The retrospective pretest–posttest design redux: On its validity as an alternative to traditional pretest–posttest measurement

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd D. Little ◽  
Rong Chang ◽  
Britt K. Gorrall ◽  
Luke Waggenspack ◽  
Eriko Fukuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Specific Time ◽  
First Report ◽  
Measurement Occasion ◽  
Retrospective Pretest ◽  
The Given ◽  
Noncognitive Constructs

We revisit the merits of the retrospective pretest–posttest (RPP) design for repeated-measures research. The underutilized RPP method asks respondents to rate survey items twice during the same posttest measurement occasion from two specific frames of reference: “now” and “then.” Individuals first report their current attitudes or beliefs following a given intervention, and next they are prompted to think back to a specific time prior to the given intervention and rate the item again retrospectively. The design addresses many of the validity concerns that plague the traditional pretest–posttest design. Particularly when measuring noncognitive constructs, the RPP design allows participants to gauge the degree of change that they experience with greater awareness and precision than a traditional approach. We review the undesirable features of traditional designs and highlight the benefits of the retrospective approach. We offer examples from two recent, original studies and conclude with the recommendation that the RPP design be employed more broadly. We also conclude with a discussion of important directions for future examination of this design.

scholarly journals Estimating age-based developmental trajectories using latent change score models based on measurement occasion

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Estrada
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Monte Carlo Study ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Change Score ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Measurement Occasion ◽  
Latent Change Score

Estrada, Hamagami, & Ferrer, (2019). Estimating Age-Based Developmental Trajectories Using Latent Change Score Models Based on Measurement Occasion. Multivariate Behavioral Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2019.1647822. Accelerated longitudinal designs (ALDs) are designs in which participants from different cohorts provide repeated measures covering a fraction of the time range of the study. ALDs allow researchers to study developmental processes spanning long periods within a relatively shorter time framework. The common trajectory is studied by aggregating the information provided by the different cohorts. Latent change score models (LCS) provide a powerful analytical framework to analyze data from ALDs. With developmental data, LCS models can be specified using measurement occasion as the time metric. This provides a number of benefits, but has an important limitation: It makes it not possible to characterize the longitudinal changes as a function of a developmental process such as age or biological maturation. To overcome this limitation, we propose an extension of an occasion-based LCS model that includes age differences at the first measurement occasion. We conducted a Monte Carlo study and compared the results of including different transformations of the age variable. Our results indicate that some of the proposed transformations resulted in accurate expectations for the studied process across all the ages in the study, and excellent model fit. We discuss these results and provide the R code for our analysis.

scholarly journals Nacionālās tiesību avotu doktrīnas attīstība gadsimta laikā

2021 ◽  
pp. 281-288
Author(s):  
Daiga Rezevska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Time ◽  
Basic Norm ◽  
The Given

National doctrine of sources of law is characterised by several criteria, namely, it is original from the perspective of the titles of the sources of law and the types of the sources of law; it belongs to the particular system of law; it is also reflective – it reflects the basic norm of the given legal arrangement, as well as the authoritative meaning of law at the specific time; and it is changeable – it develops alongside the development of the legal arrangement itself. The basis for the national doctrine of sources of law in Latvia was set already in the 1920s, while Juris Jelāgins is considered to be the founder of the contemporary national doctrine of sources of law.

Influence of Distributor Parameters on the Quality of Fertilizer Scattering in the Under-foot Space

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
Viktor Deikun ◽  
◽  
Dmytro Artemenko ◽  
Svitlana Deikun ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Geometrical Parameters ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Maximum Range ◽  
Working Bodies ◽  
The Given

