scholarly journals Proscriptive Injunctions Can Elicit Greater Reactance and Lower Legitimacy Perceptions Than Prescriptive Injunctions

2021 ◽  
pp. 014616722110213
Author(s):  
Louisa Pavey ◽  
Susan Churchill ◽  
Paul Sparks
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Intervention Study ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Persuasive Communications ◽  
Source Study

Based on previous research investigating proscriptive injunctions (requesting that one should not do something) versus prescriptive injunctions (requesting that one should do something), we propose that proscription leads to greater reactance than does prescription for a range of actions, and that this effect is associated with lower perceived legitimacy of the injunction. Across five experimental studies, our student and general population samples received proscriptions or prescriptions and reported their reactance. Proscription led to greater reactance than did prescription in all five studies. This effect was accentuated by an authoritative source (Study 2), was mediated by the perceived legitimacy of the request (Study 3 and Study 4), and was attenuated by a self-affirmation intervention (Study 5). We suggest that proscriptions are viewed as more obligatory than prescriptions, limit the scope of behavioral alternatives, restrict perceived autonomy, and elicit greater reactance. The findings have implications for the design of effective persuasive communications.

scholarly journals Exploring drugs and vaccines associated with altered risks and severity of COVID-19: a UK Biobank cohort study of all ATC level-4 drug categories

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Xiang ◽  
Kenneth C.Y. Wong ◽  
SO Hon-Cheong
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
Cardiometabolic Disorders

AbstractBackgroundCOVID-19 is a major public health concern, yet its risk factors are not well-understood and effective therapies are lacking. It remains unclear how different drugs may increase or decrease the risks of infection and severity of disease.MethodsWe studied associations of prior use of all level-4 ATC drug categories (including vaccines) with COVID-19 diagnosis and outcome, based on a prospective cohort of UK Biobank(UKBB). Drug history was based on general practitioner(GP) records. Effects of prescribed medications/vaccinations on the risk of infection, severity of disease and mortality were investigated separately. Hospitalized and fatal cases were categorized as ‘severe’ infection. We also considered different study designs and conducted analyses within infected patients, tested subjects and the whole population respectively, and for 5 different time-windows of prescriptions. Missing data were accounted for by multiple imputation and inverse probability weighting was employed to reduce testing bias. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted which controls for main confounders.ResultsWe placed a greater focus on protective associations here, as (residual) confounding by indication and comorbidities tends to bias towards harmful effects. Across all categories, statins showed the strongest and most consistent protective associations. Significant protective effects against severe infection were seen among infected subjects (OR for prescriptions within a 12-month window, same below: 0.50, 95% CI:0.42-0.60), tested subjects (OR=0.63, 0.54-0.73) or in the general population (OR=0.49, 0.42-0.57). A number of top-listed drugs with protective effects were also cardiovascular medications, such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blocker and beta-blockers. Some other drugs showing protective associations included biguanides (metformin), estrogens, thyroid hormones and proton pump inhibitors, among others.Interestingly, we also observed protective associations by numerous vaccines. The most consistent association was observed for influenza vaccines, which showed reduced odds of infection (OR= 0.73 for vaccination in past year, CI 0.65-0.83) when compared cases to general population controls or test-negative controls (OR=0.60, 0.53-0.68). Protective associations were also observed when severe or fatal infection was considered as the outcome. Pneumococcal, tetanus, typhoid and combined bacterial and viral vaccines (ATC code J07CA) were also associated with lower odds of infection/severity.Further subgroup and interaction analyses revealed difference in protective effects in different clinical subgroups. For example, protective effects of flu and pneumococcal vaccines were weaker in obese individuals, while we observed stronger protective effects of statins in those with cardiometabolic disorders, such as diabetes, coronary artery disease, hypertension and obesity.ConclusionsA number of drugs, including many for cardiometabolic disorders, may be associated with lower odds of infection/severity of infection. Several existing vaccines, especially flu vaccines, may be beneficial against COVID-19 as well. However, causal relationship cannot be established due to risk of confounding. While further studies are required to validate the findings, this work provides a useful reference for future meta-analyses, clinical trials or experimental studies.

