Re-engaging Spiritual Formation in Online Theological Education

2021 ◽  
pp. 026537882110388
Author(s):  
Cornelis van der Knijff
Keyword(s):  
Online Education ◽  
Spiritual Formation ◽  
Theological Education ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Theological Reflection ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
The World ◽  
Education Needs ◽  
A Minor

In the recent literature on formation in online theological education, a number of thematic strands can be delineated: the apologetic, didactic, pedagogical, empirical, and geographical strands. However, apart from the early apologetic stage of the discussion theological reflection plays a minor role in the literature. In this article, I argue that theology plays a limited and superficial role in contemporary writings about formation in online theological education. Yet, spiritual formation in online theological education needs theological grounding. Given the accelerated shift to forms of online education across the world, such theological grounding is an urgent task. In this renewed theological engagement, three areas especially call for sustained attention: (1) the multi-faceted nature of spiritual formation; (2) the question of agency in spiritual formation and the consequences for the theological curriculum; and (3) engagement with theological traditions that offer ample material to guide our contemporary thinking about spiritual formation.

International Business Cycles: World, Region, and Country-Specific Factors

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 1216-1239 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ayhan Kose ◽  
Christopher Otrok ◽  
Charles H Whiteman
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycle ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
International Business Cycles ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
World Region ◽  
The World ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Country Specific

The paper investigates the common dynamic properties of business-cycle fluctuations across countries, regions, and the world. We employ a Bayesian dynamic latent factor model to estimate common components in macroeconomic aggregates (output, consumption, and investment) in a 60-country sample covering seven regions of the world. The results indicate that a common world factor is an important source of volatility for aggregates in most countries, providing evidence for a world business cycle. We find that region-specific factors play only a minor role in explaining fluctuations in economic activity. We also document similarities and differences across regions, countries, and aggregates.

scholarly journals The Global Ascendency of OXA-48-Type Carbapenemases

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann D. D. Pitout ◽  
Gisele Peirano ◽  
Marleen M. Kock ◽  
Kathy-Anne Strydom ◽  
Yasufumi Matsumura
Keyword(s):  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The World ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Phenotypic Methods ◽  
A Minor

SUMMARY Surveillance studies have shown that OXA-48-like carbapenemases are the most common carbapenemases in Enterobacterales in certain regions of the world and are being introduced on a regular basis into regions of nonendemicity, where they are responsible for nosocomial outbreaks. OXA-48, OXA-181, OXA-232, OXA-204, OXA-162, and OXA-244, in that order, are the most common enzymes identified among the OXA-48-like carbapenemase group. OXA-48 is associated with different Tn1999 variants on IncL plasmids and is endemic in North Africa and the Middle East. OXA-162 and OXA-244 are derivatives of OXA-48 and are present in Europe. OXA-181 and OXA-232 are associated with ISEcp1, Tn2013 on ColE2, and IncX3 types of plasmids and are endemic in the Indian subcontinent (e.g., India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) and certain sub-Saharan African countries. Overall, clonal dissemination plays a minor role in the spread of OXA-48-like carbapenemases, but certain high-risk clones (e.g., Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 147 [ST147], ST307, ST15, and ST14 and Escherichia coli ST38 and ST410) have been associated with the global dispersion of OXA-48, OXA-181, OXA-232, and OXA-204. Chromosomal integration of blaOXA-48 within Tn6237 occurred among E. coli ST38 isolates, especially in the United Kingdom. The detection of Enterobacterales with OXA-48-like enzymes using phenotypic methods has improved recently but remains challenging for clinical laboratories in regions of nonendemicity. Identification of the specific type of OXA-48-like enzyme requires sequencing of the corresponding genes. Bacteria (especially K. pneumoniae and E. coli) with blaOXA-48, blaOXA-181, and blaOXA-232 are emerging in different parts of the world and are most likely underreported due to problems with the laboratory detection of these enzymes. The medical community should be aware of the looming threat that is posed by bacteria with OXA-48-like carbapenemases.

scholarly journals THE RULE OF ST. BENEDICT SEBAGAI MODEL FORMASI SPIRITUAL SEMINARI

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-233
Author(s):  
Meiliana Evita Benes
Keyword(s):  
Spiritual Formation ◽  
Theological Education ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Spiritual Life ◽  
Academic Quality ◽  
God's People ◽  
Good Pattern ◽  
Education Needs ◽  
Education Process ◽  
Made In

