The acquisition of early verbs in French: Assessing the role of conversation and of child-directed speech

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 287-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edy Veneziano ◽  
Christophe Parisse
Keyword(s):  
Close Relationships ◽  
First Language ◽  
Adult Child ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Single Form ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One

This article examines the production of early verbs by two children acquiring French as their first language. The study focuses on the developmental period during which verbs are produced in one form only. Child-directed speech (CDS) and conversational contingencies (CC) occurring around these verbal forms were analysed up to the moment when some verbs are produced in two different forms. Results show that children’s use of a single form per verb can also be found in CDS by adults where the majority of verbs are used in one morphophonological form only. Moreover, the particular form children use for a given verb corresponds to the one adults predominantly use in CDS. At the same time, child-produced verb forms are reinforced in the CC occurring in adult—child exchanges. When trying to separate the role of CCs from that of more general CDS, for both children the study found that for about half of the verbal forms CDS and CC provide the same congruent information. Of the remaining verb types, three-quarters are explained by CC, while fewer then 15 percent are explained by CDS, indicating that CCs are a stronger source of influence than general input. These findings underline the close relationships between patterns of language acquisition, conversational exchanges and CDS. The data suggest a construction process based on specific characteristics of the language children hear, what they can produce and, importantly, the temporally close reinforcing relations between these two that are forged in conversational interactions.

scholarly journals Finiitverbide kõrvutikasutus laste ja lastele suunatud kõnes ehk Söö söö söö suu tühjaks

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-24
Author(s):  
Reili Argus
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
First Language ◽  
Adult Child ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Directive Speech Acts ◽  
Children's Speech ◽  
Directive Speech ◽  
Observation Period

Artiklis kirjeldatakse lapse ja tema vanema suulise argisuhtluse direktiivsetes lausungites kasutatavaid verbi finiitvormide kõrvutikasutusi ning selgitatakse nende rolli nii eesti suulise direktiivse argisuhtluse kui ka keeleomandamise perspektiivist. Verbi finiitvormi kõrvutikasutused on lapsele suunatud kõnes sagedased ja täiskasvanu kõne iga viies direktiivne lausung sisaldab rohkem kui kaht finiitverbi kõrvuti. Samas ei ole aga verbi kõrvutikasutused sagedased laste kõnes, kust võib leida vaid mõned üksikud näited. Vanema kõne verbi kõrvutikasutuste sageduse poolest vaatlusperioodi vältel ei muutu. Verbi finiitvormi kõrvutikasutused on analüüsis jagatud esmalt kaheks – sama ja eri verbi kõrvuti esinemised; eri verbi kõrvuti kasutused omakorda kolmeks: esimese verbina liikumisverbi sisaldavateks ehk tüüpilisteks seriaalkonstruktsioonideks, esimese verbina partiklilaadset verbivormi sisaldavateks ning sidesõnaga ühendatud verbi kõrvutikasutusteks. Kõige enam kasutasid vanemad seriaalkonstruktsioone ja partiklilaadsete verbivormidega algavaid verbi kõrvuti kasutusi, vähem leidus sama verbi korduseid. Lastele suunatud kõne verbi kõrvuti kasutustel on mõned täiskasva nutele suunatud kõnest erinevad jooned, kõige enam on selliseid erijooni partikli laadsete verbivormidega kõrvutikasutustel. Suhtluses on sellistel ühenditel käsu intensiivistamise roll, selle kõrval ka koostöö algatamise, lapse tegevuse pidurdamise, ergutamise, aga ka tegevuse muutmise roll. Abstract. Reili Argus: The co-occurrences of verb finite forms used by children and their caregivers. The article describes the co-occurrences of verb finite forms used by children and their caregivers in directive speech acts of spontaneous everyday speech. The role of co-occurrences of verbs have been described from the perspective of Estonian everyday directive communication and from the perspective of first language acquisition. The co-occurrences of finite verbs are frequent in child directed speech and almost every fifth directive utterance consists of co-occurrence of verb finite forms. These kinds of co-occurrences are not characteristic to children’s speech and only a couple of examples can be found from their data. The frequency of verb co-occurrences does not change during the observation period, so, the clear fine-tuning effect of the child directed speech was not observed in the analyzed data. All instances of verb co-occurrences have been divided into two sub-classes – the repetitions of the same lemma and co-occurrences of different lemmas, last sub-class consists of constructions where the first verb denotes movement, that is typical serial constructions; constructions where the first verb was a particlelike verb form; and constructions with conjunctions. The most frequent type of verb co-occurrences in child directed speech were typical serial constructions and constructions where the first constituent was particle-like verb form, repetitions of same lemma were not so frequent. The co-occurrences of verb finite forms used in child directed speech had some features which are not characteristic to adult directed speech, such different features were registered mostly in constructions with particle-like verb forms. In adult-child interaction, verb co-occurrences have mostly been used for intensifying the command, but also for initiating cooperation, stopping, stimulating, and modifying the child’s activities.