The aim of the work is to substantiate the geometric parameters of the distributor, which are able to provide the maximum range of fertilizer particles in the subclavian space, based on the analysis of all factors affecting the material particles during their transportation to the surface of the distributor. The result of research is to achieve a uniform distribution of fertilizers on the width of the capture and, accordingly, on the area. It is known that the particles of material sent in accordance with the given trajectories in the pre-provided areas of the surface of the furrow formed by the working body, in contact with the soil are significantly redistributed and the meaning of the traditional approach to uniformity is completely lost. In addition, it is necessary to take into account that for placing fertilizers in the soil, in most cases, flat-cutting working bodies are used. For normal operation, in terms of deepening into the ground, they must be installed with a forward tilt at an angle of up to 3°. As a result, the bottom of the furrow, which they form, acquires a conical shape with a slope to the center. In this case, it becomes obvious that the material must be fed not evenly across the width of the working body, and most of it to be directed at a clearly defined distance in the direction perpendicular to its axis. The numerical value of this distance is determined by the nature of the redistribution of the granules as a result of contact with the soil. In the process of rolling the granules or particles to the center, the uniformity of distribution will be restored. In this case, it becomes obvious that the material must be fed not evenly across the width of the working body, and most of it to be directed at a clearly defined distance in the direction perpendicular to its axis. The numerical value of this distance is determined by the nature of the redistribution of the granules as a result of contact with the soil. In the process of rolling the granules or particles to the center, the uniformity of distribution will be restored. In this regard, there is a need to solve the problem of ensuring the maximum range of particles in the transverse direction using the simplest geometry of the distributor surface. In our opinion, such a surface can be a prism. In the article the results of theoretical research of process of portage and distributing of granules of mineral fertilizers are resulted after a reflection from the plane of reflection in sub paw space of trivial cutting of working organ. Geometrical parameters and corners of location of reflecting plane are grounded. The obtained dependences allow to reasonably establish geometrical parameters of the distributor which will provide the set range of flight of particles of material for working bodies of various width of capture and to reach desirable result taking into account laws of their redistribution at contact with soil.

scholarly journals Fact-checking strategies to limit urban legends spreading in a segregated society

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcella Tambuscio ◽  
Giancarlo Ruffo
Keyword(s):  
Information Diffusion ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
False Information ◽  
Spreading Process ◽  
Urban Legends ◽  
Fact Checking ◽  
The Given ◽  
Urban Legend

AbstractWe propose a framework to study the spreading of urban legends, i.e., false stories that become persistent in a local popular culture, where social groups are naturally segregated by virtue of many (both mutable and immutable) attributes. The goal of this work is identifying and testing new strategies to restrain the dissemination of false information, focusing on the role of network polarization. Following the traditional approach in the study of information diffusion, we consider an epidemic network-based model where the agents can be ‘infected’ after being exposed to the urban legend or to its debunking depending on the belief of their neighborhood. Simulating the spreading process on several networks showing different kind of segregation, we perform a what-if analysis to compare strategies and to understand where it is better to locate eternal fact-checkers, nodes that maintain their position as debunkers of the given urban legend. Our results suggest that very few of these strategies have a chance to succeed. This apparently negative outcomes turns out to be somehow surprising taking into account that we ran our simulations under a highly pessimistic assumption, such that the ‘believers’, i.e., agents that accepted as true the urban legend after they have been exposed to it, will not change their belief no matter of how much external or internal additional informational sources they access to. This has implications on policies that are supposed to decide which strategy to apply to stop misinformation from spreading in real world networks.

The longitudinal associations between trajectory of and quantity of alcohol consumption and subsequent changes in blood pressure levels among non-hypertensive adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Sukyoung Jung ◽  
Mi Kyung Kim ◽  
Jinho Shin ◽  
Bo Youl Choi ◽  
Young-Hoon Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
P Value ◽  
Average Alcohol ◽  
Drinking Behaviors ◽  
Adjusted Model ◽  
The Given ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Given the dynamic characteristic of an individual’s drinking behaviors, comprehensive consideration of alcohol consumption variation using repeated measures may improve insight into the nature of its association with blood pressure (BP) change. We examined the association between longitudinal alcohol consumption (trajectory and quantity) and changes in BP and pulse pressure (PP) among Korean aged ≥40 years living in rural areas. Totally, 1682 hypertension-free participants who completed all three health examinations (median, 5.3 years) were included. All three visits were used to determine the cumulative trajectory of and quantity of alcohol consumption and the latest two visits and the last visit were used for the recent trajectory and the most recent quantity of alcohol consumption, respectively. Changes in BP and PP from the baseline to the 3rd visit were used as outcome. In men, ≥30 ml/d cumulative average alcohol consumption was associated with the greatest increase in systolic BP (SBP) in both baseline outcome-unadjusted (2.9 mmHg, p-value = 0.032) and -adjusted models (3.6 mmHg, p-value = 0.001) and the given association for the most recent alcohol consumption was observed in the baseline outcome-adjusted model (3.9 mmHg, p-value = 0.003). For PP, similar associations were observed only in the baseline outcome-adjusted model. No meaningful associations in diastolic BP in men and any BP or PP in women existed. The quantity of alcohol consumption than the trajectory may be significantly related to raised SBP and a possible short-term influence of the most recent alcohol consumption may exist when baseline SBP adjusted in men.

