scholarly journals Twelve Years of Daily Weather Descriptions in North America in the Eighteenth Century (Mexico City, 1775–86)

2019 ◽  
Vol 100 (8) ◽  
pp. 1531-1547 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Domínguez-Castro ◽  
M. C. Gallego ◽  
J. M. Vaquero ◽  
R. García Herrera ◽  
M. Peña-Gallardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Daily Scale ◽  
Instrumental Period ◽  
First Time ◽  
Observational Record ◽  
Land Changes ◽  
Frequency Temperature

AbstractThe weather diary of Felipe de Zúñiga y Ontiveros was recorded in Mexico City from 1775 to 1786. It is the earliest meteorological observational record of Mexico. The diary provides daily meteorological information for rain frequency, temperature, frost, hail, thunderstorms, and wind, with higher resolution than any other contemporary documentation or natural proxy from this region. The seasonal distributions of rainy days, temperature, hail, and thunderstorms correspond well with those from the Tacubaya Observatory in Mexico City (1886–2016). Two drought periods (1780/81 and 1785/86) and one wet period (1782/83) were identified. The drought spanning from 1785 to 1786 is known in the literature as “the hunger year” because it represented the most severe famine during the colonial period (1521–1821). This paper analyzes—for the first time—this event at a daily scale. Similar to the reported droughts of 1909/10 and 2010/11, 1785/86 was a very dry period. But the dry conditions of 1785 were followed by intense frosts that started in late August and continued through September and October. This combination led to the destruction of crops and subsequent famine. The duration of the frost does not have analogs during the instrumental period, probably because of the intense warming and land changes registered over the last years in the region.

Some Origins of Nationalism in East Africa

1968 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Lonsdale
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
National Movements ◽  
New Type ◽  
First Time ◽  
Official Recognition

This paper attempts to provide a frame of reference for evaluating the role of ordinary rural Africans in national movements, in the belief that scholarly preoccupation with élites will only partially illumine the mainsprings of nationalism. Kenya has been taken as the main field of enquiry, with contrasts and comparisons drawn from Uganda and Tanganyika. The processes of social change are discussed with a view to establishing that by the end of the colonial period one can talk of peasants rather than tribesmen in some of the more progressive areas. This change entailed a decline in the leadership functions of tribal chiefs who were also the official agents of colonial rule, but did not necessarily mean the firm establishment of a new type of rural leadership. The central part of the paper is taken up with an account of the competition between these older and newer leaderships, for official recognition rather than a mass following. A popular following was one of the conditions for such recognition, but neither really achieved this prior to 1945 except in Kikuyuland, and there the newer leaders did not want official recognition. After 1945 the newer leadership, comprising especially traders and officials of marketing co-operatives, seems everywhere to have won a properly representative position, due mainly to the enforced agrarian changes which brought the peasant face to face with the central government, perhaps for the first time. This confrontation, together with the experience of failure in earlier and more local political activity, resulted in a national revolution coalescing from below, co-ordinated rather than instigated by the educated élite.

scholarly journals Sources and transformations of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mexico City

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 12741-12773 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Marr ◽  
K. Dzepina ◽  
J. L. Jimenez ◽  
F. Reisen ◽  
H. L. Bethel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Heterogeneous Reactions ◽  
Field Campaign ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Aerosol Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
First Time