scholarly journals Authorial Self and Modernity as Reflected in Diaries and Memoirs. Three 19th-Century Hungarian Case Studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-97
Author(s):  
Béla Mester
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Public Intellectual ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
Individual Character ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One

Abstract The role of the diaries and memoirs in the process of the conscious self-reflection and their contribution to the emergence of modern individual personalities are well-known facts of the intellectual history. The present paper intends to analyze a special form of the creation of modern individual character; it is the self-creation of the writer as a conscious personality, often with a clearly formulated opinion about her/his own social role. There will be offered several examples from the 19th-century history of the Hungarian intelligentsia. This period is more or less identical with the modernization of the “cultural industry” in Hungary, dominated by the periodicals with their deadlines, fixed lengths of the articles, and professional editing houses on the one hand and the cultural nation building on the other. Concerning the possible social and cultural role of the intelligentsia, it is the moment of the birth of a new type, so-called public intellectual. I will focus on three written sources, a diary of a Calvinist student of theology, Péter (Litkei) Tóth, the memoirs of an influential public intellectual, Gusztáv Szontagh, and a belletristic printed diary of a young intellectual, János Asbóth.

scholarly journals The role of museums in Russia’s and China’s cultural diplomacies

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 865-882
Author(s):  
Vladimir I. Fokin ◽  
Elena E. Elts
Keyword(s):  
Soft Power ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
One Belt One Road ◽  
Cultural Exchanges ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One ◽  
Revolutionary History

Russia and China have both shown increasing interest in the promotion their cultural achievements and have utilized culture as essential soft-power resource. Moreover, the concept of ‘soft power’ has gained popularity in Russia’s and China’s academic and political discourse. Russian-Chinese cultural cooperation is gaining momentum due to this exchange, and the scale and the depth of the cultural projects have expanded. At the moment, museums are involved in development of diplomatic relations, including within the framework of friendship societies, and through the development of the Russian-Chinese tourism. ‘Red tourism’ (it means visiting the monuments of the revolutionary history of Russia) in particular has expanded through the implementation of cultural seasons, Cross-Years of Culture, and the promotion of cultural exchanges of contemporary art. As shown in the case of Hermitage, Moscow Kremlin Museums, National Museum of China, Palace Museum ‘Gugong’ in Beijing, famous world museums have been carrying out the ambitious development programmes, scaling up their resource capacities, and since the beginning of the 21st century have begun to promote their brand. The article considers the potential for museums to participate in the development of bilateral relations, and in improving the foreign-policy image of both countries. The authors’ research reveals the features of museum diplomacy, areas of museums’ international activities that enhanced the efficiency of Russia’s and China’s soft power and identifies the common avenues for disseminating the neoliberal messages in museum sphere. Moreover, particular attention is paid by the authors’ to ‘soft power’ rankings and to lists of the most visited museums. Furthermore, new modalities of international museum cooperation are discussed by the authors, with a focus on areas of joint collaboration within the framework of SCO, BRICS, and the “One belt, one road” initiative. The authors conclude that there is a need to improve the legal framework for Russian-Chinese museum cooperation in response to the deepening interaction and transformation of the role of museums in both international and bilateral relations.

scholarly journals Photographs of silos

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catalina Mejía Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Le Corbusier ◽  
South American ◽  
Grain Elevators ◽  
Trade And Exchange ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One ◽  
North And South ◽  
Walter Gropius ◽  
Do So