Abstract: This research is based on the thought of a saint, St. Benedict, contained in a rule made in the context of monastery, the Rule of St. Benedict. This rule has shaped the spiritual life of God's people for dozens of centuries. The strong emphasis on the balance of ora et labora, prayer and work, made this pattern relevant till date. This rule is also used as an approach to the forming of the patterns of spiritual formation in seminaries. Theological education is closely related to the growth of God's people. Thus, seminary as one model of theological education needs to have a good pattern related to the spiritual formation of everyone in it. The condition of seminaries in the present era with a tendency to show more attention to academic formation than to spiritual formation can cause imbalance in the life of seminarians. The Rule of St. Benedict can be a reference model so that seminaries can carry out a balanced theological education process to ensure that the academic quality exists as a part of the wholistic spiritual life. Keywords: ora et labora, seminary, spiritual formation, the Rule of St. Benedict.   Abstrak: Penelitian ini didasarkan oleh pemikiran seorang kudus, St. Benediktus yang tertuang dalam sebuah aturan yang dibuat dalam konteks biara, the Rule of St. Benedict. Aturan ini telah membentuk kehidupan spiritual umat Tuhan selama belasan abad. Penekanan yang kuat pada keseimbangan ora et labora, berdoa dan bekerja, membuat pola ini dapat digunakan hingga saat ini. Aturan ini juga digunakan sebagai pendekatan untuk membentuk pola formasi spiritual di seminari. Pendidikan teologi memiliki kaitan yang erat dengan pertumbuhan umat Tuhan. Dengan demikian, seminari sebagai salah satu model dari pendidikan teologi perlu memiliki sebuah pola yang baik terkait dengan formasi spiritual setiap orang di dalamnya. Kondisi seminari pada masa kini yang menunjukkan kecenderungan perhatian pada formasi akademik daripada formasi spiritual dapat mengakibatkan ketidakseimbangan dalam kehidupan para seminaris. The Rule of St. Benedict dapat menjadi sebuah model acuan agar seminari dapat menjalankan proses pendidikan teologi secara seimbang guna memastikan bahwa kualitas akademik hadir sebagai bagian dalam kehidupan spiritual secara holistik. Kata-kata kunci: ora et labora, seminari, formasi spiritual, The Rule of St. Benedict.

Religion and Online Learning

2011 ◽  
pp. 1744-1748
Author(s):  
P. Clint Rogers ◽  
Scott L. Howell
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Online Education ◽  
Theological Education ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
World Religions ◽  
Universities And Colleges ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
The World

Internationally, religious institutions are developing online learning for a variety of reasons and purposes. The overall interaction of religion and the Internet has been varied (Dawson & Cowan, 2004). However, as Christopher Helland (2007) observes, “[By 2006] this medium has been embraced by most of the world religious traditions, to the point that not having Internet representation is a rarity for a religious organization, even if it is luddite in its beliefs and practices” (Introduction ¶4). The religious applications of formal online education comprise three main areas: extending the reach of theological education (primarily for the training of clergy), expanding opportunities for higher education from religious-sponsored universities and colleges, and facilitating other lifelong learning opportunities for members of the laity. It remains the case that “little has been written and published on distance education in North American theological education” (Amos, 1999, p. 126). Despite an expanding usage of online learning by religious institutions, there has been little published on any of these international efforts. Accordingly, this paper is a synthesis of original research, the authors having contacted leaders and academics from international institutions affiliated with major world religions to discover more about their various applications of online learning.

scholarly journals Integrating African Pentecostalism into the theological education of South African Universities: An urgent task

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mookgo S. Kgatle
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Theological Education ◽  
High Rate ◽  
South African Context ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
The World ◽  
South African Universities ◽  
African Context ◽  
Pentecostal Churches ◽  
Very High

African Pentecostalism continues to be a growing part of Christianity both in Africa and the rest of the world. Pentecostal churches in Africa are on the rise at a very high rate. However, theological education in South African universities does not reflect this reality, but continues to be of a western orientation. Therefore, there is an urgent need and demand for a theological education that will be relevant to Africa. It is an urgent need for African Pentecostalism to be integrated into the theological education of South African universities. This can be achieved by integrating African Pentecostalism into the curriculum, by decolonising Pentecostal research and by the emergence of critical African scholars that can address cutting-edge issues in a South African context. Thus, theological education in South African universities shall be a contextual and relevant one.

scholarly journals Koncepcje „natury rzeczy” w zachodnioniemieckiej filozofii prawa

Etyka ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 133-155
Author(s):  
Tomasz Gizbert-Studnicki
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Social Relationship ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
The Real ◽  
The World ◽  
Objective Sense ◽  
A Minor

The article contains a critical analysis of two conceptions of “the nature of things”, as found in publications of West German philosophers of law: G. Radbruch and W. Maihoffer. In the first stage of the evolution of his thought Radbruch spoke of the “influence of the matter on the legal idea”. The function of “the nature of things” is identified by Radbruch with resistance by social reality to the implantation of the legal idea. In the next stage of his views Radbruch conceives of the nature of things as an objective sense of a certain social relationship, perceived from the point of view of a certain value. Now the nature of things serves as a bridge between the real world and the world of values. The nature of things has a minor role according to Radbruch, in legal thought. He emphatically opposes recognizing it as a source of law.

scholarly journals Harmony and Disharmony: Acoustic Opposition in the Early Lyrics of Alexander Blok

