“It’s none of your business”: Adolescents’ reasons for keeping secrets about their engagement in problem behaviors

2020 ◽  
pp. 026540752096639
Author(s):  
Aaron Metzger ◽  
Katelyn Romm ◽  
Elizabeth Babskie ◽  
Lauren Alvis
Keyword(s):  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Parental Knowledge ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Specific Behavior ◽  
Youth Behavior ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Peer Associations ◽  
Adolescent Engagement ◽  
And Gender

Although parental knowledge of youth behavior is associated with less adolescent engagement in problem behaviors, many adolescents keep their engagement in various activities secret from their parents. However, less research has examined why youth keep secrets about their engagement in problematic activities. The current study examined adolescents’ reasons for keeping secrets from their parents regarding their engagement in problematic and multifaceted behaviors (alcohol use, risky cyber behaviors, problematic peer associations, and romantic behaviors), as well as the role of parental rules and youth age and gender on adolescents’ secrecy reasons. Participants were 161 parent-adolescent dyads (Adolescent Mage = 14.42, SD = 1.73, range = 12–18, 82% white, 60% female). The current study utilized a sample of adolescents who reported both engaging in the specific behavior and reported keeping secrets from their parents regarding their engagement in the behavior. Results demonstrate that adolescents’ reasons for secrecy differed across various forms of problematic and multifaceted behaviors. Additionally, both individual characteristics (adolescent gender and age) and parental rules (parent and teen report) were associated with adolescents’ secrecy reasoning. However, the pattern of these associations varied depending on the type of behaviors adolescents were keeping secret from their parents.

scholarly journals Role of pharmacogenetics in rifampicin pharmacokinetics and the potential effect on TB–rifampicin sensitivity among Ugandan patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackson K Mukonzo ◽  
Allan Kengo ◽  
Bisaso Kutesa ◽  
Sarah Nanzigu ◽  
Anton Pohanka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Subsequent Effect ◽  
Variant Alleles ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Background Suboptimal anti-TB drugs exposure may cause multidrug-resistant TB. The role of African predominant SLCO1B1 variant alleles on rifampicin pharmacokinetics and the subsequent effect on the occurrence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis–rifampicin sensitivity needs to be defined. We describe the rifampicin population pharmacokinetics profile and investigate the relevance of SLCO1B1 genotypes to rifampicin pharmacokinetics and rifampicin-TB sensitivity status. Methods Fifty patients with TB (n=25 with rifampicin-resistant TB and n=25 with rifampicin-susceptible TB) were genotyped for SLOC1B1 rs4149032 (g.38664C>T), SLOC1B1*1B (c.388A>G) and SLOC1B1*5 (c.521 T>C). Steady state plasma rifampicin levels were determined among patients infected with rifampicin-sensitive TB. Data were analysed using NONMEM to estimate population rifampicin pharmacokinetics as well as the effect of SLOC1B1 genotypes on rifampicin pharmacokinetics and on rifampicin-TB sensitivity status. Results Overall allele frequencies of SLOC1B1 rs4149032, *1B and *5 were 0.66, 0.90 and 0.01, respectively. Median (IQR) Cmax and Tmax were 10.2 (8.1–12.5) mg/L and 1.7 (1.125–2.218) h, respectively. Twenty-four percent of patients exhibited Cmax below the recommended 8–24 mg/L range. SLOC1B1 genotypes, gender and age did not influence rifampicin pharmacokinetics or TB-rifampicin sensitivity. Conclusions Although SLOC1B1 genotype, age and gender do not influence either rifampicin pharmacokinetics or rifampicin-TB sensitivity status, one in every four Ugandan TB patients achieve subtherapeutic plasma rifampicin concentrations.

The Integration of Aging and Gender to Understand the Cancer Experience Among Older Adults (DRAFT)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith M. Bellizzi ◽  
Kate E. Dibble
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
General Description ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Cancer Experience

Central to understanding the experience of cancer in older adults is to recognize human behavior and the role of gender and age. The goal of this chapter is to present a general description of what is known about cancer and aging, briefly describe the literature on gender and aging, and offer suggestions for the integration of these disparate fields to answer important clinical and research questions for older adults with cancer. Analyzing gender and age in psycho-oncology studies, not as a factor to stratify on but as a lens to view and understand the cancer experience, will allow for a richer understanding of the experience of cancer in older adults.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement Used to Justify School Violence in Sicilian Primary School

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 682-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inmaculada Méndez ◽  
Giuseppa Liccardi ◽  
Cecilia Ruiz-Esteban
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Primary School ◽  
School Violence ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Moral Disengagement ◽  
Moral Justification ◽  
Italian Translation ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
And Gender