This article explores the dissemination of the photographs and photo-reproductions of the now-canonical North and South American grain elevators, published and disseminated in the early twentieth century in publications such as the 1913 Werkbund Yearbook where Walter Gropius included them as illustrations to his article, and later by Le Corbusier in Vers une architecture, amongst many others. It emphasises that while within architecture discourse the idea of a canon made up of buildings is widely accepted, this article identifies and stresses the role of ‘photographic canons’ as a means to further challenge these constructions. To do so, the article focuses on the moment where these photo-reproductions were consolidated as canonical and the mechanisms that such a construct implied. It investigates the photo-reproductions’ history as objects of trade and exchange, as well as their mobilisation in relation to photographic media and different dissemination platforms to argue that, on the one hand, that this informed their reading as architectural, and thus singular, objects. And on the other, that the materiality of the photo-reproductions’ different instances testifies to their nature as commodities and objects of trade, and therefore to the consolidation of their canonical status.

scholarly journals Payment for legal services in the USA civil procedure: Contingent fee, American rule and their impact on the judicial caseload

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 693-711
Author(s):  
Dmitrii V. Kniazev ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Judicial System ◽  
Legal Services ◽  
The Us ◽  
Contingent Fee ◽  
Settlement Agreement ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

The article deals with the influential mechanism of the contingent fee and the American rule on the number of filings to the US judicial system, and, consequently, on the judicial caseload as a whole. The author concludes that at the moment there is no uniform idea about the role of contingent fee arrangements and the American rule in the growth of the number of filings to courts. There are two opposing views on this issue: those who stand on the side of the plaintiffs’ attorneys (and therefore for the contingent fee and for the American rule), on the one hand, and those who act on behalf of the defendants (which means against these institutions). With certainty, it can only be argued that the contingent fee and the American rule complement each other. The contingent fee justifies its existence by expanding the accessibility of justice. Under the fee, those who are unable to pay for the services of a lawyer get the opportunity to go to court. And this availability is largely based on the plaintiff ’s belief that even in the event of a loss, he will not have to pay the defendant’s costs. Together, these rules, according to their supporters, make it possible to ensure the implementation of one of the unshakable values — the right of every American to get their “day in court”. At the same time, many facts indicate that the “bundle” of the contingent fee and the American rule has led to an increase in the number of clearly unreasonable, frivolous, nuisance lawsuits that are filed not with the aim of obtaining a positive court decision, but only to persuade the defendant to accept a settlement agreement on the payment of compensation to the plaintiff.

scholarly journals “A Living, Fleshy Bond”: The Electric Telegraph, Musical Thought, and Embodiment

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-166
Author(s):  
Inge van Rij
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Art Music ◽  
The Body ◽  
Musical Language ◽  
Marshall Mcluhan ◽  
Musical Thought ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One

The development and rapid spread of the electric telegraph in the mid-nineteenth century were profoundly entangled with music in ways that are seldom if ever acknowledged. Particular emphasis is often placed on sound recording as enacting what Attali describes as “the moment when everything suddenly changed.” In fact, the telegraph anticipated several key premises of recording by decades. Its language is heard, on the one hand, in the direct imitation of Strauss Jr.'s Telegraphische Depeschen, and on the other, in François Sudre's development of a “universal musical language” to communicate across distance. Works by Berlioz and Georges Kastner reveal how the telegraph fed into conceptions of musical transcendence via Spiritualists and the Aeolian harp. The attendant emphasis on mind over body was extended through the employment by conductors of telegraph technology to control musicians across ever-greater distances. This apparent disembodiment of the telegraph carried threatening implications for those social or ethnic groups aligned with the body, including performers. However, as Marshall McLuhan suggests, electricity was also primarily a “tactile” medium, and sensitivity to the telegraphic signals in art music therefore also entailed a new appreciation of the powerful role of embodied performers. Listening for the sounds of the telegraph in music of the mid-nineteenth century thus both enriches our appreciation of the historicity of these works and offers new perspectives on the negotiations between embodiment and transcendence that continue to underpin this repertoire.

scholarly journals Wines, Bottles, Crises: A Decolonial Perspective on Brazilian Higher Education

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 577-604
Author(s):  
Clarissa Menezes Jordão ◽  
Juliana Zeggio Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Political Role ◽  
Universal Language ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One ◽  
Personal Reflections ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT This paper looks into specific cases related to the authors’ personal reflections and experiences with internationalization. They are analyzed from a decolonial perspective, taking into account the specificities of Brazilian public education. The thematic categories of analysis were: (1) the social aim/function of higher education, (2) the impact of internationalization processes on higher education, and (3) the myth of a universal language/planetary unity. It is paramount, especially in times of emergency like ours, that we reflect on the formative, social and political role of universities to respond to ontoepistemological crises such as the one we are immersed in at the moment.