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-152
Author(s):  
Zifa K. Temirgazina ◽  
Gulzhan K. Zhakupova
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
The Real ◽  
The World ◽  
Poetic Narrative ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Temperature Sensations ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Musical Sounds

The article studies the role of the observer - the subject of acoustic perception of poetic narrative, in particular, in the construction of a dual reality in the early work by Alexander Blok Poems about the Beautiful Lady. Acoustic perceptual data is the basis for the creation of complex mystical and philosophical symbols and poetic images. The divine, ideal world of the Beautiful Lady and the real world of the lyric hero are in opposition to each other in acoustic terms, which give rise to the opposition HARMONY - DISHARMONY. The opposition is realized in musical sounds, songs, and bell ringing typical of the upper world. The real world is characterized by other sounds, non-musical: groans, creaks, complaints, and crying. Accordingly, emotions also differ in value depending on belonging to one or another world: in the world of the Beautiful Lady they quietly laugh, rejoice; in the world of the lyrical hero they cry, moan, complain. SILENCE is a significant symbol of the divine world. The world of the Beautiful Lady is thus harmonious, musical and quiet. Its important element is the voices of birds: swans, cranes, eagles. Smell, touch and taste play a minor role in the creation of the Bloks dual reality. Temperature sensations participate in the formation of the COLD symbol as a phenomenon hostile to the divine world. Thus, the concept of dual reality in Bloks early lyrics is embodied in a number of acoustic oppositions and acoustic symbols of silence, song, and bell ringing.

The Effect of Path Length and Display Size on Memory for Spatial Information

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Guérard ◽  
Sébastien Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Path Length ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Length Effect ◽  
Serial Memory ◽  
Fixed Reference ◽  
A Minor

In serial memory for spatial information, some studies showed that recall performance suffers when the distance between successive locations increases relatively to the size of the display in which they are presented (the path length effect; e.g., Parmentier et al., 2005) but not when distance is increased by enlarging the size of the display (e.g., Smyth & Scholey, 1994). In the present study, we examined the effect of varying the absolute and relative distance between to-be-remembered items on memory for spatial information. We manipulated path length using small (15″) and large (64″) screens within the same design. In two experiments, we showed that distance was disruptive mainly when it is varied relatively to a fixed reference frame, though increasing the size of the display also had a small deleterious effect on recall. The insertion of a retention interval did not influence these effects, suggesting that rehearsal plays a minor role in mediating the effects of distance on serial spatial memory. We discuss the potential role of perceptual organization in light of the pattern of results.

Use of Different Tissue Thromboplastins in the Control of Anticoagulant-Therapy

1958 ◽  
Vol 02 (05/06) ◽  
pp. 462-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Verstraete ◽  
Patricia A. Clark ◽  
Irving S. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Prothrombin Time ◽  
Anticoagulant Therapy ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Rabbit Lung ◽  
Coagulation Mechanism ◽  
Time Test ◽  
The One ◽  
A Minor

SummaryAn analysis of the results of prothrombin time tests with different types of thromboplastins sheds some light on the problem why the administration of coumarin is difficult to standardize in different centers. Our present ideas on the subject, based on experimental data may be summarized as follows.Several factors of the clotting mechanism are influenced by coumarin derivatives. The action of some of these factors is by-passed in the 1-stage prothrombin time test. The decrease of the prothrombin and factor VII levels may be evaluated in the 1-stage prothrombin time determination (Quick-test). The prolongation of the prothrombin times are, however, predominantly due to the decrease of factor VII activity, the prothrombin content remaining around 50 per cent of normal during an adequate anticoagulant therapy. It is unlikely that this degree of depression of prothrombin is of major significance in interfering with the coagulation mechanism in the protection against thromboembolism. It may, however, play a minor role, which has yet to be evaluated quantitatively. An exact evaluation of factor VII is, therefore, important for the guidance of anticoagulant therapy and the method of choice is the one which is most sensitive to changes in factor VII concentration. The 1-stage prothrombin time test with a rabbit lung thromboplastin seems the most suitable method because rabbit brain preparations exhibit a factor VII-like activity that is not present in rabbit lung preparations.

Produktivkraft als Versprechen

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (185) ◽  
pp. 621-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Siefkes
Keyword(s):  
Private Consumption ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Progressive Reduction ◽  
Internal Forces ◽  
A Minor

The ‘Fragment on Machines’ from Marx’s Grundrisse is often cited as an argument that the internal forces of capitalism will lead to its doom. But the argument that the progressive reduction of labor must doom capitalism lacks a proper foundation, as a comparison with the ‘Schemes of Reproduction’ given in Capital II shows. The latter, however, aren’t fully convincing either. In reality, more depends on the private consumption of capitalists than either model recognizes. Ultimately, most can be made of the ‘Fragment on Machines’ by reading it not as an exposure of capitalism’s internal contractions, but as a discussion of a possible communist future where labor (or work) will play but a minor role.

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