scholarly journals Auditory and Visual Crossmodal Correspondences With Haptically Perceived Liquid Viscosity

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 727-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennah Asad ◽  
Mary Jane Spiller ◽  
Clare Jonas
Keyword(s):  
Letter String ◽  
Past Research ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Liquid Viscosity ◽  
Crossmodal Correspondences ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
Low Luminance ◽  
Size Number ◽  
Type Letter

Past research on crossmodal correspondences as they relate to tactile perception has largely been restricted to solid substances. We investigated the role of haptically explored liquid viscosity in crossmodal correspondences with visually presented luminance, saturation, roundedness, size, number and visual elevation, as well as pure-tone pitch and kiki–bouba-type letter strings. In Experiment 1, we presented two tactile and two visual or auditory stimuli simultaneously, and found significant inter-participant agreement () when pairing viscosity with luminance, saturation, roundedness, size, pitch and letter string type. To assess whether these crossmodal correspondences were relative or absolute, another 32 participants were presented, in Experiment 2, with two tactile stimuli but only one visual/auditory stimulus per trial. In this second experiment, we found that high viscosity was paired with low luminance, roundness, low saturation, and the bouba-type letter string, while low viscosity was paired with high pitch. However, the inverse associations (e.g. low viscosity with high luminance, high viscosity with low pitch) were not significant. These findings indicate that viscosity can be added to the list of dimensions that invoke crossmodal correspondences, and that the majority of crossmodal correspondences involving viscosity are absolute rather than relative, since they appear without explicit comparisons along the visual/auditory dimensions we measured.

scholarly journals Slug Translational Velocity for Highly Viscous Oil and Gas Flows in Horizontal Pipes

Fluids ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baba ◽  
Archibong-Eso ◽  
Aliyu ◽  
Ribeiro ◽  
Lao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
Viscosity Data ◽  
Fluid Viscosity ◽  
Liquid Viscosity ◽  
Translational Velocity ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Low Viscosity

Slug translational velocity, described as the velocity of slug units, is the summation of the maximum mixture velocity in the slug body and the drift velocity. Existing prediction models in literature were developed based on observation from low viscosity liquids, neglecting the effects of fluid properties (i.e., viscosity). However, slug translational velocity is expected to be affected by the fluid viscosity. Here, we investigate the influence of high liquid viscosity on slug translational velocity in a horizontal pipeline of 76.2-mm internal diameter. Air and mineral oil with viscosities within the range of 1.0–5.5 Pa·s were used in this investigation. Measurement was by means of a pair of gamma densitometer with fast sampling frequencies (up to 250 Hz). The results obtained show that slug translational velocity increases with increase in liquid viscosity. Existing slug translational velocity prediction models in literature were assessed based on the present high viscosity data for which statistical analysis revealed discrepancies. In view of this, a new empirical correlation for the calculation of slug translational velocity in highly viscous two-phase flow is proposed. A comparison study and validation of the new correlation showed an improved prediction performance.

scholarly journals A Low-Viscosity BisGMA Derivative for Resin Composites: Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Its Rheological Properties

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 338
Author(s):  
Ali Alrahlah ◽  
Abdel-Basit Al-Odayni ◽  
Haifa Fahad Al-Mutairi ◽  
Bashaer Mousa Almousa ◽  
Faisal S. Alsubaie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Triethylene Glycol ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Resin Matrix ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Dental Resin ◽  
Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