Abstract. Understanding sources, concentrations, and transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere is important because of their potent mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. The measurement of particle-bound PAHs by three different methods during the Mexico City Metropolitan Area field campaign in April 2003 presents a unique opportunity for characterization of these compounds and assessment of the methods. The three methods are (1) collection and analysis of bulk samples for time-integrated gas- and particle-phase speciation by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; (2) aerosol photoionization for fast detection of PAHs on particles' surfaces; and (3) aerosol mass spectrometry for fast analysis of size and chemical composition. This research represents the first time aerosol mass spectrometry has been used to measure ambient PAH concentrations and the first time that fast, real-time methods have been used to quantify PAHs alongside traditional filter-based measurements in an extended field campaign. Speciated PAH measurements suggest that motor vehicles and garbage and wood burning are important sources in Mexico City. The diurnal concentration patterns captured by aerosol photoionization and aerosol mass spectrometry are generally consistent. Ambient concentrations typically peak at ~110 ng m−3 during the morning rush hour and rapidly decay due to changes in source activity patterns and dilution as the boundary layer rises, although surface-bound PAH concentrations decay faster. The more rapid decrease in surface versus bulk PAH concentrations during the late morning suggests that freshly emitted combustion-related particles are quickly coated by secondary aerosol material in Mexico City's atmosphere and may also be transformed by heterogeneous reactions.

Cardiovascular changes during underwater static and dynamic breath-hold dives in trained divers

2011 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 673-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toni Breskovic ◽  
Lovro Uglesic ◽  
Petra Zubin ◽  
Benjamin Kuch ◽  
Jasenka Kraljevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Time Dynamic ◽  
Cardiovascular Changes ◽  
Pulse Oxymetry ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
First Time

Limited information exists concerning arterial blood pressure (BP) changes in underwater breath-hold diving. Simulated chamber dives to 50 m of freshwater (mfw) reported very high levels of invasive BP in two divers during static apnea (SA), whereas a recent study using a noninvasive subaquatic sphygmomanometer reported unchanged or mildly increased values at 10 m SA dive. In this study we investigated underwater BP changes during not only SA but, for the first time, dynamic apnea (DA) and shortened (SHT) DA in 16 trained breath-hold divers. Measurements included BP (subaquatic sphygmomanometer), ECG, and pulse oxymetry (arterial oxygen saturation, SpO2, and heart rate). BP was measured during dry conditions, at surface fully immersed (SA), and at 2 mfw (DA and SHT DA), whereas ECG and pulse oxymetry were measured continuously. We have found significantly higher mean arterial pressure (MAP) values in SA (∼40%) vs. SHT DA (∼30%). Postapneic recovery of BP was slightly slower after SHT DA. Significantly higher BP gain (mmHg/duration of apnea in s) was found in SHT DA vs. SA. Furthermore, DA attempts resulted in faster desaturation vs. SA. In conclusion, we have found moderate increases in BP during SA, DA, and SHT DA. These cardiovascular changes during immersed SA and DA are in agreement with those reported for dry SA and DA.

scholarly journals Mobile mini-DOAS measurement of the outflow of NO<sub>2</sub> and HCHO from Mexico City

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (15) ◽  
pp. 5647-5653 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Johansson ◽  
C. Rivera ◽  
B. de Foy ◽  
W. Lei ◽  
J. Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Reasonable Agreement ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
Wavelength Region ◽  
Urban Atmosphere ◽  
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Mobile Measurements ◽  
First Time ◽  
Calculated Flux

Abstract. We here present the results from mobile measurements using two ground-based zenith viewing Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) instruments. The measurement was performed in a cross-section of the plume from the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) on 10 March 2006 as part of the MILAGRO field campaign. The two instruments operated in the UV and the visible wavelength region respectively and have been used to derive the differential vertical columns of HCHO and NO2 above the measurement route. This is the first time the mobile mini-DOAS instrument has been able to measure HCHO, one of the chemically most important and interesting gases in the polluted urban atmosphere. Using a mass-averaged wind speed and wind direction from the WRF model the instantaneous flux of HCHO and NO2 has been calculated from the measurements and the results are compared to the CAMx chemical model. The calculated flux through the measured cross-section was 1.9 (1.5–2.2) kg/s of HCHO and 4.4 (4.0–5.0) kg/s of NO2 using the UV instrument and 3.66 (3.63–3.73) kg/s of NO2 using the visible light instrument. The modeled values from CAMx for the outflow of both NO2 and HCHO, 1.1 and 3.6 kg/s, respectively, show a reasonable agreement with the measurement derived fluxes.

