scholarly journals Thinking Style and Paranormal Belief: The Role of Cognitive Biases

2021 ◽  
pp. 027623662110364
Author(s):  
Chris Williams ◽  
Andrew Denovan ◽  
Kenneth Drinkwater ◽  
Neil Dagnall
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Thinking Style ◽  
Emotional Reasoning ◽  
Reality Testing ◽  
Paranormal Belief ◽  
Belief Scale ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigated the degree to which cognitive bias mediated the relationship between thinking style and belief in the paranormal. A sample of 496 participants completed the Revised Paranormal Belief Scale (RPBS), the Belief in Science Scale (BISS), the Cognitive Biases Questionnaire for Psychosis, and the reality testing subscale of the Inventory of Personality Organization (IPO-RT). The BISS and IPO-RT served as proxy indices of preferred thinking style; the BISS assessed rational-analytical (objective) processing, and the IPO-RT intuitive-experiential (subjective) processing. Cognitive biases (Jumping to Conclusions, Intentionalising, Catastrophising, Emotional Reasoning, and dichotomous thinking) correlated positively with belief in the paranormal. Mediation using path analysis indicated that Emotional Reasoning and Catastrophising exerted indirect effects in relation to BISS, IPO-RT and RPBS. Direct relationships existed between IPO-RT and RPBS, and BISS and RPBS. Of the biases, only Emotional Reasoning and Catastrophising predicted RPBS. The contribution of Emotional Reasoning and Catastrophising to belief in the paranormal were consistent with previous research and the cognitive model of psychosis, which asserts that there are strong relationships between defective reality testing, emotional reasoning and delusional beliefs.

scholarly journals Public Service Motivation and Individual Job Performance

2021 ◽  
pp. 254-277
Author(s):  
Adrian Ritz ◽  
Wouter Vandenabeele ◽  
Dominik Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Public Service Motivation ◽  
Service Performance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Public Employees ◽  
Great Relevance ◽  
The Relationship

When pressure on human resource departments to make government more efficient is increasing, it is of great relevance to understand employees’ motivation and the fit of an employee with their job, as both contribute strongly to service performance. Therefore, this chapter discusses the role of public employees’ motivation and its relationship to individual performance. More specifically, this relationship is examined by focusing on public service motivation (PSM), a stream of research developed during the last three decades stressing the service orientation of public employees’ identity. Theoretically, how the relationship between PSM and individual performance is dependent on institutions is discussed, and an overview of the existing empirical evidence concerning this relationship is provided. The literature review discusses a variety of aspects such as direct vs. indirect effects, type of performance used, how performance is measured, and effect sizes. Finally, several avenues for future research are proposed, including methodological strategies.

scholarly journals Evaluating Hemato_4 (HCT), Hemato_5 (PLAT 1000), Hemato_9 (MCHC), and Biochem_20 (Alkaline Phosphatase) as biomarkers and possible mediators of the relationship between Xerosis and Sulfur Mustard

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjan Zare ◽  
Zaher Khazaei ◽  
Soghrat Faghihzadeh ◽  
Shohreh Jalaie ◽  
Malihe Sohrabivafa
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Bootstrap Method ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Historical Cohort ◽  
Causal Pathways ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Causal Variables

Background: Estimating total, direct, and indirect effects of causal variables on outcome variables can be done through proposed mediator guides on causal pathways. This can improve the efficiency of diagnostic efforts done by clinicians. In this study, the relationship between Sulfur Mustard and Xerosis was investigated, specifically with respect to the role of Hemato_4, Hemato_5, Hemato_9, and Biochem_20 biomarkers as mediators. Methods and Results: This was a historical cohort study (in Sardasht, Iran) which consisted of 492 subjects; 129 subjects were not exposed to Mustard Gas (control group) and 363 subjects were exposed to it (case group). Mediation models along with bootstrap method were used to evaluate the mediator validity of Hemato_4, Hemato_5, Hemato_9, and Biochem_20 on the relationship between Sulfur Mustard and Xerosis. The direct effects of Sulfur Mustard, via Hemato_4 and Hemato_9, on Xerosis were also significant (P<0.05 for each). However, there was no significant effects mediated by Hemato_5 or Biochem_20 (P>0.05 for each). While there were non-significant indirect effects of Sulfur Mustard on Xerosis by these latter biomarkers (P>0.05 for each), the first two biomarkers were, indeed, partial mediators. Conclusion: Sulfur Mustard can affect Xerosis through several single immune biomarker. However, as an intervention, sulfur mustard should affect several biomarkers through various mechanisms. Therefore, effects through multiple mediators, instead of single ones, may be more rational in the treatment strategy for xerosis.  