This study aimed to synthesize new bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (BisGMA) derivatives, targeting a reduction in its viscosity by substituting one of its OH groups, the leading cause of its high viscosity, with a chlorine atom. Hence, this monochloro-BisGMA (mCl-BisGMA) monomer was synthesized by Appel reaction procedure, and its structure was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy. The viscosity of mCl-BisGMA (8.3 Pa·s) was measured under rheometry conditions, and it was found to be more than 65-fold lower than that of BisGMA (566.1 Pa·s) at 25 °C. For the assessment of the viscosity changes of model resins in the presence of mCl-BisGMA, a series of resin matrices, in which, besides BisGMA, 50 wt % was triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, were prepared and evaluated at 20, 25, and 35 °C. Thus, BisGMA was incrementally replaced by 25% mCl-BisGMA to obtain TBC0, TBC25, TBC50, TBC75, and TBC100 blends. The viscosity decreased with temperature, and the mCl-BisGMA content in the resin mixture increased. The substantial reduction in the viscosity value of mCl-BisGMA compared with that of BisGMA may imply its potential use as a dental resin matrix, either alone or in combination with traditional monomers. However, the various properties of mCl-BisGMA-containing matrices should be evaluated.

scholarly journals A Conceptional Approach of Resin-Transfer-Molding to Rosin-Sourced Epoxy Matrix Green Composites

Aerospace ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Sicong Yu ◽  
Xufeng Zhang ◽  
Xiaoling Liu ◽  
Chris Rudd ◽  
Xiaosu Yi
Keyword(s):  
Composite Laminates ◽  
Resin Transfer Molding ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Ramie Fiber ◽  
Liquid Composite Molding ◽  
Curing Agent ◽  
Molding Process ◽  
Transfer Molding ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Composite Molding

In this concept-proof study, a preform-based RTM (Resin Transfer Molding) process is presented that is characterized by first pre-loading the solid curing agent onto the preform, and then injecting the liquid nonreactive resin with an intrinsically low viscosity into the mold to infiltrate and wet the pre-loaded preform. The separation of resin and hardener helped to process inherently high viscosity resins in a convenient way. Rosin-sourced, anhydrite-cured epoxies that would normally be regarded as unsuited to liquid composite molding, were thus processed. Rheological tests revealed that by separating the anhydrite curing agent from a formulated RTM resin system, the remaining epoxy liquid had its flowtime extended. C-scan and glass transition temperature tests showed that the preform pre-loaded with anhydrite was fully infiltrated and wetted by the liquid epoxy, and the two components were diffused and dissolved with each other, and finally, well reacted and cured. Composite laminates made via this approach exhibited roughly comparable quality and mechanical properties with prepreg controls via autoclave or compression molding, respectively. These findings were verified for both carbon and ramie fiber composites.

Electrochemical Evaluation for Rust Preventive Properties of Rust Preventive Oils Coated on Fe-Cu-C Sintered Steel

2014 ◽  
Vol 783-786 ◽  
pp. 2537-2540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Sunada ◽  
Norio Nunomura ◽  
Sayaka Hirata ◽  
Naoki Nagase
Keyword(s):  
Open Circuit Potential ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Sintered Steel ◽  
Corrosive Solution ◽  
The Third ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Sintered Steels ◽  
Electrochemical Evaluation

Since Fe-Cu-C sintered steels are easily rusted, they are coated with rust preventive oils. High viscosity of those rust preventive oils decrease workability, and low viscosity deteriorates rust preventive performance. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new rust preventive oils with contradictory properties of low viscosity and superior rust prevention. However, precise methodology to evaluate rust prevention ability has not been established. In this study, we developed new technique to quantitatively evaluate rust prevention ability by measuring the open circuit potential through thin corrosive solution on Fe-Cu-C sintered steels coated with a rust preventive oils. As a result, the ability for rust prevention can be measured quantitatively, and it decreases slowly over time, with repeating destruction and restoration. Furthermore, it was found that the deteriorating processes of rust prevention ability for rust prevention oils are composed of three characteristics steps respectively. That is, in the first step the great open circuit potential changes from 0V to-0.3V with repetition were observed where the excellent rust prevention ability was kept, in the second step it decreases slowly from-0.1V to-0.4V with oscillation of the small potential changes where the gradual decrease of rust prevention ability was recognized and in the third step it decreases monotonously in the lower potential than-0.4V where the rust was observed because of the remarkable deteriorating of the rust prevention ability.