This study investigated the mechanisms of moral disengagement most commonly used to justify school violence in Sicilian primary school. The main objective of this study was to analyze the mechanisms of moral disengagement that are set in motion by those involved in situations of school violence (victims, aggressors, and bystanders) in Sicilian primary school. Likewise, the differences by gender and age are investigated. A total of 113 subjects in primary school were recruited (56.6% girls). The ages ranged from 8 to 11 (M = 9.56, SD = 0.99). The first scale used was the Bullying Inventory by Olweus (1993) in the Italian translation by Genta, Menesini, Fonzi, Costabile, and Smith (1996) and the questionnaire on moral disengagement developed by Caprara, Barbaranelli, Vicino, and Bandura (1996) is also used. The regression analysis showed that the sociodemographic variables and the mechanisms of moral disengagement are different depending on a person’s role (aggressor, victim, or bystander). Moral justification predicted the role of victim in school violence, dehumanization predicted the role of the aggressor (and gender), and the disclosure of responsibility (and dehumanization) predicted the role of the bystander in school violence. The conclusions of this study will facilitate the prevention of school violence, for example, by promoting social integration and minimizing situations of school violence (emphasizing morality, ethics, etc.), thereby establishing balanced and satisfactory interpersonal relationships.

scholarly journals The Role of Gender and Age in the Emotional Well-Being Outcomes of Young Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 522
Author(s):  
Claudia López-Madrigal ◽  
Jesús de la Fuente ◽  
Javier García-Manglano ◽  
José Manuel Martínez-Vicente ◽  
Francisco Javier Peralta-Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Transition To College ◽  
Developmental Factors ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
And Gender ◽  
As Stress

Young adults face different stressors in their transition to college. Negative emotions such as stress can emerge from the demands they face. This study aimed at gaining an improved understanding of the role that gender and age play in the well-being of young adults. Coping strategies, resilience, self-regulation, and positivity were selected as indicators of well-being. Descriptive and inferential analysis have been conducted. Results show that well-being varies significantly with age and gender. Gender was predominantly involved in the acquisition of the well-being outcomes, highly predicting problem-focused coping strategies. No interaction effects were found between gender and age. An improved understanding of the developmental factors involved in well-being outcomes will enlighten future interventions aimed at improving young people’s resources to face adversity.

scholarly journals Types of smartphone usage and relations with problematic smartphone behaviors: The role of content consumption vs. social smartphone use

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon D. Elhai ◽  
Brian J. Hall ◽  
Jason C. Levine ◽  
Robert D. Dvorak
Keyword(s):  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Content Consumption ◽  
Smartphone Use ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Insight Into

Little previous research has clarified which types of smartphone use are related to problematic smartphone behaviors. We sampled 309 community participants online to understand the role of content consumption vs. social smartphone use in relation to specific problematic smartphone behaviors. Bivariate correlations indicated mostly significant relationships between problematic smartphone behaviors and both process and social usage – but with stronger correlations for process usage. Regression analyses, controlling for age and gender, demonstrated that problematic smartphone-related overuse was significantly associated with process smartphone usage, and to a lesser extent - social usage. Positive anticipation problem behaviors were related to process and social usage. Daily life disturbances from a smartphone were inversely related to process and social usage. Results provide insight into the types of problem smartphone behaviors associated with specific uses and gratifications from a smartphone.

scholarly journals Community Violence Exposure and Externalizing Problem Behavior Among Chinese High School Students: The Moderating Role of Parental Knowledge

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yibo Zhang ◽  
Yuanyuan Chen ◽  
Wei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Community Violence ◽  
Parental Knowledge ◽  
Moderating Effect ◽  
Deviant Peer Affiliation ◽  
Peer Affiliation ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Externalizing Problem Behaviors ◽  
Externalizing Problem

Adolescents' community violence exposure (CVE) has been demonstrated with a range of behavioral and psychological problems, but the processes that explain these correlations are not clear. In our 2017 study, the mediating role of deviant peer affiliation in the relationship between CVE and externalizing problem behaviors has been confirmed. However, the moderating effect of parental factors is still unclear. Therefore, a new group (high school group) was adopted in this study to further explore the moderating effect of parental knowledge based on also confirming the mediating effect of deviant peer affiliation. Stratified-cluster sampling was used to recruit 1,797 volunteers who completed questionnaires on CVE, deviant peer affiliation, parental knowledge, and externalizing problem behaviors. The results of the structural equation modeling were: on the basis of our previous research, we further analyzed the mediating role of deviant peer affiliation, and the mediated association was moderated by parental knowledge. Especially when the school climate is added as a covariate, the moderating effect of parental knowledge has changed, that is, the positive association between CVE and externalizing problem behaviors was much stronger for adolescents who reported lower levels of parental knowledge than for those who reported higher levels of parental knowledge. The results support the assumptions of social learning theory and have implications for interventions of community violence.

