scholarly journals High-resolution smoke forecasting for the 2018 Camp Fire in California

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Pollution ◽  
Satellite Observation ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Fire Event ◽  
Pressure System ◽  
Fire Smoke ◽  
Radiative Power ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

Abstract Smoke from the 2018 Camp Fire in Northern California blanketed a large part of the region for two weeks, creating poor air quality in the “unhealthy” range for millions of people. The NOAA Global System Laboratory’s HRRR-Smoke model was operating experimentally in real time during the Camp Fire. Here, output from the HRRR-Smoke model is compared to surface observations of PM2.5 from AQS and PurpleAir sensors as well as satellite observation data. The HRRR-Smoke model grid at 3-km resolution successfully simulated the evolution of the plume during the initial phase of the fire (8-10 November 2018). Stereoscopic satellite plume height retrievals were used to compare with model output (for the first time, to the authors’ knowledge), showing that HRRR-Smoke is able to represent the complex 3D distribution of the smoke plume over complex terrain. On 15-16 November, HRRR-Smoke was able to capture the intensification of PM2.5 pollution due to a high pressure system and subsidence that trapped smoke close to the surface; however, HRRR-Smoke later underpredicted PM2.5 levels due to likely underestimates of the fire radiative power (FRP) derived from satellite observations. The intensity of the Camp Fire smoke event and the resulting pollution during the stagnation episodes make it an excellent test case for HRRR-Smoke in predicting PM2.5 levels, which were so high from this single fire event that the usual anthropogenic pollution sources became insignificant. The HRRR-Smoke model was implemented operationally at NOAA/NCEP in December 2020, now providing essential support for smoke forecasting as the impact of US wildfires continues to increase in scope and magnitude.

scholarly journals An improved glyoxal retrieval from OMI measurements

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 4133-4150 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. A. Alvarado ◽  
A. Richter ◽  
M. Vrekoussis ◽  
F. Wittrock ◽  
A. Hilboll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Absorption Cross ◽  
Fire Event ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Polynomial Degree ◽  
Temperature Boundary ◽  
Sensitivity Tests ◽  
Radiative Power ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Satellite observations from the SCIAMACHY, GOME-2 and OMI spectrometers have been used to retrieve atmospheric columns of glyoxal (CHOCHO) with the DOAS method. High CHOCHO levels were found over regions with large biogenic and pyrogenic emissions, and hot-spots have been identified over areas of anthropogenic activities. This study focuses on the development of an improved retrieval for CHOCHO from measurements by the OMI instrument. From sensitivity tests, a fitting window and a polynomial degree are determined. Two different approaches to reduce the interference of liquid water absorption over oceanic regions are evaluated, achieving significant reduction of the number of negative columns over clear water regions. The impact of using different absorption cross-sections for water vapour is evaluated and only small differences are found. Finally, a high-temperature (boundary layer ambient: 294 K) absorption cross-section of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is introduced in the DOAS retrieval to account for potential interferences of NO2 over regions with large anthropogenic emissions, leading to improved fit quality over these areas. A comparison with vertical CHOCHO columns retrieved from GOME-2 and SCIAMACHY measurements over continental regions is performed, showing overall good consistency. However, SCIAMACHY CHOCHO columns are systematically higher than those obtained from the other instruments. Using the new OMI CHOCHO data set, the link between fires and glyoxal columns is investigated for two selected regions in Africa. In addition, mapped averages are computed for a fire event in Russia between mid-July and mid-August 2010. In both cases, enhanced CHOCHO levels are found in close spatial and temporal proximity to elevated levels of MODIS fire radiative power, demonstrating that pyrogenic emissions can be clearly identified in the new OMI CHOCHO product.

scholarly journals Understanding atmospheric peroxyformic acid chemistry: observation, modeling and implication

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 2055-2084 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Liang ◽  
Z. M. Chen ◽  
D. Huang ◽  
Q. Q. Wu ◽  
L. B. Huang
Keyword(s):  
Field Measurements ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Peroxyacetic Acid ◽  
Hydroperoxyl Radical ◽  
Sources And Sinks ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Peroxyformic Acid