Synthesis and Characterization of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with Medium Viscosity via Ring-Opening Polymerization

2021 ◽  
Vol 1028 ◽  
pp. 346-351
Author(s):  
Soni Setiadji ◽  
Zulfi Mofa Agasa ◽  
Diba G Auliya ◽  
Fitrilawati ◽  
Norman Syakir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ring Opening ◽  
Vitreoretinal Surgery ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Ring Opening Polymerization ◽  
Vitreous Humour ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
A Value ◽  
Medium Viscosity

Duration of use and injectability are external factors for Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) that needs to be considered when PDMS utilized as a vitreous substituted liquid in vitreoretinal surgery. In general, PDMS which has been used as a substitute for vitreous humour is PDMS with a low viscosity in the value about 1000 cSt and a high viscosity at a value of about 5000 cSt. Various deficiencies have been encountered from low and high viscosity of PDMS, causing research to be continued to obtain PDMS which has suitable properties as a substitute for vitreous humour. One of them is research to obtain medium viscosity of PDMS with a viscosity value of about 2000 cSt. Here, we reported synthesis and characterization of PDMS with medium viscosity in ranges from 1800 to 2600 mPas. PDMS was synthesized through Ring-Opening Polymerization (ROP) pathway using the monomer of Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and the chain terminator of Hexamethyldisiloxane (MM). Various concentrations of potassium hydroxide (KOH) of 3, 4, 6 and 8 %(w/v) were applied as initiator to form gel of PDMS. All synthesized PDMS samples were identified to have viscosity values of 1800-2600 mPas, refractive index values of 1.4042-1.4044 and surface tension values of 22-23 mN/m. Meanwhile, the results of Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) measurement showed that the absorption peaks were similar to that of our previous report.

Impact of Resin Composite Viscosity and Fill-technique on Internal Gap in Class I Restorations: An OCT Evaluation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
KR Kantovitz ◽  
LL Cabral ◽  
NR Carlos ◽  
AZ de Freitas ◽  
DC Peruzzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Resin Composite ◽  
Oral Care ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Class I ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Internal Adaptation ◽  
Internal Gap

SUMMARY The aim of this in vitro study was to quantitatively evaluate the internal gap of resin composites of high-and low-viscosity used in single- and incremental-fill techniques in Class I cavities exposed to thermal cycling (TC) using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Cavities of 4-mm depth and 3-mm diameter were prepared in 36 third molars randomly distributed into four groups, according to viscosity of restorative resin-based composite (high or low viscosity, all from 3M Oral Care) and technique application (bulk or incremental fill) used (n=9): RC, high-viscosity, incremental-fill, resin-based composite (Filtek Z350 XT Universal Restorative); BF, high-viscosity, bulk-fill, resin-based composite (Filtek One Bulk Fill); LRC, low-viscosity, incremental-fill, resin-based composite (Filtek Z350 XT Flowable Universal Restorative); and LBF, low-viscosity, bulk-fill, resin-based composite (Filtek Flowable Restorative). Single Bond Universal Adhesive system (3M Oral Care) was used in all the experimental groups. The incremental-fill technique was used for RC and LRC groups (2-mm increments), and a single-layer technique was used for BF and LBF groups, as recommended by the manufacturer. The internal adaptation of the resin at all dentin walls was evaluated before and after TC (5000 cycles between 5°C and 55°C) using OCT images. Five images of each restored tooth were obtained. Images were analyzed using ImageJ software that measured the entire length of the gaps at the dentin–restoration interface. The length of gaps (μm) was analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA and the Tukey tests (α=0.05). There was a significant interaction between material types and TC (p=0.006), and a significant difference among all material types (p<0.0001), before and after TC (p<0.0001). Increased internal gaps at the dentin–restoration interface were noticed after TC for all groups. RC presented the lowest value of internal gap before and after TC, while LBF showed the highest values of internal gap after TC. In conclusion, TC negatively affected the integrity of internal gap, whereas high-viscosity, incremental-fill, resin-based composite presented better performance in terms of internal adaptation than low-viscosity, bulk-fill materials in Class I cavities.

