Les représentations de la santé dans les groupes populaires du Nicaragua

1987 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Houtart ◽  
Geneviève Lemercinier
Keyword(s):  
Health Education ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Rural Workers ◽  
Agrarian Capitalism ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Spanish Colonization ◽  
The Universe

This article on health representations among popular groups in Nicaragua starts from the hypothesis that such representations are central in the reproduction of society. The first part studies the system of representations of health and of illnesse in precolum bian society, where they are part of a general myth explanatory of the universe and of society. In this same first part the A. ex amines what was brought by Spanish colonization: social reproduction is assured by collective festivals, which are also the place for the accomplishment of the promises to the saints, pro tectors against illnesses. The introduction of modern medecine has coincided with the penetration of an agrarian capitalism, bringing also representations of health as a commodity. The se cond part of the article is based on a survey made among some 500 persons of popular milieux, rural and urban. It shows the dif ferences in the representations, along the lines of three main models: the traditional is based on a sacred approach to the causes of illnesses. It is to be found especially among rural workers, whereas members of cooperatives show a certain erosion of this model. The second model is the refusal of the first one, typical of urban groups having gone through secondary educa tion. The last model is characterized by ignorance of the tradi tional representations, but without other positions: it is the fact of individuals among various groups. A series of new practical knowledges in the medical field are shared by the three groups, in dicating that alphabetization campaigns and the health education has a result in this area. But they do not suffice to transform the main interpretations. Other factors are necessary, like the socio economic change brought about by Land Reform in the rural areas or by secondary education in the cities. The method used for the analysis of the data has been the "analysis of correspondences ".

ASSESSMENT OF IMMUNIZATION OF UNDER FIVE CHILDREN OF RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF UDAIPUR DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-6
Author(s):  
Ganesh Salvi ◽  
Maitri Hathi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
The Impact

Background: The impact of immunization is not uniform in different social groups till today despite of EPI since long. Current study was held to assess the level of knowledge and actual practice of immunization by mothers of under ve children in a rural and urban belt of Udaipur district. A cross sect Methods: ional study was conducted in blocks Binder, Badgav, Ladiya , Kotra, Girva and Salumber of Udaipur district. Randomly 400 families (200 urban, 200 rural) were selected. Ample health education should be given to parents residing in rural areas to rai Result and conclusion: se their knowledge regarding immunization. In rural areas anganwadi workers, ASHA etc should play a signicant role in bringing awareness about immunization and their benets. The group based approach, frequent camps would be more rewarding compared to area approach due to poor socio-economic development of marginalized group likes rural area for programmes like immunization of children.

Women and Apartheid

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan Healy-Clancy
Keyword(s):  
Black Men ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
White Women ◽  
African Women ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Racial Lines

Apartheid, the system of racial and ethnic separation introduced in South Africa in 1948, was a gendered project. The immediate goal of the white Afrikaner men who led the apartheid state was to control black men: to turn black men from perceived political and criminal threats into compliant workers. Under apartheid, African men would travel to work for whites in towns and on mines, but their homes would be in rural ethnic “reserves,” known as “homelands” or “Bantustans.” This vision depended on the labors of African women: while their men migrated to work, women were to maintain their families in the increasingly overcrowded and desolate countryside, reproducing the workforce cheaply while instilling a sense of ethnic difference in their children. “Coloured” (mixed-race) and Indian women were similarly charged with social reproduction on a shoestring, in segregated rural and urban areas. White women uniquely had the franchise and freedom of movement, but they were also constrained by sexually repressive laws. Apartheid’s gendered vision of production and social reproduction faced continual resistance, and it ultimately failed. First, it failed because African women increasingly moved from rural areas to urban centers, despite laws limiting their mobility. Second, it failed because some women organized across ethnic and racial lines. They often organized as mothers, demanding a better world for a new generation. Both their nationally and internationally resonant campaigns—against pass laws, educational and health care inequities, police brutality, and military conscription—and the fact of their collective organization gradually undermined apartheid. Officials generally underestimated the power of women, and their contributions have continued to be under-appreciated since apartheid ended in 1994, because women’s political style emphasized personal and familial concerns. But because apartheid was premised on transforming how families lived, actions of women in fact undermined the system from its core.