scholarly journals Parental monitoring and rule-breaking behaviour in secondary school students

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-115
Author(s):  
Marina Kovacevic-Lepojevic
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Parental Monitoring ◽  
Secondary School Students ◽  
Parental Control ◽  
Parental Knowledge ◽  
School Students ◽  
Child Disclosure ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Rule Breaking ◽  
And Gender

Parental monitoring is recognised as one of the most important family factors that are associated with rule-breaking behaviour. The objective of this paper is to determine the nature of correlations between parental monitoring and its key components (parents? knowledge, child disclosure, parental solicitation and parental control) and rule-breaking behaviour. Additionally, the prediction of the rule-breaking behaviour by parental monitoring variables, age and gender will be considered. The sample included 507 secondary school students from Belgrade, aged 15 to 18. The data on rule-breaking behaviour were collected through ASEBA YSR/11-18, and on parental monitoring via the Parental monitoring scale. The most important conclusions are the following: the strongest negative correlations are found between parental knowledge and child disclosure with rule-breaking behaviour; child disclosure is the most important source of parental knowledge; the variables of parental monitoring, gender and age explained 31.4% of the variance of rule-breaking behaviour; finally, parental control and age, unlike other variables, did not predict rule-breaking behaviour. Given that parents mostly know how children spend their free time only if the children tell this to them, it is recommended that the prevention programme of rule-breaking behaviour should be oriented towards the improvement of parent-child relationships instead of focusing on parental control and supervision.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Basic Human Values and Decision-Making Styles in Adolescents

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 8315
Author(s):  
Javier Páez Gallego ◽  
Ángel De-Juanas Oliva ◽  
Francisco Javier García-Castilla ◽  
Álvaro Muelas
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Decision Making Styles ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Adaptive Decision Making ◽  
The Relationship

This paper examines the relationship between decision-making styles and values of Spanish adolescents and analyses the role of age and gender on their use of adaptive and maladaptive decision-making styles. The scientific literature suggests that decision-making consists of different stages through which individuals reach a solution to their dilemmas. An ex post facto quantitative, non-experimental research design was used and applied to a sample of adolescents of Madrid (España). The Flinders Adolescents Decision-Making Questionnaire (FADMQ) by Mann as well as the Schwartz Values Scale (SVS) were also used. Correlation analysis was used to analyze the decision-making styles and values of adolescents using the variables gender and age to classify the sample. The study concludes that adolescents who use an adaptive decision-making style tend to pursue mastery of the values Self-direction, Stimulation, Achievement, and Power, whereas adolescents who use a maladaptive style tend to shy away from the value Self-direction and are more conservative. In terms of gender, the results for both females and males coincide in the significant correlations found between their decision-making styles and values. In terms of age, the correlations between values and decision-making styles are higher and numerous in younger adolescents. We conclude that the relationships verified could help educators to engage and act on the development of specific decision-making training programs based on the values of adolescents.

Individual Differences in Children's Response to Pain: Role of Temperament and Parental Characteristics

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-177
Author(s):  
Neil L. Schechter ◽  
Bruce A. Bernstein ◽  
Arne Beck ◽  
Lisa Hart ◽  
Lawrence Scherzer
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Parental Attitudes ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Parental Knowledge ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Behavioral Style ◽  
Parental Characteristics ◽  
High Distress ◽  
The Individual

Sixty-five families were enlisted in a study exploring factors associated with distress behavior in 5-year-old children receiving diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis immunizations. At a home visit 1 month before the immunization, the following measures were obtained: (1) the Behavioral Style Questionnaire, a measure of temperament; (2) parental self-reports of medically related attributes (eg, "good patient"); (3) parental attitudes toward pain in children and responsiveness to their child's pain; and (4) parental prediction of distress at upcoming immunization. The child's distress behavior during the immunization was evaluated using a modification of the Procedure Rating Scale-Revised and, after the procedure, the child's assessment of his or her pain was elicited using the Oucher. Children's mean Procedure Rating Scale-Revised score was 2.57 of a possible 11. Thirty-one (48%) had low (≤1) and 7 (11%) had high distress scores (≥2 SD above the mean). Factors positively correlated with distressed behavior included more "difficult child" cluster characteristics, the individual temperamental dimension of adaptability, but few parental attitudes and attributes. Parents' predictions of distress were the strongest correlates. These findings document the variation that children demonstrate in response to pain and offer some insight into associated innate and environmental factors. These results imply that treatment strategies derived from parental knowledge and tailored to individual characteristics of the child may be most effective in alleviating pain-related distress in medical settings.

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