Cognitive Bias and its Relationship to Decision Making: the Case of Talented Secondary Students in Jeddah: الانحياز المعرفي وعلاقته باتخاذ القرار لدى عينة من طالبات المرحلة الثانوية الموهوبات بمدينة جدة

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (45) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalal Hamid Al-Dhahri, Arwa Abdullah Al-Ghamdi, Mogeda El-Sa
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Secondary Students ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
School Administration ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Descriptive Method

This study aims at investigating the relationship between cognitive biases and decision making from a sample of gifted secondary students. It also aims at identifying the level of students’ cognitive biases and decision making and the differences in these two areas based on different classrooms. Random sampling was used to collect data from 139 female secondary students from the gifted group. Their age ranged between (16-18) with an average of (16.6), A descriptive method was adopted in the study. The research tools used consisted of DACOBS David Assessment of Cognitive biases Scale (Vander Gaag. et al., 2000), translated and standardized by the present researchers, and Tuistra’s decision making scale for teenagers (Tuinstra, et al., 2000). The findings of the study show a negative correlation between cognitive biases and decision making. Also, there were no differences between cognitive biases and decision making scores based on different classrooms. The study also shows a low level of students’ cognitive biases and a high level of decision making. The study recommends activating the role of mentors and students' counseling, planning for the values and behaviors that need to be acquired by students by including them in the annual goals of the school administration and participating in societal awareness and education.

scholarly journals Entrepreneurial passion, orientation and behavior: the moderating role of linear and nonlinear thinking styles

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lamberto Zollo ◽  
Riccardo Rialti ◽  
Alberto Tron ◽  
Cristiano Ciappei
Keyword(s):  
Dual Process ◽  
Dual Process Theory ◽  
Process Theory ◽  
Thinking Styles ◽  
Thinking Style ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Entrepreneurial Passion ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to unpack the underlying mechanisms of entrepreneurs' passion, orientation and behavior by investigating the role of rational and nonrational cognitive elements. Building on dual process theory and sociointuitionism, a conceptual model is proposed in order to explore the relationship between entrepreneurial passion, entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and strategic entrepreneurship behavior (SEB). Specifically, entrepreneurs' linear thinking styles (System 2) and nonlinear thinking styles (System 1) are hypothesized as being significant moderators of such a relationship.Design/methodology/approachCovariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) is used to empirically validate the proposed conceptual model and test the moderating hypotheses on a sample of 300 entrepreneurs actively involved in European small and medium enterprises (SMEs).FindingsEntrepreneurial passion is shown to be a significant antecedent of EO, which, in turn, strongly influences SEB. Moreover, entrepreneurs' linear thinking style positively moderates the EO-SEB relationship, but not the link between passion and EO. Instead, a nonlinear thinking style positively moderates the relationship between passion and EO, but not the links between EO and SEB.Practical implicationsEntrepreneurs should trust their nonlinear thinking style – related to affective/emotive and intuitive information processing systems – to foster the effect of their entrepreneurial passion on EO. Furthermore, entrepreneurs should rely on a linear thinking style, namely the rational and deliberative cognitive processes, to enhance the impact of their EO on SEB.Originality/valueDual process theory and sociointuitionism are integrated to simultaneously investigate the effect of nonrational and rational cognitive mechanisms on entrepreneurs' orientation and behavior. Moreover, the proposed model is empirically tested on a sample of entrepreneurs working in SMEs located in Europe, which have received little attention from entrepreneurship scholars in comparison to their US counterparts. The authors’ findings suggest important implications for entrepreneurs, policymakers and entrepreneurial universities educators.

Cognitive Biases, Risk Perception, and Individual's Decision to Start a New Venture

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 14-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salma Zaiane ◽  
Fatma Ben Moussa
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
New Venture ◽  
Illusion Of Control ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Correlation And Regression Analysis ◽  
Reduce Risk ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship of overconfidence and illusion of control towards the start of new venture, taking in consideration the mediating role of risk perception in the context of Tunisia. This article examines students' responses to surveys based on a teaching case titled “Optical Distortion, Inc.” The authors tested hypotheses by correlation and regression analysis. The results show that the perception towards risk associated with new venture plays an important role in decision-making. Moreover, they find that overconfidence and illusion of control reduce risk perception associated to the decision to start a venture. While overconfidence directly affects the decision to start a venture and indirectly through its effect on reducing the risk perception, illusion of control has neither a direct nor an indirect impact on that. These results partially confirm those of Simon show that the mediation exists but partially.