Chinese Social Welfare: Policies and Outcomes

1989 ◽  
Vol 119 ◽  
pp. 577-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Davis
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Land Values ◽  
Welfare Policies ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Private Entrepreneurs ◽  
Household Farm ◽  
First Time

China in the 1980s is in the midst of a social revolution as far–reaching as either Land Reform or the early years of the Cultural Revolution. After four decades of championing the superiority of state monopolies and the evils of private ownership, the leaders of the Politburo have decollectivized agriculture, advocated commodification of land values, encouraged private trade and investment, and explicitly agreed that it is good if a few get rich first. Rural citizens in particular have responded with alacrity to this privatization of work and the retreat of the Party and the state from the daily management of agriculture. The household farm has become the basic unit of production for the first time since 1952, and private entrepreneurs have transformed the structure of rural commerce and manufacturing. Average incomes in rural areas trebled in the decade after 1977 and the economic gap between rural and urban citizens noticeably narrowed.

Women in the Medical Field in India

2020 ◽  
pp. 230-236
Author(s):  
Monica Sivakumar
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Status ◽  
Endurance Testing ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Testing Field

There is a vast difference in the status of women in the medical field in India as compared to the West. However, much progress has been made in the past two decades at least in the urban areas. There is a tremendous disparity in the rural and urban areas when it comes to the number of women who enter this field. The urban areas are almost on par with the western standards at present. Despite having so many women who are leaders in the field, the situation in rural India remains desolate. Many hopes are dashed and much talent is wasted as societal interference, early marriages, and poor socio-economic status make it extremely difficult for the women in the semi-urban and rural areas to enter this lengthy and endurance-testing field. The patriarchal nature of the society, ancient customs, and inability to adapt to modern times are some of the common reasons that so few women enter this field.

scholarly journals The Influence of Health Education Through Booklet on Knowledge and Practice of Menstrual Hygiene

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenny Artanty Nisman ◽  
Dewi Fatma Mutiawati ◽  
Marsita Nugraheni ◽  
Intan Milasari
Keyword(s):  
Health Education ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
School Students ◽  
Menstrual Hygiene ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Knowledge And Practice

<div class="Section1"><p>Abnormal discharge from the vagina and infections of the reproductive tract can be prevented by practicing good menstrual hygiene. The ease by which adolescents are able to access information will affect the level of knowledge adolescents have about menstrual hygiene. This study aimed to determine the differences in levels of knowledge and practices of menstrual hygiene in boarding school students in rural and urban areas, before and after having being given health education using booklet media. This study was quasi experimental research. The research took place at MTs Al Falaah Pandak Bantul representing the rural area and MTs Mu'allimat Yogyakarta representing the urban area between December 2016 and January 2017. Knowledge and practice of menstrual hygiene was measured by a questionnaire. There was no statistically significant difference between knowledge of menstrual hygiene in the boarding schools of both rural and urban groups p=0.473, whereas the difference between hygiene practice regarding menstruation in both groups showed a significant difference p=0.000. There were significant differences in the levels of knowledge and practice of menstruation hygiene between the boarding school students in both the rural areas and urban areas before and after health education using a booklet. A higher mean value was indicated by the boarding school students in urban areas.</p></div>

