scholarly journals CODE-SWITCHING IN THE CONTEXT OF UDMURT-RUSSIAN BILINGUALISM (BASED ON VERB FORMS)

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 590-598
Author(s):  
Natalia Vladimirovna Kondratieva ◽  
Zsuzsannа Salánki
Keyword(s):  
Code Switching ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Physiological Factor ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Light Verb ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The One ◽  
Auxiliary Verb

On the one hand, code switching as a linguistic phenomenon is a speaker’s transition from one language to another in the process of verbal communication, depending on the conditions of communication; on the other hand, it is the interaction of structures and structural elements of two languages. Its implementation in speech is due to a number of reasons: extralinguistic (external), intralinguistic (linguistic proper), psycho-physiological. The main purpose of this article is to identify the structural types as well as lexical and semantic characteristics of code switching, based on verb forms in the speech of native Udmurt speakers in the context of Udmurt-Russian bilingualism. In the course of the study, it was found that, in contrast to the nominal parts of speech, verbs are less susceptible to the phenomenon of code-switching. The matrix (Udmurt) language is characterized by three types of inclusion of verb forms from the donor language: a) the use of an auxiliary verb (light verb strategy); b) indirect insertion, characterized by the attachment of special morphological markers; c) semantic borrowing. In terms of lexical and semantic characteristics, the phenomenon of code switching in the context of Udmurt-Russian bilingualism is most typical of verbal units reflecting the practical and spiritual (mental, emotional, volitional) activities of people. This proves the important role of the psycho-physiological factor in the emergence of switching codes.

Sanzhi–Russian code switching and the Matrix Language Frame model

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1448-1468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Forker
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Uniform Structure ◽  
Published Data ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Frame Model ◽  
Languages In Contact ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: The study represents the first attempt to analyze intrasentantial code switching in an indigenous language from the Caucasus (the Nakh- Daghestanian language Sanzhi Dargwa) in contact with Russian. It also tests borrowing/code switching hierarchies that target parts of speech. Methodology: The study applies the Matrix Language Frame model developed by Myers-Scotton to data from Sanzhi. Data and analysis: The analyzed data consist of around 6,000 tokens of natural texts (monologues) produced by six male speakers and recorded in the main settlement of the Sanzhi speech community in Daghestan (Russian Federation). The original data are compared to published data from other languages in contact with Russian. The Sanzhi data are analyzed by means of the Matrix Language Frame model, focusing on intraclausal code switching. Findings: The Sanzhi data can largely be analyzed within the Matrix Language Frame model, confirming thus the ‘Uniform Structure Principle’ posed by Myers-Scotton. However, there are also a few instances of code switching in which embedded language and matrix language cannot be identified, which prevents application of the model. Furthermore, the study replicated findings on borrowing/code switching hierarchies for parts of speech, that is, the preference for insertions of nouns and other parts of speech from the open classes in comparison with the relative scarcity of inserted pronouns or adpositions (closed classes). Originality: This is the first attempt to apply the Matrix Language Frame model to code switching between a Caucasian language and Russian and constitutes a new approach to the study of language contact in the Caucasus and, more generally, to the impact on Russian of minority languages in the Russian Federation. Implications: The results suggest that the Matrix Language Frame model could also be applied to other languages in contact with Russian and with a similar sociolinguistic profile, such as Sanzhi.

The acquisition of early verbs in French: Assessing the role of conversation and of child-directed speech

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 287-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edy Veneziano ◽  
Christophe Parisse
Keyword(s):  
Close Relationships ◽  
First Language ◽  
Adult Child ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Single Form ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One

This article examines the production of early verbs by two children acquiring French as their first language. The study focuses on the developmental period during which verbs are produced in one form only. Child-directed speech (CDS) and conversational contingencies (CC) occurring around these verbal forms were analysed up to the moment when some verbs are produced in two different forms. Results show that children’s use of a single form per verb can also be found in CDS by adults where the majority of verbs are used in one morphophonological form only. Moreover, the particular form children use for a given verb corresponds to the one adults predominantly use in CDS. At the same time, child-produced verb forms are reinforced in the CC occurring in adult—child exchanges. When trying to separate the role of CCs from that of more general CDS, for both children the study found that for about half of the verbal forms CDS and CC provide the same congruent information. Of the remaining verb types, three-quarters are explained by CC, while fewer then 15 percent are explained by CDS, indicating that CCs are a stronger source of influence than general input. These findings underline the close relationships between patterns of language acquisition, conversational exchanges and CDS. The data suggest a construction process based on specific characteristics of the language children hear, what they can produce and, importantly, the temporally close reinforcing relations between these two that are forged in conversational interactions.

scholarly journals MORPHOSYNTACTIC INTERFERENCE IN THE UDMURT-RUSSIAN BILINGUALISM

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 380-389
Author(s):  
Zsuzsanna Salanki ◽  
Natalia Vladimirovna Kondratieva
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Influence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Communicative Functions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Distributive Properties ◽  
Different Levels