scholarly journals A letter of Marcus Antonius Kappus to Eusebius Franciscus Kino (Sonora in 1690) : appendix: facsimile

1999 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 119-122
Author(s):  
Tomaž Nabergoj
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Western Mexico ◽  
Jesuit Missionary ◽  
First Time ◽  
North Western

An article with the above title was published in the last number of Acta Neophilologica (XXXI/1998, pp. 65-80), on a letter written by the Slovene Jesuit missionary, Marcus Antonius Kappus (1657-1717), in 1690, in Sonora in north-western Mexico to his superior, Eusebius Franciscus Kino. The letter is kept in Archivo Histórico de la Hacienda in Mexico City, legajo 279, expediente 19. Unfortunately, the facsimile of the published letter was ommitted during the preparation of the 1998 volume of Acta Neophilologica. Since this reproduction is an integral part of the article and is now for the first time that one Kappus' letter is preserved in original, we publish the facsimile of this letter in the present appendix.

scholarly journals The Preamble of 1945 Constitutions as Post-Colonial Normative Expression and Its Contextuality (A Politics of Law Analysis)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 00003
Author(s):  
Arasy Pradana A
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Perpetual Peace ◽  
The World ◽  
First Time ◽  
Real Challenge

The proclamation of Indonesian independence on August 17, 1945, marked Indonesia's transition from being a nation as an imaginary community to being a state as a legal-rational community. For the first time, the Indonesian have the authority to form the rule of law independently, apart from the intervention of the colonial nation. The fierce spirit of anti-colonialism was immediately reflected in various legislative products, including the 1945 Constitution. The opening part of the 1945 Constitution, which is often regarded as the highest source of value in the Indonesian legal system, reflects a thick post-colonial spirit. During the colonial period, the legal system was built on hegemony, by placing indigenous people as The Other in their own homeland. They are labelled as third-class identities, under other national groups. This mentality is then tried to be reversed after independence. The values of independence, perpetual peace, and social justice are presented clearly into the Preamble of the 1945 Constitution. The Preamble of the 1945 Constitution inherited the anti-colonial spirit and immediately became a manifesto of resistance to colonial domination. However, the process of value petrifaction of the Preamble of the 1945 Constitution should not be considered as complete when that text was announced. The real challenge actually happened today, decades after Indonesia's independence. The injustice and hegemony relation that still occurs throughout the world ideally awakens the Indonesian to continue to contextualize anti-colonial values in the Preamble of the 1945 Constitution.

scholarly journals A collection of sub-daily pressure and temperature observations for the early instrumental period with a focus on the "year without a summer" 1816

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1741-1794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Brugnara ◽  
R. Auchmann ◽  
S. Brönnimann ◽  
R. J. Allan ◽  
I. Auer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Error Sources ◽  
Common Error ◽  
Daily Series ◽  
Statistical Correction ◽  
Temperature Observations ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
Instrumental Period ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
First Time

Abstract. The eruption of Mount Tambora (Indonesia) in April 1815 is the largest documented volcanic eruption in history. It caused a large global cooling during the following year, felt particularly in parts of Europe and North America, where the year 1816 became known as the "year without a summer". This paper describes an effort made to collect surface meteorological observations from the early instrumental period, with a focus on the years immediately following the eruption (1815–1817). Although the collection aimed in particular at pressure observations, correspondent temperature observations were also recovered. Some of the series had already been described in the literature, but a large part of the data, recently digitised from original weather diaries and contemporary magazines and newspapers, is presented here for the first time. The collection puts together more than fifty sub-daily series from land observatories in Europe and North America, and from ships in the tropics. The pressure observations have been corrected for temperature and gravity and reduced to mean sea level, moreover an additional statistical correction was applied to take into account common error sources in mercury barometers. To assess the reliability of the corrected dataset, the variance of the pressure observations is compared with modern climatologies and single observations are used for synoptic analyses of three case studies in Europe. All raw observations will be made available to the scientific community in the International Surface Pressure Databank.