scholarly journals Research and Development of a 3D Jet Printer for High-Viscosity Molten Liquids

Micromachines ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 554
Author(s):  
Yang Yang ◽  
Shoudong Gu ◽  
Jianfang Liu ◽  
Hongyu Tian ◽  
Qingqing Lv
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Velocity ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Droplet Diameter ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Taper Angle ◽  
Voltage Difference ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Cooling Mechanism ◽  
Molten Liquid

Micro-droplet jetting manufacture is a new 3D printing technology developed in recent years. Presently, this new technology mainly aims at ejecting a low-viscosity medium. Therefore, a device for ejecting high-viscosity molten liquid is designed by analyzing the injection principle of high-viscosity molten liquid. Initially, the cooling mechanism is designed to overcome the defect that the piezoelectric stacks cannot operate in high-temperature conditions. Thereafter, the mathematical model of the liquid velocity in the nozzle is derived, and the factors influencing injection are verified by Fluent. Subsequently, a prototype of the jet printer is fabricated, and the needle velocity is tested by the laser micrometer; the relationship between voltage difference and the needle velocity is also obtained. The experimental results matched the theoretical model well, showing that the voltage difference, needle radius, nozzle diameter, and taper angle are closely related to the injection performance of the 3D jet printer. By using a needle with a radius of 0.4 mm, a nozzle with a diameter of 50 μm, a taper angle of 90°, a supply pressure of 0.05 Mpa, and a voltage difference of 98 V, a molten liquid with a viscosity of 8000 cps can be ejected with a minimum average diameter of 275 μm, and the variation of the droplet diameter is within ±3.8%.

On the Impact of Liquid Drops on Immiscible Liquids

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Castillo-Orozco ◽  
Ashkan Davanlou ◽  
Pretam K. Choudhury ◽  
Ranganathan Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spills ◽  
Silicone Oil ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Impact Behavior ◽  
Immiscible Fluid ◽  
Liquid Droplets ◽  
Liquid Drops ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
The Impact

The release of liquid hydrocarbons into the water is one of the environmental issues that have attracted more attention after deepwater horizon oil spill in Gulf of Mexico. The understanding of the interaction between liquid droplets impacting on an immiscible fluid is important for cleaning up oil spills as well as the demulsification process. Here we study the impact of low-viscosity liquid drops on high-viscosity liquid pools, e.g. water and ethanol droplets on a silicone oil 10cSt bath. We use an ultrafast camera and image processing to provide a detailed description of the impact phenomenon. Our observations suggest that viscosity and density ratio of the two media play a major role in the post-impact behavior. When the droplet density is larger than that of the pool, additional cavity is generated inside the pool. However, if the density of the droplet is lower than the pool, droplet momentary penetration may be facilitated by high impact velocities. In crown splash regime, the pool properties as well as drop properties play an important role. In addition, the appearance of the central jet is highly affected by the properties of the impacting droplet. In general, the size of generated daughter droplets as well as the thickness of the jet is reduced compared to the impact of droplets with the pool of an identical fluid.

Domain size, layer number and morphology control for graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (04) ◽  
pp. 1730003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruiwen Xue ◽  
Irfan H. Abidi ◽  
Zhengtang Luo
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Domain Size ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
The Past ◽  
Number Of Layers ◽  
Size Number ◽  
Wide Range

Over the past a few years, high-quality graphene preparation has been evolved from low-yield micromechanical exfoliation in including a wide range of production methods, in particular by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Here, we review the state-of-the-art on synthesis of graphene using CVD method and the strategies to control the graphene grain size, number of layers and morphology, mainly focusing on the graphene growth that uses Cu as substrate. We highlight the success of the past research in the field and provide a review of the methods that were used for such controlled synthesis.

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