The article deals with the morphosyntactic interference in the Udmurt-Russian bilingualism, which is the result of interaction between structures and structural elements of these languages throughout centuries long contacts. On the one hand, interference increases the number of the communicative functions of Udmurt; on the other hand, it narrows the distributive properties of certain linguistic phenomena with different degrees of interference in different levels as a result of interaction and mutual influence. Like in other languages, in the Udmurt-Russian bilingualism there is more interference in lexis whereas interference in grammar (morphology and syntax) is less. The article focuses on the adaptation of the bases of notional parts of speech (verbs, nouns, adjectives, numerals) to the grammar of Udmurt and zero transmorphologization in the speech of Udmurt. In terms of syntactic interference, the following transformations are singled out: 1) minus-segmentation, i. e. the number of elements in the recipient language reduces due to the influence of corresponding models in the donor language; 2) plus-segmentation, i.e. the number of elements in the recipient language increases due to the influence of the distributive rules of the donor language; 3) replacing, i.e. the elements of the recipient language are rearranged under the influence of the rules of the donor language.

scholarly journals Language Interaction in Emergent Grammars: Morphology and Word Order in Bilingual Children’s Code-Switching

Languages ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Virve-Anneli Vihman
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Morphological Integration ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Moving Target ◽  
Standard Order ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Constituent Order

This paper examines the morphological integration of nouns in bilingual children’s code-switching to investigate whether children adhere to constraints posited for adult code-switching. The changing nature of grammars in development makes the Matrix Language Frame a moving target; permeability between languages in bilinguals undermines the concept of a monolingual grammatical frame. The data analysed consist of 630 diary entries with code-switching and structural transfer from two children (aged 2;10–7;2 and 6;6–11;0) bilingual in Estonian and English, languages which differ in morphological richness and the inflectional role of stem changes. The data reveal code-switching with late system morphemes, variability in stem selection and word order incongruence. Constituent order is analysed in utterances with and without code-switching, and the frame is shown to draw sometimes on both languages, raising questions about the MLF, which is meant to derive from the grammar of one language. If clauses without code-switched elements display non-standard morpheme order, then there is no reason to expect code-switching to follow a standard order, nor is it reasonable to assume a monolingual target grammar. Complex morphological integration of code-switches and interaction between the two languages are discussed.

scholarly journals The Aspect and Tense Verb Categories and Their Relations

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 396-399
Keyword(s):  
Development Process ◽  
Single Plane ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Internal Development ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
Discrete Category ◽  
Verb Categories

The paper aims at analyzing the problems of the verb categories: aspect and tense and their relations in the traditional aspect theory. The verb is one of the complicated parts of speech possessing several categories as aspect, tense, mood, voice, person, and number. The aspect category is one of the main verb categories. If verb category expresses action, the aspect category expresses its stages of internal development: process, result, fact, protracted and others. In spite of having the aspect category in their matrixes, some languages are considered to be temporal (Turkic) in spite of having a set of developed plans of expressions and plans of contents and some languages are considered to be aspectual (Slavic languages). All of these verb categories function in a single continuum of expression. It becomes the reason of some problems connected with aspect theory in general and the aspect category in particular. It is difficult subjectively to identify meaning, function of each discrete category of a verb because of single plane of expression. This reason affected the creation of an aspect category definition. According to traditional aspect theory, the aspect definition states, that aspect expresses ‘action occurs at the time or the distribution of the action in time’. On the basis of definition, the aspect category is created by tense category, when they are two independent categories with their discrete meanings. One concept is explained by another concept. It contradicts to logic laws. The main conclusion of the article is that the aspect category and tense category have two different discrete meanings and the role of tense category is not correctly defined in the aspect category, which leads to such division of languages as aspectual and temporal. All languages have the aspect category initially, because it is included in the matrix of a verb

Preparation of Electron Transparent Metal-Matrix Composites

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 334-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Pinnel ◽  
A. Lawley
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Load Transfer ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Steel Wire ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Interfacial Region ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Specific Test ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The One

Numerous phenomenological descriptions of the mechanical behavior of composite materials have been developed. There is now an urgent need to study and interpret deformation behavior, load transfer, and strain distribution, in terms of micromechanisms at the atomic level. One approach is to characterize dislocation substructure resulting from specific test conditions by the various techniques of transmission electron microscopy. The present paper describes a technique for the preparation of electron transparent composites of aluminum-stainless steel, such that examination of the matrix-fiber (wire), or interfacial region is possible. Dislocation substructures are currently under examination following tensile, compressive, and creep loading. The technique complements and extends the one other study in this area by Hancock.The composite examined was hot-pressed (argon atmosphere) 99.99% aluminum reinforced with 15% volume fraction stainless steel wire (0.006″ dia.).Foils were prepared so that the stainless steel wires run longitudinally in the plane of the specimen i.e. the electron beam is perpendicular to the axes of the wires. The initial step involves cutting slices ∼0.040″ in thickness on a diamond slitting wheel.