Abstract. The existence and importance of peroxyformic acid (PFA) in the atmosphere has been under controversy. We present here, for the first time, the observation data for PFA from four field measurements carried out in China. These data provided powerful evidence that PFA can stay in the atmosphere, typically in dozens of pptv level. The relationship between PFA and other detected peroxides was examined. The results showed that PFA had a strong positive correlation with its homolog, peroxyacetic acid, due to their similar sources and sinks. Through an evaluation of PFA production and removal rates, we proposed that the reactions between peroxyformyl radical (HC(O)O2) and formaldehyde or the hydroperoxyl radical (HO2) were likely to be the major source and degradation into formic acid (FA) was likely to be the major sink for PFA. Based on a box model evaluation, we proposed that the HC(O)O2 and PFA chemistry was a major source for FA under low NOx conditions. Furthermore, it is found that the impact of the HC(O)O2 and PFA chemistry on radical cycling was dependent on the yield of HC(O)O2 radical from HC(O) + O2 reaction. When this yield exceeded 50%, the HC(O)O2 and PFA chemistry should not be neglected for calculating the radical budget. To make clear the exact importance of HC(O)O2 and PFA chemistry in the atmosphere, further kinetic, field and modeling studies are required.

scholarly journals An Improved Method Combining ANN and 1D-Var for the Retrieval of Atmospheric Temperature Profiles from FY-4A/GIIRS Hyperspectral Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 481
Author(s):  
Pengyu Huang ◽  
Qiang Guo ◽  
Changpei Han ◽  
Chunming Zhang ◽  
Tianhang Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Satellite Observation ◽  
Hyperspectral Data ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Temperature Profiles ◽  
Retrieval Method ◽  
The Impact

In our study, a retrieval method of temperature profiles is proposed which combines an improved one-dimensional variational algorithm (1D-Var) and artificial neural network algorithm (ANN), using FY-4A/GIIRS (Geosynchronous Interferometric Infrared Sounder) infrared hyperspectral data. First, according to the characteristics of the FY-4A/GIIRS observation data using the conventional 1D-Var, we introduced channel blacklists and discarded the channels that have a large negative impact on retrieval, then used the information capacity method for channel selection and introduced a neural network to correct the satellite observation data. The improved 1D-Var effectively used the observation information of 1415 channels, reducing the impact of the error of the satellite observation and radiative transfer model, and realizing the improvement of retrieval accuracy. We subsequently used the improved 1D-Var and ANN algorithms to retrieve the temperature profiles, respectively, from the GIIRS data. The results showed that the accuracy when using ANN is better than using improved 1D-Var in situations where the pressure ranges from 800 hPa to 1000 hPa. Therefore, we combined the improved 1D-Var and ANN method to retrieve temperature profiles for different pressure levels, calculating the error by taking sounding data published by the University of Wyoming as the true values. The results show that the average error of the retrieved temperature profiles is smaller than 2 K when using our method, this method makes the accuracy of the retrieved temperature profiles superior to the accuracy of the GIIRS products from 10 hPa to 575 hPa. All in all, through the combination of the physical retrieval method and the machine learning retrieval method, this paper can certainly provide a reference for improving the accuracy of products.

The Impact of Taiwan’s Rugged Orography on Air Pollutant Transport and the Numerical Modeling of 20 March 2018 Case

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pao K. Wang ◽  
Chuan-Yao Lin
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
Satellite Observation ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Local Circulation ◽  
Pressure System ◽  
Comparison Of The Results ◽  
Cloud Patterns ◽  
The Impact

<p>Taiwan is a subtropical island with an area of only about 36,000 km<sup>2</sup> and yet packed with high density of mountains. There are 268 peaks that are taller than 3000 m in elevation and, as a result, the mountains are extremely rugged. Such rugged orography will certainly have great influence on the local circulation and consequently impact on the transport of air pollutants. It is thus necessary to understand the impact of the orography on air flow before we can interpret the measured data during the EMeRGe-Asia campaign in March-April 2018 correctly.</p><p>For the above purpose, we performed high resolution numerical simulations of the flow around Taiwan region for two cases using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model. The first one is a highly stagnant case where Taiwan was under the influence of a high pressure system occurring on 10 November 2018. Two horizontal resolutions are used: 1 km and 2 km, both show very similar flow and cloud patterns as revealed by satellite images of the day. Detailed analysis of the simulated results including the flow pattern and isentropic analysis will be shown to illustrate that low level pollutants can be transported upward to at least 1 km altitude even under such calm weather.</p><p>The second one is the 20 March 2018 case which occurred during the EMeRGe-Asia campaign. Unlike the above stagnant case, this was a more turbulent situation when a typhoon was approaching from the east and a southerly flow carried air pollutants from SE Asia. The 1 km resolution simulation shows good match with satellite observation. The simulation results show a substantial concentration of VOC at ~ 3000 m altitude near Taiwan whereas the VOC was very low near the surface. The model reproduces this feature well and hence it appears that the model’s predictions are credible. More detailed analyses are being performed and comparison of the results with combined ground and aircraft observations to illustrate the impact of the orography on the transport of pollutants.  </p>

