and had wider pygidia than living specimens. Lengths of branchial crown, setiger 1 and pygidium seem to be the most informative morphometric characters for taxonomic purposes since they did not present deformation due to fixation procedures.

Toxic effects of two commercial polybrominated diphenyl ethers on Artemia larvae at three developmental stages

Crustaceana ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-187
Author(s):  
Qingtian Zhang ◽  
Sifan Guo ◽  
Guikun Hu
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Abnormal Behaviour ◽  
Diphenyl Ethers ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Toxic effects of two commercial products, penta-BDE (DE-71) and octa-BDE (DE-79), on larvae of the brine shrimp, Artemia, were studied. Results showed that their toxic effects were related not only to the concentration and exposure time, but also to the developmental stage of Artemia. Newly hatched Artemia nauplii showed stronger tolerance than those at metanauplius stage or pseudoadult stage, while DE-71 showed a stronger toxic effect than DE-79 to some extent. Abnormal behaviour of Artemia larvae might occur within 12 h, and sometimes mortality rates increased quickly even if there was no death within 36 h. Both DE-71 and DE-79 showed significant influences on the body length of Artemia larvae within 24 h; the higher the concentration, the stronger the inhibition. As far as a toxic testing standard is concerned, further experimental studies on the selection of Artemia population and developmental stage are essential.

scholarly journals STATUS KERAGAMAN IKAN BELIDA (Chitala spp.) DI SUNGAI TULANG BAWANG, PROPINSI LAMPUNG BERDASARKAN PADA KARAKTER MORFOMETRIK DAN INDEKS FLUKTUASI ASIMETRIK

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Arif Wibowo ◽  
Tri Mas Djoko Sunarno ◽  
Subagdja Subagdja
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morphometric Character ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Coefficient Variation ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Right ◽  
Highly Uniform

Penelitian tentang status keragaman ikan Belida (Chitala spp.) dari Sungai Tulang Bawang berdasarkan pada karakter morfometrik dan indeks fluktuasi asimetrik dilakukan selama tahun 2005 di daerah aliran Sungai Tulang Bawang Propinsi Lampung. Estimasi keragaman berdasarkan pada karakter morfometrik dengan menggunakan nilai coefficient variation diperoleh dengan cara membagi standar deviasi karakter dengan rata-rata, pada 25 karakter morfometrik dari 26 spesimen ikan belida (Chitala spp.). Indeks fluktuasi asimetrik ikan belida (Chitala spp.) dari Sungai Tulang Bawang diestimasi menggunakan formula Palmer dan Strobeck, untuk kemudian melihat CVDI sebagai estimasi keragaman dengan terlebih dahulu melakukan analisis uji ttest untuk mengetahui signifikasi karakter sebelah kiri dan kanan. Klasifikasi nilai coefficient variation untuk karakter morfometrik CVd”25% = sangat seragam, 25%<CVd”50% = cukup seragam, 25 <CVd”50% = cukup bervariasi, dan CVe”75% = sangat bervariasi. Sedangkan nilai fluktuasi asimetrik digunakan indeks 3 tingkatan variasi yang rendah (CVDI=0,1), variasi sedang (CVDI=0,5), dan sangat bervariasi (CVDI=1). Berdasarkan pada nilai coefficient variation sebagian besar karakter morfometrik tergolong cukup seragam 72% (25%<CVd”50%) dan cukup bervariasi 28% (50 <CVd”75%), dengan rata-rata 47,60% tergolong cukup seragam. Berdasarkan pada indeks CVDI terlihat 60% karakter asimetrik tergolong variasi sedang dan sangat bervariasi (CVDI=0,5) dan CVDI=1), 40% termasuk variasi yang rendah. Hasil analisis karakter morfometrik dan indeks fluktuasi asimetrik mengkonfirmasi bahwa populasi ikan belida (Chitala spp.) di Sungai Tulang Bawang telah berada pada kondisi mendekati seragam atau memiliki variasi genetik yang rendah. Research on the status of knife fish (Chitala lopis) diversity in Tulang Bawang River (Lampung Province) based on morphometric charactes and indeks of fluctuating asimetric had been carried out during 2005 at Tulang Bawang River (Lampung Province). Diversity was estimated based on morphometric characters using coefficient variation values, which is derived from dividing the standard deviation characters by its mean, on 25 morphometric characters from 26 knife fish (Chitala lopis) specimens. Fluctuating asimetric indeks of knife fish (Chitala lopis) Tulang Bawang River were estimated using Palmer and Strobeck formula, and then see CVDI as the estimate of diversity, as previously conduct Ttest analysis to find signification character between the right and left of the body. Coefficient variation values derived on morphometric character classified four categories, CVd”25% = as highly uniform, 25%<CVd”50% = middle uniform, 25%<CVd”50% = middle variation, and CVe”75% = highly variation. Meanwhile fluctuating asimetric value employed three rate clasification, low variation (CVDI=0.1), middle variation (CVDI=0.5), and high variaton (CVDI=1). Based on coefficient variation value, most of the morphometric characters were middle uniform 72% (25%<CVd”50%) and middle variation 28% (50%<CVd”75%), with means value is 47.60% classified as middle uniform. Based on indeks CVDI shown 60% asimetric characters classified as variation middle and high variation (CVDI=0.5 and CVDI=1), 40% identified had low variation. Research confirms that knife fish (Chitala lopis) at Tulang Bawang river were in state of closing uniform or presumby have low genetic variation.