Personalised REsponses to DIetary Composition Trial (PREDICT): an intervention study to determine inter-individual differences in postprandial response to foods

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Berry ◽  
David Drew ◽  
Inbar Linenberg ◽  
Jonathan Wolf ◽  
George Hadjigeorgiou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Intervention Study ◽  
Standardized Test ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Massachusetts General Hospital ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Dietary Composition

Abstract The Personalised REsponses to DIetary Composition Trial (PREDICT) was a single-arm, single-blind intervention study that utilized both standardized “test” meals and captured “free-living” non-standardized food consumption, to predict an individual’s metabolic response to foods based on the person’s characteristics (including their metabolomic and gut microbiome profiles), meal composition (macronutrients and energy content) and meal context (including time of day, sleep and exercise). The initial study commenced in June 2018 and targeted 1,000 generally healthy participants between the ages of 18 and 65 years for enrollment in the United Kingdom, and recruited from the existing and ongoing TwinsUK research cohort and the general population. In December 2018, an independent trial mirroring the UK protocol was launched in parallel at Massachusetts General Hospital to serve as a US-based validation cohort including 100 healthy individuals in the general population. The overall objective of these trials was to predict glucose, insulin, lipid and other postprandial responses to foods based on the individual’s characteristics, including molecular biomarkers and lifestyle factors as well as the nutritional composition of the food. The studies, collectively termed PREDICT 1, were completed in May 2019. The study has delivered highly-dimensional multi-omic data from which the predictors of individual postprandial responses have been determined. These findings will be used to design personalized dietary interventions focused on key health outcomes. This protocol is registered with the US National Institutes of Health trial registry, ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03479866.

scholarly journals Fatal and non-fatal repetition of self-harm

2002 ◽  
Vol 181 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Owens ◽  
Judith Horrocks ◽  
Allan House
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
General Population ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Strong Connection ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
The Uk

BackgroundNon-fatal self-harm frequently leads to non-fatal repetition and sometimes to suicide. We need to quantify these two outcomes of self-harm to help us to develop and test effective interventions.AimsTo estimate rates of fatal and non-fatal repetition of self-harm.MethodA systematic review of published follow-up data, from observational and experimental studies. Four electronic databases were searched and 90 studies met the inclusion criteria.ResultsEighty per cent of studies found were undertaken in Europe, over one-third in the UK. Median proportions for repetition 1 year later were: 16% non-fatal and 2% fatal; after more than 9 years, around 7% of patients had died by suicide. The UK studies found particularly low rates of subsequent suicide.ConclusionsAfter 1 year, non-fatal repetition rates are around 15%. The strong connection between self-harm and later suicide lies somewhere between 0.5% and 2% after 1 year and above 5% after 9 years. Suicide risk among self-harm patients is hundreds of times higher than in the general population.

5945Single nucleotide polymorphisms of PAR2 gene is associated with subclinical myocardial damage in the general population

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Aono ◽  
T Watanabe ◽  
T Takahashi ◽  
S Kato ◽  
H Tamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Vascular Inflammation ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Myocardial Damage ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Logistic Analysis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Analysis

Abstract Introduction The protease activated receptor (PAR) 2 is a G protein-coupled receptor and expressed in cardiomyocytes, vascular cells, and leukocytes. Experimental studies demonstrated that PAR2 signaling is associated with adverse cardiac remodeling, heart failure, vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Recently, we and others demonstrated that subclinical myocardial damage is associated with cardiovascular mortality in general population. However, the impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of PAR2 gene on subclinical myocardial damage in general population is unclear. Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate whether SNPs of PAR2 gene is associated with subclinical myocardial damage in general population. Methods The present study included 2,926 apparently healthy subjects (aged ≥40) who participated in a community-based health checkup. We investigated 639 SNPs and measured serum heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) as markers of subclinical myocardial damage. Results We found the association of SNPs rs616235 within a PAR2 gene with subclinical myocardial damage. The homozygous A-allele (AA), heterozygous (AG), and homozygous G-allele (GG) carriers of rs616235 were identified in 2084 (71%), 791 (27%), and 51 (2%) subjects, respectively. The prevalence rates of subclinical myocardial damage were 29% in AA carriers, 23% in AG carriers, and 18% in GG carriers. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that the homozygous (AA) of rs616235 was independently associated with subclinical myocardial damage (odds ratio: 1.330, 95% confidence interval: 1.077–1.641, P=0.0080) after adjustment for conventional cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusions Genetic variant of PAR2 gene was independently associated with subclinical myocardial damage in the general population.