The Destruction of Participation

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-77
Author(s):  
Ines Weizman
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Chain Reactions ◽  
Housing Projects ◽  
Political Policy ◽  
Population Shrinking ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One ◽  
The City ◽  
Housing Estates

This article describes a current dilemma of urban planning in cities of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR). The process of demographic shrinking, and the increasing growth of the more privileged to suburbia since the early 1990s had dramatic consequences, especially on cities with large-scale settlements (Großsiedlungen) that once had been built especially for sites based on heavy industries. This paper argues that far from the banal, grey and depressing stigma attached to them at present, some of these housing projects, particularly the one for Leipzig-Grünau represented one of the most enthusiastic experiments to realise societal utopias. The study looks particularly at the role of residents' participation in the success and development of their estate. However, at the moment when buildings are being demolished public participation in determining the fate of their urban environment, seems futile and redundant. These often random and short-sighted demolitions undermine the housing estates' cohesiveness, which in turn helps to dilute the residents' sense of pride and privilege. It seems almost as though population ‘shrinking’ was part of a plan to re-appropriate the city by erasing the ‘unfamiliar’ fabric of a competing ideology. The paper investigates how this process is played out, what form it takes and how the configuration and coherence of the urban fabric is affected by a complicated sequence of chain reactions which degrade the attractiveness of the area to such a degree that demolition appears as the only possible solution. An intentional cultural-political policy of de-familiarisation takes place and demolition is made to appear all but unavoidable.

scholarly journals The Role of Osteosynthesys Materials in the Etiopathology of Bone Malignant Tumors and Reconstruction Possibilities. Case report

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 3669-3674
Author(s):  
Cezar Ionut Calin ◽  
Marinel Drignei ◽  
Stergios Ganatsios ◽  
Eric Jovenet ◽  
George Dinache ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Window ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Benign Tumors ◽  
Neoplastic Disease ◽  
Locomotor System ◽  
Primary Bone ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One

The use of osteosynthesis materials in orthopedics is fundamental in the surgical management of patients presenting with various pathologies of the locomotor system, in most cases trauma, but also malign and benign tumors. The risk that these materials could have in inducing malignant transformation of benign tumors or in the onset of primary malignant tumors, was rarely studied. On the one hand, primary malignant tumors of the locomotor system are much less frequent than other kind of neoplasms (for example Ewing sarcoma has an incidence of 1-3 cases / 1.000.000 people / year, ostosarcoma has an incidence of 2 cases / 1.000.000 people / year). On the other hand, usually there is a time window of several years, different from one case to another, from the moment of action of the etiopathogenic factor to the moment of revealing the presence of a neoplastic disease. Based on our clinical practice on a few clinical cases, we intend to study more thoroughly the etiology of primary bone malignant tumors in general and the role of the osteosynthesys materials in this matter especially.

scholarly journals CODE-SWITCHING IN THE CONTEXT OF UDMURT-RUSSIAN BILINGUALISM (BASED ON VERB FORMS)

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 590-598
Author(s):  
Natalia Vladimirovna Kondratieva ◽  
Zsuzsannа Salánki
Keyword(s):  
Code Switching ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Physiological Factor ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Light Verb ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The One ◽  
Auxiliary Verb

On the one hand, code switching as a linguistic phenomenon is a speaker’s transition from one language to another in the process of verbal communication, depending on the conditions of communication; on the other hand, it is the interaction of structures and structural elements of two languages. Its implementation in speech is due to a number of reasons: extralinguistic (external), intralinguistic (linguistic proper), psycho-physiological. The main purpose of this article is to identify the structural types as well as lexical and semantic characteristics of code switching, based on verb forms in the speech of native Udmurt speakers in the context of Udmurt-Russian bilingualism. In the course of the study, it was found that, in contrast to the nominal parts of speech, verbs are less susceptible to the phenomenon of code-switching. The matrix (Udmurt) language is characterized by three types of inclusion of verb forms from the donor language: a) the use of an auxiliary verb (light verb strategy); b) indirect insertion, characterized by the attachment of special morphological markers; c) semantic borrowing. In terms of lexical and semantic characteristics, the phenomenon of code switching in the context of Udmurt-Russian bilingualism is most typical of verbal units reflecting the practical and spiritual (mental, emotional, volitional) activities of people. This proves the important role of the psycho-physiological factor in the emergence of switching codes.

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