Designing TIMP (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases) variants that are selective metalloproteinase inhibitors

2003 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 201-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideaki Nagase ◽  
Keith Brew
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Tissue Inhibitors Of Metalloproteinases ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Ridge Structure ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Components ◽  
Metalloproteinase Inhibitors ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase

The tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are endogenous inhibitors of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), enzymes that play central roles in the degradation of extracellular matrix components. The balance between MMPs and TIMPs is important in the maintenance of tissues, and its disruption affects tissue homoeostasis. Four related TIMPs (TIMP-1 to TIMP-4) can each form a complex with MMPs in a 1:1 stoichiometry with high affinity, but their inhibitory activities towards different MMPs are not particularly selective. The three-dimensional structures of TIMP-MMP complexes reveal that TIMPs have an extended ridge structure that slots into the active site of MMPs. Mutation of three separate residues in the ridge, at positions 2, 4 and 68 in the amino acid sequence of the N-terminal inhibitory domain of TIMP-1 (N-TIMP-1), separately and in combination has produced N-TIMP-1 variants with higher binding affinity and specificity for individual MMPs. TIMP-3 is unique in that it inhibits not only MMPs, but also several ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) and ADAMTS (ADAM with thrombospondin motifs) metalloproteinases. Inhibition of the latter groups of metalloproteinases, as exemplified with ADAMTS-4 (aggrecanase 1), requires additional structural elements in TIMP-3 that have not yet been identified. Knowledge of the structural basis of the inhibitory action of TIMPs will facilitate the design of selective TIMP variants for investigating the biological roles of specific MMPs and for developing therapeutic interventions for MMP-associated diseases.

Extracellular matrix: the gatekeeper of tumor angiogenesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 1543-1555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Mongiat ◽  
Simone Buraschi ◽  
Eva Andreuzzi ◽  
Thomas Neill ◽  
Renato V. Iozzo
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Tumor Angiogenesis ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Cancer Growth ◽  
Cell Behavior ◽  
Metastatic Progression ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Multiple Signaling

Abstract The extracellular matrix is a network of secreted macromolecules that provides a harmonious meshwork for the growth and homeostatic development of organisms. It conveys multiple signaling cascades affecting specific surface receptors that impact cell behavior. During cancer growth, this bioactive meshwork is remodeled and enriched in newly formed blood vessels, which provide nutrients and oxygen to the growing tumor cells. Remodeling of the tumor microenvironment leads to the formation of bioactive fragments that may have a distinct function from their parent molecules, and the balance among these factors directly influence cell viability and metastatic progression. Indeed, the matrix acts as a gatekeeper by regulating the access of cancer cells to nutrients. Here, we will critically evaluate the role of selected matrix constituents in regulating tumor angiogenesis and provide up-to-date information concerning their primary mechanisms of action.

MANUSCRIPT EVIDENCE FOR ALPHABET-SWITCHING IN THE WORKS OF CICERO: COMMON NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 498-516
Author(s):  
Neil O'Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Consistent Pattern ◽  
Current Interest ◽  
Reliable Transmission ◽  
Accurate Record ◽  
The Way

Of the hundreds of Greek common nouns and adjectives preserved in our MSS of Cicero, about three dozen are found written in the Latin alphabet as well as in the Greek. So we find, alongside συμπάθεια, also sympathia, and ἱστορικός as well as historicus. This sort of variation has been termed alphabet-switching; it has received little attention in connection with Cicero, even though it is relevant to subjects of current interest such as his bilingualism and the role of code-switching and loanwords in his works. Rather than addressing these issues directly, this discussion sets out information about the way in which the words are written in our surviving MSS of Cicero and takes further some recent work on the presentation of Greek words in Latin texts. It argues that, for the most part, coherent patterns and explanations can be found in the alphabetic choices exhibited by them, or at least by the earliest of them when there is conflict in the paradosis, and that this coherence is evidence for a generally reliable transmission of Cicero's original choices. While a lack of coherence might indicate unreliable transmission, or even an indifference on Cicero's part, a consistent pattern can only really be explained as an accurate record of coherent alphabet choice made by Cicero when writing Greek words.

You Are the One I Want to Communicate With!

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Pierucci ◽  
Olivier Klein ◽  
Andrea Carnaghi
Keyword(s):  
Memory Bias ◽  
Shared Reality ◽  
Communication Partner ◽  
Shared Reality Theory ◽  
The One ◽  
Study Participants

This article investigates the role of relational motives in the saying-is-believing effect ( Higgins & Rholes, 1978 ). Building on shared reality theory, we expected this effect to be most likely when communicators were motivated to “get along” with the audience. In the current study, participants were asked to describe an ambiguous target to an audience who either liked or disliked the target. The audience had been previously evaluated as a desirable vs. undesirable communication partner. Only participants who communicated with a desirable audience tuned their messages to suit their audience’s attitude toward the target. In line with predictions, they also displayed an audience-congruent memory bias in later recall.

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