scholarly journals Education, Employment, and Income: An Overview of Rural-Urban Gaps in Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 647-661
Author(s):  
Nguyen Phuong Le ◽  
Do Kim Chung
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Credit Access ◽  
Rural Workers ◽  
Doi Moi ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Since the time of Doi Moi, the Vietnamese government has implemented a variety of policies to foster more balanced economic growth and development between rural and urban sectors. Several government policies that have been enacted were in the fields of agricultural reform and rural development. However, uneven development between urban and rural areas still exists. Based on secondary data, this study shows the urban-rural gaps in terms of education, employment, and income. The paper points out that the higher the level of education a person attains, the more considerable the disparities between urban and rural inhabitants can be observed. This fact strongly influences the occupations and incomes of urban as well as rural workers. The recommended policies to reduce the gaps between urban and rural areas include enhancing credit access for rural people, particularly to the poor; improving access to education and job training opportunities for formal sector employment; and entrepreneurial support to start household businesses, which all serve to increase income opportunities for low-income groups in the rural sector.

scholarly journals Small Towns and Land Reform in Zimbabwe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Scoones ◽  
Felix Murimbarimba
Keyword(s):  
Informal Economy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Local Economic Development ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Massive Growth ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Basic Infrastructure

AbstractZimbabwe’s land reform from 2000 radically transformed the agrarian structure, and with this small towns in rural areas. This article explores three such towns—Mvurwi, Chatsworth and Maphisa—examining changes in population, housing, transport and business activity between 2000 and 2020. Case studies highlight the importance of networks and social relationships between rural and urban areas, linked to new patterns of migration and a massive growth in the informal economy. Despite the lack of state investment in basic infrastructure, the economies of these small towns have grown significantly, with a major shift in agrarian relations generating new economic activity and employment. This suggests the potential of a territorial focus for local economic development following land reform, encompassing both urban and rural areas.

scholarly journals Intelligent Chatbot for Medical Assistance in Rural Areas

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 24-31
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Medical Issues ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Rural Part

In today’s world, 918 million rural people are more easily connected to the internet than doctors. The rural part of India is still in crisis due to lack of doctors and gets only one-third of hospital facilities. 80% doctors are available only in urban areas. In this paper, an application is developed with a motive of connecting doctors and assisting medication primarily focusing on rural and urban areas. The main idea is to create a user-friendly virtual assistant which helps every citizen, mainly residing in the rural parts of India. There are few industrial bots for News, Weather, Trends and perhaps different day-after-day events that manifest themselves within the general class. The proposed application takes a prominent place in the medical field. The bot recommends the best medical practice to the patients in treating minor medical issues. In the future, this Medical Chatbot can be trained with doctors to treat some minor surgeries.

TURNING FARMERS INTO SOCIAL FARMER ENTREPRENEURS FOR DISADVANTAGED PEOPLE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remus Runcan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Development Programme ◽  
Rural And Urban

According to Romania’s National Rural Development Programme, the socio-economic situation of the rural environment has a large number of weaknesses – among which low access to financial resources for small entrepreneurs and new business initiatives in rural areas and poorly developed entrepreneurial culture, characterized by a lack of basic managerial knowledge – but also a large number of opportunities – among which access of the rural population to lifelong learning and entrepreneurial skills development programmes and entrepreneurs’ access to financial instruments. The population in rural areas depends mainly on agricultural activities which give them subsistence living conditions. The gap between rural and urban areas is due to low income levels and employment rates, hence the need to obtain additional income for the population employed in subsistence and semi-subsistence farming, especially in the context of the depopulation trend. At the same time, the need to stimulate entrepreneurship in rural areas is high and is at a resonance with the need to increase the potential of rural communities from the perspective of landscape, culture, traditional activities and local resources. A solution could be to turn vegetal and / or animal farms into social farms – farms on which people with disabilities (but also adolescents and young people with anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicide, and alexithymia issues) might find a “foster” family, bed and meals in a natural, healthy environment, and share the farm’s activities with the farmer and the farmer’s family: “committing to a regular day / days and times for a mutually agreed period involves complying with any required health and safety practices (including use of protective clothing and equipment), engaging socially with the farm family members and other people working on and around the farm, and taking on tasks which would include working on the land, taking care of animals, or helping out with maintenance and other physical work”

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