Theoretical perspectives and approaches

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian P. Albery ◽  
Dinkar Sharma ◽  
Asli Niazi ◽  
Antony C. Moss
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Addictive Behaviour ◽  
Incentive Sensitization ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives

This chapter explores the role of cognition and cognitive biases in the understanding of concepts related to addiction, such as craving, from a number of theoretical stances. These include the dual-affect model, incentive sensitization theory, social learning and expectancy approaches, and finally the cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behaviour. It also explores methodologies and research methods that have been used to test these various cognitive accounts of addictive behaviour.

Perceived Parental Rearing Behaviours, Responsibility Attitudes and Life Events as Predictors of Obsessive Compulsive Symptomatology: Test of a Cognitive Model

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 641-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bikem Haciomeroglu ◽  
A. Nuray Karanci
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Mediator Role ◽  
Predictive Role ◽  
Parental Rearing ◽  
The Relationship

Background: It is important to investigate the role of cognitive, developmental and environmental factors in the development and maintenance of Obsessive Compulsive Symptomatology (OCS). Aims: The main objective of this study was to examine the vulnerability factors of OCS in a non-clinical sample. On the basis of Salkovskis’ cognitive model of OCD, the study aimed to investigate the role of perceived parental rearing behaviours, responsibility attitudes, and life events in predicting OCS. Furthermore, the mediator role of responsibility attitudes in the relationship between perceived parental rearing behaviours and OCS was examined. Finally, the specificity of these variables to OCS was evaluated by examining the relationship of the same variables with depression and trait anxiety. Method: A total of 300 university students (M = 19.55±1.79) were administered the Padua Inventory-Washington State University Revision, Responsibility Attitudes Scale, s-EMBU (My memories of upbringing), Life Events Inventory for University Students, Beck Depression Inventory, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait Form. Results: Regression analysis revealed that perceived mother overprotection, responsibility attitudes and life events significantly predicted OCS. Furthermore, responsibility attitudes mediated the relationship between perceived mother overprotection and OCS. The predictive role of perceived mother overprotection and the mediator role responsibility attitudes were OCS specific. Conclusions: The findings of the present study supported that perceived mother over-protection as a developmental vulnerability factor significantly contributed to the explanation of a cognitive vulnerability factor (namely responsibility attitudes), and perceived maternal overprotection had its predictive role for OCS through responsibility attitudes.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Paranormal Belief and the hexaco Domains of Personality

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-238
Author(s):  
Emyr Williams ◽  
Ben L.H. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Five Factor Model ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Alternative Measure ◽  
Correlational Design ◽  
Paranormal Belief ◽  
Belief Scale ◽  
The Relationship

Thehexaco-pi-r(Ashton & Lee, 2007) has been presented as an alternative measure of the Five Factor Model, with the inclusion of the dimension of honesty/humility. This new measure of personality was utilised alongside the Revised Paranormal Belief Scale (rpbs) in a correlational design among 137 undergraduate students in Wales. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that superstition was significantly negatively correlated with conscientiousness and openness to experience, while precognition was significantly negatively correlated with honesty/humility. No other personality factors were statistically significant predictors of any dimensions of paranormal belief. While these results do not provide strong support for previous findings, it is concluded that the inclusion of the honesty/humility dimension renders thehexaco-pi-ra useful measure for considering relationships between personality and paranormal belief.

Premenstrual Symptoms: The Role of Irrational Thinking

1992 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Lindner ◽  
Robert J. Kirkby
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Premenstrual Symptoms ◽  
General Attitude ◽  
Irrational Thinking ◽  
Belief Scale ◽  
Menstrual Distress ◽  
The Relationship

104 women, between the ages of 18 and 45 years, were surveyed to investigate the relationship between premenstrual symptomatology, as measured by the Modified Menstrual Distress Questionnaire, and irrational thinking, as measured by the General Attitude and Belief Scale. The women who reported greater premenstrual symptomatology also reported significantly higher scores in the “need for comfort” irrationality subscale. This indicated that these women had particular difficulty dealing with hassles and the resulting feelings of tension and irritability in the premenstruum. It was suggested that the absence of significant effects for other rationality-irrationality subscales could be associated with testing at different times during the menstrual cycle. Irrationality, like other conditions (such as anxiety and depression) prevalent in the premenstruum, could change in intensity across phases of the menstrual cycle.

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