scholarly journals Changes in segmentation and setation along the anterior/posterior axis of the homonomous trunk limbs of a remipede (Crustacea, Arthropoda)

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viacheslav N. Ivanenko ◽  
Ekaterina A. Antonenko ◽  
Mikhail S. Gelfand ◽  
Jill Yager ◽  
Frank D. Ferrari
Keyword(s):  
Limb Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
The Body ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Vector Analysis ◽  
Contralateral Limb ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Trunk Limbs ◽  
Anchialine Caves ◽  
Trunk Limb

This study describes the segmentation and setation at different developmental stages of the homonomous trunk limbs of the remipedeSpeleonectes tulumensisYager, 1987 collected in anchialine caves of the Yucatan Peninsula. Most homonomous trunk limbs originate ventrolaterally and are composed of two protopodal segments, three exopodal segments and four endopodal segments; contralateral limb pairs are united by a sternal bar. However, the last few posterior limbs originate ventrally, are smaller sized, and have regressively fewer segments, suggesting that limb development passes through several intermediate steps beginning with a limb bud. A terminal stage of development is proposed for specimens on which the posterior somite bears a simple bilobate limb bud, and the adjacent somite bears a limb with a protopod comprised of a coxapod and basipod, and with three exopodal and four endopodal segments. On each trunk limb there are 20 serially homologous groups of setae, and the numbers of setae on different limbs usually varies. These groups of setae are arranged linearly and are identified based on the morphology of the setae and their position on the segments. The number of setae in these groups increases gradually from the anterior homonomous limb to a maximum between limbs 8–12; the number then decreases sharply on the more posterior limbs. Changes in the number of setae, which reach a maximum between trunk limbs 8–12, differ from changes in segmentation which vary only over the last few posterior trunk limbs. Following a vector analysis that identified a spatial pattern for these 20 groups of setae among the different homonomous limbs, the hypothesis was confirmed that the number of setae in any given group and any given limb is correlated with the group, with the position of the somite along the body axis, and with the number of somites present on the specimens. This is the first vector analysis used to analyze a pattern of developmental changes in serially homologs of an arthropod. Development of remipede limbs are compared and contrasted with similar copepod limbs. Architecture, particularly the sternal bar uniting contralateral limb pairs, proposed as homologous, and development of trunk limb segmentation of the remipede is generally similar to that of copepods, but the remipede limb differs in several ways including an additional endopodal segment, the proximal, that appears simultaneously with the protopod during development.

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