Abstract 19277: Late Systolic Central Hypertension as a Predictor of Incident Heart Failure: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio A Chirinos ◽  
Patrick Segers ◽  
Daniel A Duprez ◽  
Lyndia Brumback ◽  
David Bluemke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
General Population ◽  
Systolic Hypertension ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Systolic Pressure ◽  
Aortic Pressure ◽  
Pressure Waveform ◽  
Absolute Level ◽  
Incident Heart Failure

Background: Experimental studies demonstrate that high aortic pressure in late systole relative to early systole, causes greater myocardial remodeling and dysfunction, for any given absolute peak systolic pressure. Methods: We tested the hypothesis that late systolic hypertension, defined as the ratio of late (last 1/3 of systole) to early (first 2/3 of systole) pressure-time integrals (PTI) of the aortic pressure waveform, independently predicts incident heart failure (HF) in the general population. Aortic pressure waveforms were derived from a generalized transfer function applied to the radial pressure waveform recorded non-invasively from 6,124 adults. The late/early systolic PTI ratio (L/ESPTI) was assessed as a predictor of incident heart failure (HF) during median 8.5 years of follow-up. Results: The L/ESPTI was predictive of incident HF (hazard ratio per 1% increase=1.22; 95%CI=1.15-1.29; P<0.0001) even after adjustment for established risk factors for HF (HR=1.23; 95%CI=1.14-1.32: P<0.0001). In a multivariate model that included brachial systolic and diastolic blood pressure and other standard risk factors of HF, L/ESPTI was the modifiable factor associated with the greatest improvements in model performance. A high L/ESPTI was more predictive of HF than the presence of hypertension. After adjustment for each other and various predictors of HF, the HR associated with hypertension was 1.39 (95%CI=0.86-2.23; P=0.18) whereas the HR associated with a high L/E was 2.31 (95%CI=1.52-3.49; P<0.0001). Cumulative hazard curves for HF among participants stratified according to the presence or absence of hypertension (prevalence=45%) or a high L/ESPTI (set empirically to an identical prevalence of 45% based on E/LSPTI) are shown in the figure. Conclusions: Independently of the absolute level of peak pressure, late systolic hypertension is strongly associated with incident HF in the general population.

Association between circulatory microRNAs in plasma and atrial fibrillation among men and women from the general population

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Geurts ◽  
MMJ Mens ◽  
MM Bos ◽  
MA Ikram ◽  
M Ghanbari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
General Population ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Cardiac Fibrosis ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Public Institution ◽  
Men And Women

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): The Rotterdam Study is funded by Erasmus Medical Center and Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands Organization for the Health Research and Development (ZonMw), the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (RIDE), the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports, the European Commission (DG XII), and the Municipality of Rotterdam. This project is further supported by the Gender and Prevention grant (555003017) from ZonMw. Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression. They have shown to play an important role in cardiovascular disease, but there is limited population-based data regarding the relationship between circulatory miRNAs in plasma and atrial fibrillation (AF). Moreover, it remains unclear if the associations between miRNAs with AF differ by sex. Purpose To determine the association of miRNAs with the risk of prevalent and incident AF among men and women from the general population. Methods Plasma levels of circulatory miRNAs were measured in 858 men and 1141 women from a large prospective population-based cohort study. Logistic regression and Cox Proportional Hazards models were used to assess the associations of 591 well-expressed miRNAs with the prevalence and incidence of AF. Models were adjusted for age and cardiovascular risk factors. We further examined the link between predicted target genes of identified miRNAs and AF. Results The mean age was 71.7 years (57.1% women), 58 men and 40 women had prevalent AF at baseline. Moreover, 96 men and 100 women developed AF during a median follow-up of 9.0 years. After adjusting for multiple testing, miR-4798-3p was significantly associated with prevalent AF among men; odds ratio: 0.39 (95% CI 0.24-0.66). No miRNAs were significantly associated with incident AF. MiR-4798-3p could potentially regulate the expression of AF-related genes, including genes involved in calcium and potassium handling in myocytes, protection of cells against oxidative stress, and cardiac fibrosis. Conclusions Plasma levels of miR-4798-3p were significantly associated with prevalent AF among men. Various target genes in relation to AF pathophysiology could potentially be regulated by miR-4798-3p that warrant further investigations in future experimental studies.