Effect of the Ushant SST front on regional weather forecasting in the event of anticyclonic events

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francoise Orain ◽  
Marie-Noelle Bouin ◽  
Jean-Luc Redelsperger ◽  
Valérie Garnier
Keyword(s):  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Weather Forecast ◽  
Satellite Observation ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Satellite Sst ◽  
Hydrostatic Model ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
North And South

<p>The representation of the Ushant front in Meteo-France numerical models is not accurate. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of a better representation of this front derived from SST satellite observation data on the weather forecast in Brittany.</p><p> </p><p>The study consisted in finding and selecting cases from 2016 to 2018 where the Ushant front was present in satellite SST analysis (high spatial and temporal resolution ) with differences in weather pattern between North and South Brittany. Then compare this to the operational Arome model (Meteo France non hydrostatic model).</p><p>Situations of disagreement between the model and the observations were selected. Some weather forecast simulations with Mesonh model (very close to Arome) were performed on these cases with a better definition of the Ushant front. We present some results.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

Orams V. Apostolides: A Case Study on the Application in English Law of the Brussels I Regulation in the Light of the Act of Accession 2003

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-146
Author(s):  
Phoebus Athanassiou
Keyword(s):  
Test Case ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Status ◽  
Recognition And Enforcement ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Court Of Appeal

This article uses a recent ruling of the High Court of Justice of England and Wales as the starting point for an enquiry into the interpretation of Protocol no. 10 to the Act of Accession 2003 and, more particularly, into its effects on requests for the recognition and enforcement of Cypriot court judgments formulated on the basis of the Brussels I Regulation. The High Court's ruling is of some significance, not only because Protocol no. 10 becomes, for the first time since its adoption, the subject matter of judicial interpretation but, also, because of its value as a test case on the European judiciary's perception of the impact of the reforms wrought by the Brussels I Regulation on the status quo ante in this field and as an illustration of the wider legal complications inherent in the participation in the European Union of a de facto divided Member State. This article also anticipates some of the arguments that the Court of Appeal and, eventually, the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights might be faced with in deciding how best to address the broader legal issues that this case raises.

scholarly journals Study of Persistent Haze Pollution in Winter over Jinan (China) Based on Ground-Based and Satellite Observations

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 4862
Author(s):  
Hui Li ◽  
Rui Shi ◽  
Shikuan Jin ◽  
Weiyan Wang ◽  
Ruonan Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Formation Process ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Inversion Layer ◽  
Satellite Observation ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Pressure System ◽  
Haze Pollution ◽  
The Government

A comprehensive study of the formation process of haze events in the Jinan area of China during winter is conducted based on the ground-based and satellite observation data from 1 December 2020 to 12 January 2021. According to variation of pollutant concentrations, two typical types of haze pollution are found in the Jinan area. During the type 1 haze pollution, the PM2.5 concentrations are greater than 75 μgm−3 and less than 115 μgm−3 with a short duration. The haze is mainly caused by local pollutant emissions and the accumulation of pollutants transported from areas around Jinan. By contrast, type 2 haze pollution episodes have a long duration and peak PM2.5 concentrations between 150 μgm−3 and 250 μgm−3, which is considered heavy pollution. Type 2 haze pollution is mainly caused by a mixture of long-range transported dust with locally emitted pollutants. Moreover, the unfavorable meteorological factors such as stable inversion layer, continuous cold high-pressure system, high relative humidity, and low wind speed play an important role in the formation of both types of haze pollution. In addition, there are significant photochemical processes during the haze pollutions. According to satellite data, the AOD in Jinan and surrounding areas is maintained at a high-level during haze pollution. It indicates that the local pollution is often accompanied by regional pollution during haze pollution events. This study reveals the formation process of haze pollution and promotes the study of regional climate change, which can provide guidance to the government in the prevention and control of haze pollution in East China.