RECALCULATION OF THE LOADS CURRENT OF ACTIVE MULTI-PORT NETWORKS ON THE BASIS OF PROJECTIVE GEOMETRY

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (05) ◽  
pp. 1350031 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. PENIN
Keyword(s):  
Projective Geometry ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Power Supply System ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Cross Ratio ◽  
Supply System ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Given

For an active multi-port network of a direct current, as a model of a power supply system, the problem of recalculation of the changeable loads currents is considered. The approach on the basis of projective geometry is used for interpretation of changes or "kinematics" of regime parameters of a circuit. The changes of the regime parameters are introduced otherwise, through the cross ratio of four points with use of projective coordinates. Easy-to-use formulas of the recalculation of the currents, which possess the group properties at change of conductivity of the loads, are obtained. It allows expressing the final values of the currents through the intermediate changes of the currents and conductivities. Disadvantages of the traditional approach, which uses the changes of resistance in the form of increments, are shown. The given approach is applicable to the analysis of "flowed" form processes of the various physical natures.

scholarly journals The possibility of using international project financing for defense systems

Vojno delo ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-70
Author(s):  
Nemanja Pantić ◽  
Nikola Krunić ◽  
Iva Matić
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Project Financing ◽  
Defense System ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Economic Unit ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
The Government ◽  
Financing Infrastructure ◽  
The Given

The term "project financing" is often used to describe all types of project financing, but in recent years it has evolved towards a more precise definition, so that it implies the financing of a particular economic unit in which lenders are comfortable to rely initially on the cash flow and income of these economic units, which the loans will be repaid from, and on the property of that economic unit as collateral for the given loan. Project funds can be adequately used to finance the defense system. They generally fall into the category of development priorities and usually enjoy numerous benefits (primarily tax and customs benefits) provided by the host country of a project, which generally generates more income for participants in project financing than when it comes to conventional credit. The BOT model for financing infrastructure projects has a number of potential benefits and it is an effective alternative in many countries with a more traditional approach to using government borrowing or state budget, with the government retaining strategic control over the project which will become public sector property.

scholarly journals Flipped Classroom for Doctoral Students: Evaluating the Effectivness

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 94-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Volchenkova
Keyword(s):  
Doctoral Students ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Flipped Classroom ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Doctoral Program ◽  
Classroom Technology ◽  
Education Outcomes ◽  
Academic Year

The demand of Industry 4.0 for creative researchers able to adopt to the changing world and think out of the box puts forward the question of education technologies used to prepare such specialists. Though many new education technologies have appeared recently their effectiveness has not yet been proved to be introduced into tertiary education in a large scale. The author presents the evidence for the flipped classroom technology effectiveness. The paper describes the rationale and content of the doctoral program course “English for Research Purposes” delivered using flipped classroom approach. The course was piloted in September-May, 2017/2018 academic year with 197 doctoral students participating. Both quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the flipped classroom was made. Direct education outcomes (students’ scores at the end of the course and attendance rates) and indirect education outcomes (students’ attitudes, perceptions, and feelings towards the course; students’ empowerment and development in the course) were measured using analysis of variance with repeated measures and Likert Scale surveys. The results showed that a general increase in students’ ratings of the effectiveness of the flipped classroom elements was observed during the course, the students’ scores increased 11,3% in comparison with the results of the 2016/2017 academic year where a traditional approach was used. The results of the research can be used to modernize the education process of doctoral students’ training based on flipped classroom technology both at the universities ofRussian Federationand at foreign universities.

340 Variability of prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3) score on repeated measures over time: A first report

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. e340
Author(s):  
S. De Luca ◽  
C. Fiori ◽  
R. Passera ◽  
S. Cappia ◽  
E. Bollito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Cancer Gene ◽  
First Report ◽  
Prostate Cancer Gene 3 ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals First report about occurance of Spheropsis visci on mistletoe (Viscum album L.) in Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miłosz Tkaczyk ◽  
Katarzyna Sikora
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Viscum Album ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Southwestern Part ◽  
First Report ◽  
The Given ◽  
Natural Barrier

Mistletoe (Viscum album) is a semi-parasite of many forest trees. During water scarcity, its presence can be particularly dangerous for the host plant. In Poland, the subspecies V. album subsp. austriacum inhabits Scots pine massively. Therefore, an attempt was made to search for a natural barrier in limiting its development. For this purpose, in spring 2019 in the southwestern part of Poland, mistletoe shoots inhabiting Scots pine were collected. A fungus was isolated from the collected plant fragments, which was then identified by Koch's postulates and DNA analysis of the given sequences. The data presented here confirmed that the pathogen responsible for the disease was Sphaeropsis visci. This is the first report on the occurrence of this mistletoe pathogen in Poland. Keywords: Sphaeropsis visci, Viscum album subsp. austriacum, New pathogen, Scots pine, Mistletoe

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