Homoeroticism in Hinduism

Hinduism ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Vanita
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Sex Change ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Devotional Poetry ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Time

Homoeroticism is represented in Hindu texts from the epic period (c. 500 bce–200 ce) onward. Same-sex relations are explicitly depicted in temple sculptures in the first millennium ce and discussed in legal, medical, and erotic treatises from the 1st century bce onward, in tones varying from somewhat disapproving and dispassionate to humorous and pragmatic. More frequently, close same-sex friendships that last a lifetime and that rival cross-sex relationships in intensity and intimacy are celebrated in the same type of language that appears in contexts of cross-sex romance. Same-sex relations are sometimes depicted as running parallel to cross-sex relations in the life of an individual; at other times, they are subordinated to the latter. In the Sanskrit epics, the Purāṇas and story cycles, miraculous sex-change becomes one of the ways that same-sex desire is expressed and absorbed into the institution of marriage. The story cycles of the gods and goddesses depict them as able to manifest in male as well as female forms and also as simultaneously male and female. One of Śiva’s forms is Ardhanārīswara, the god who is half woman. This can be read as emblematic of his inseparability from his wife Pārvatī, but can also be read as expressive of the inherent bisexuality of all beings. Bhakti or devotional poetry, lyric, epic, and hagiographic, deals largely in bridal mysticism. In one unique set of Bengal versions of the Rāmāyaṇa, two women are depicted having divinely planned and blessed sexual relations that result in the birth of a heroic child. In sum, Hindu written texts and art up to the colonial period depict and discuss same-sex relations without euphemism or virulence. After British rulers passed the antisodomy law, many educated Indian social reformers and nationalists began to express a new aversion to elements of their heritage, including polytheism, polygamy, and sex outside marriage, including same-sex relations. For the first time, it became unacceptable to write about same-sex relations in polite literature. This continued through the first half of the 20th century. Some Hindu gurus continued to express tolerance and several Hindu priests from the 1980s onward are recorded as performing same-sex marriages in various parts of the country. Hindu gurus today take a variety of positions on the subject, as do Hindu political leaders and organizations.

scholarly journals Modulatory effect of ascorbic acid on physiological responses of transported ostrich chicks

2012 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minka N. Salka ◽  
Ayo J. Olusegun
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sterile Water ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Hot Dry Season ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
And Control ◽  
First Time

The aims of this study were to determine the modulating role of ascorbic acid (AA) on rectal temperature (RT), heterophil to lymphocyte (H to L) ratio and aberrant behaviours of ostrich chicks transported by road for 4 h during hot-dry conditions. Twenty ostrich chicks aged 2.5 months, of both sexes and belonging to the Red Neck breed, served as subjects of the study. The chicks were assigned randomly to AA-treated and control groups, consisting of 10 chicks each. The AA-treated group was administered orally with 100 mg/kg body weight of AA dissolved in 5 mL of sterile water 30 min before transportation, whilst the control group was given the equivalent of sterile water only. The thermal load (TL) experienced in the vehicle during transportation fluctuated between 31 °C and 89 °C, as calculated from the ambient temperature and relative humidity. Transportation induced hyperthermia, lymphopenia, heterophilia and aberrant behaviours of pecking, wing fluffing and panting, which were ameliorated by AA administration. The relationships between the TL, journey duration and physiological variables of RT, H to L ratio and aberrant behaviours recorded during transportation were significantly and positively correlated in the control group. In AA-treated group the relationships were not significantly correlated. In conclusion, the results showed for the first time that AA ameliorated the adverse effects of stress caused by road transportation on the aberrant behaviours, RT and H to L ratio of ostrich chicks during the hot-dry season.

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