scholarly journals An Intervention Study on Worm Infestation among School Going Children in Rural Areas of South India

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulappa Devagappanavar
Keyword(s):  
Health Education ◽  
General Population ◽  
School Children ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Intervention Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Worm Infestation ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Government

Background: World Health Organization had estimated that about 1400 million people worldwide are infected with any one of the three kinds of intestinal helminths. They are a roundworm, hookworm and whipworm infestation. In that 200 million children suffer from diseases associated with these infestations. In India, 25 to 30 children’s were positive with hookworm. The poor standard of living includes improper disposal of faecal and other wastes, overcrowding, unhygienic health practices and poor environmental sanitation are the reasons for the worm infestation among the children. The worm infestation will cause due to unhygienic practices that’s why the Government of India started the National deworming day programme in 2015 with yearly two-phased observation to prevent the worm infestation. So in this study, we wanted to assess the knowledge about worm infestation among the service receiving children, servicing providing school teachers and civil society participation and cooperation. Objectives: Assessment of knowledge about worm infestation among School Children, school teachers and General population. To assess the health education impact on the study participants. Materials and Methods: A school-based cross-sectional intervention study was conducted to assessing the knowledge about worm infestation among the children, school teachers and general population using a pre-tested questionnaire. Systematic random sample, Universal sampling and convenient sampling technique were adapted to choose the students, teachers and community people respectively. The knowledge about worm infestation was assessed through pre-test and after providing the health education the Post-test was done using the same questionnaire for the same participants. Results: Among the school children in the pre-test have 51.36% and in the post-test, it is increased to 83.73 %. In the pretest 57.11% and the post-test, it is increased 92.17 % among the school teachers and the general population in the pre-test knowledge was 41.91 % and it increased to 88.16 % in the post-test. Conclusion: Though the government of India started the national deworming day program in 2015, the knowledge about worm infestation is below 60 percent in the studied population. This study proved that health education is the key to improve their knowledge about worm infestation.

3-D reconstruction and analysis of mammalian mitotic spindle structure

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 578-579
Author(s):  
Kent McDonald ◽  
David Mastronarde ◽  
Rubai Ding ◽  
Eileen O'Toole ◽  
J. Richard McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Mitotic Spindle ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Mitotic Spindles ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Reconstruction Methods ◽  
Spindle Structure ◽  
Tissue Culture Line

Mammalian spindles are generally large and may contain over a thousand microtubules (MTs). For this reason they are difficult to reconstruct in three dimensions and many researchers have chosen to study the smaller and simpler spindles of lower eukaryotes. Nevertheless, the mammalian spindle is used for many experimental studies and it would be useful to know its detailed structure.We have been using serial cross sections and computer reconstruction methods to analyze MT distributions in mitotic spindles of PtK cells, a mammalian tissue culture line. Images from EM negatives are digtized on a light box by a Dage MTI video camera containing a black and white Saticon tube. The signal is digitized by a Parallax 1280 graphics device in a MicroVax III computer. Microtubules are digitized at a magnification such that each is 10-12 pixels in diameter.

Preventing Long-Term Reading Difficulties through Kindergarten and First Grade Intervention: The Case for Early Intervention

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank R. Vellutino ◽  
Haiyan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Early Intervention ◽  
Reading Disability ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Intervention Study ◽  
Reading Difficulties ◽  
First Grade

Abstract This article reviews recent intervention studies that have provided the foundation for a variety of RTI approaches to reading disability classification and remediation. The three-tier model of RTI is defined and discussed. Selected findings from a kindergarten and first grade intervention study are summarized.

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