Relationship between big five personality model and abusive supervision

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bibi Tahira ◽  
Naveed Saif ◽  
Muhammad Haroon ◽  
Sadaqat Ali
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Abusive Supervision ◽  
State Universities ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Big Five Model ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Supervisor Behavior ◽  
Moderating Role

The current study tries to understand the diverse nature of relationship between personality Big Five Model (PBFM) and student's perception of abusive supervision in higher education institutions of Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa Pakistan. Data was collected in dyads i.e. (supervisors were asked to rate their personality attributes while student were asked to rate the supervisor behavior) through adopted construct. For this purpose, data was collected from three government state universities and one Private Sector University. The focus was on MS/M.Phill and PhD student and their supervisors of the mentioned universities. After measuring normality and validity regression analysis was conducted to assess the impact of supervisor personality characteristics that leads to abusive supervision. Findings indicate interestingly that except agreeableness other four attributes of (PBFM) are play their role for abusive supervision. The results are novel in the nature as for the first time Neuroticism, openness to experience, extraversion and conscientiousness are held responsible for the abusive supervision. The study did not explore the demographic characteristics, and moderating role of organizational culture, justice and interpersonal deviances to understand the strength of relationship in more detail way. Keywords: Personality big five model, abusive supervision, HEIs

The Influence of TRIPS Compliant Patent Laws on Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupesh Rastogi ◽  
Virendra Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Trips Agreement ◽  
Patent Law ◽  
Patent Laws ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

The first legislation in India relating to patents was the Act VI of 1856. The Indian Patents and Design Act, 1911 (Act II of 1911) replaced all the previous Acts. The Act brought patent administration under the management of Controller of Patents for the first time. After Independence, it was felt that the Indian Patents & Designs Act, 1911 was not fulfilling its objective. Various comities were constituted to recommend, framing a patent law which can fulfill the requirement of Indian Industry and people. The Indian Patent Act of 1970 was enacted to achieve the above objectives. The major provisions of the act, provided for process, not the product patents in food, medicines, chemicals with a term of 14 years and 5-7 for chemicals and drugs. The Act enabled Indian citizens to access cheapest medicines in the world and paved a way for exponential growth of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry. TRIPS agreement, which is one of the important results of the Uruguay Round, mandated strong patent protection, especially for pharmaceutical products, thereby allowing the patenting of NCEs, compounds and processes. India is thereby required to meet the minimum standards under the TRIPS Agreement in relation to patents and the pharmaceutical industry. India’s patent legislation must now include provisions for availability of patents for both pharmaceutical products and processes inventions. The present paper examines the impact of change in Indian Patent law on Pharmaceutical Industry.

The impact of traditional plants and their secondary metabolites in the discovery of COVID-19 treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shabana Bibi ◽  
Ayesha Sarfraz ◽  
Ghazala Mustafa ◽  
Zeeshan Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Aurang Zeb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Test System ◽  
Chemical Information ◽  
System Type ◽  
The Family ◽  
Comprehensive Search ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Plant Sources

Background: Coronavirus Disease-2019 belongs to the family of viruses which cause a serious pneumonia along with fever, breathing issues and infection of lungs for the first time in China and later spread worldwide. Objective: Several studies and clinical trials have been conducted to identify potential drugs and vaccines for Coronavirus Disease-2019. The present study listed natural secondary metabolites identified from plant sources with antiviral properties and could be safer and tolerable treatment for Coronavirus Disease-2019. Methods: A comprehensive search on the reported studies was conducted using different search engine such as Google scholar, SciFinder, Sciencedirect, Medline PubMed, and Scopus for the collection of research articles based on plantderived secondary metabolites, herbal extracts, and traditional medicine for coronavirus infections. Results: Status of COVID-19 worldwide and information of important molecular targets involved in COVID-19 is described and through literature search, is highlighted that numerous plant species and their extracts possess antiviral properties and studied with respect to Coronavirus treatments. Chemical information, plant source, test system type with mechanism of action for each secondary metabolite is also mentioned in this review paper. Conclusion: The present review has listed plants that have presented antiviral potential in the previous coronavirus pandemics and their secondary metabolites which could be significant for the development of novel and a safer drug which could prevent and cure coronavirus infection worldwide.

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