Individual Differences in Music Listener Motivations: The Neglected Values

Considerable research on music psychology indicates correlations between musical preferences and individual differences in personality, between the various uses of music and personality traits, and between musical preferences and personal values. However, the association between personal values and the multiple ways in which music is used has not been considered yet. To investigate this issue, 400 participants completed a self-report questionnaire comprising the uses of music, personality traits, and personal values, as well as provided their demographic details. The hierarchical regression analyses revealed that both personality and personal values along with gender contribute differentially to predicting the different ways in which music is used. Overall, these findings suggest that the understanding of the ways in which listeners experience music can be improved by contemplating various individual difference variables.

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In Search of the Prosocial Personality

Journal of Individual Differences ◽

10.1027/1614-0001/a000276 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 55-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Anja Wertag ◽

Denis Bratko

Keyword(s):

Prosocial Behavior ◽

Personality Traits ◽

Significant Proportion ◽

Dark Triad ◽

Self Report ◽

Hierarchical Regression ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

The Relationship

Abstract. Prosocial behavior is intended to benefit others rather than oneself and is positively linked to personality traits such as Agreeableness and Honesty-Humility, and usually negatively to the Dark Triad traits (i.e., Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy). However, a significant proportion of the research in this area is conducted solely on self-report measures of prosocial behavior. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between prosociality and the basic (i.e., HEXACO) and dark personality traits, comparing their contribution in predicting both self-reported prosociality and prosocial behavior. Results of the hierarchical regression analyses showed that the Dark Triad traits explain prosociality and prosocial behavior above and beyond the HEXACO traits, emphasizing the importance of the Dark Triad in the personality space.

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A meta-analysis on individual differences in primary emotional systems and Big Five personality traits

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-84366-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Davide Marengo ◽

Kenneth L. Davis ◽

Gökçe Özkarar Gradwohl ◽

Christian Montag

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Personality Traits ◽

Big Five ◽

Mammalian Species ◽

Theoretical Perspective ◽

Big Five Personality Traits ◽

Self Report ◽

Big Five Personality ◽

Affective Neuroscience ◽

Emotional Systems

AbstractThe Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) were constructed as a self-report assessment to measure individual differences in Jaak Panksepp’s cross-species primary emotional systems: SEEKING, PLAY, CARE (positive emotions) and FEAR, SADNESS, ANGER (negative emotions). Beginning with the first published work on the ANPS in 2003, individual differences on the ANPS measures of these six primary emotional systems have been consistently linked to Big Five personality traits. From a theoretical perspective, these primary emotional systems arising from subcortical regions, shed light on the nature of the Big Five personality traits from an evolutionary perspective, because each of these primary emotional systems represent a tool for survival endowing mammalian species with inherited behavioral programs to react appropriately to complex environments. The present work revisited 21 available samples where both ANPS and Big Five measures have been administered. Our meta-analytical analysis provides solid evidence that high SEEKING relates to high Openness to Experience, high PLAY to high Extraversion, high CARE/low ANGER to high Agreeableness and high FEAR/SADNESS/ANGER to high Neuroticism. This seems to be true regardless of the ANPS inventory chosen, although much more work is needed in this area. Associations between primary emotional systems and Conscientiousness were in the lower effect size area across all six primary emotions, thereby supporting the idea that Conscientiousness rather seems to be less directly related with the subcortical primary emotions and likely is the most cognitive/cortical personality construct out of the Big Five. In sum, the present work underlines the idea that individual differences in primary emotional systems represent evolutionarily ancient foundations of human personality, given their a) meaningful links to the prominent Big Five model and b) their origins lying in subcortical areas of the human brain.

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Machine learning uncovers the most robust self-report predictors of relationship quality across 43 longitudinal couples studies

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1917036117 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 117 (32) ◽

pp. 19061-19071 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Samantha Joel ◽

Paul W. Eastwick ◽

Colleen J. Allison ◽

Ximena B. Arriaga ◽

Zachary G. Baker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Individual Differences ◽

Relationship Quality ◽

Individual Difference ◽

Large Scale ◽

Well Being ◽

Attachment Anxiety ◽

Self Report ◽

Individual Difference Variables ◽

Partner Satisfaction

Given the powerful implications of relationship quality for health and well-being, a central mission of relationship science is explaining why some romantic relationships thrive more than others. This large-scale project used machine learning (i.e., Random Forests) to 1) quantify the extent to which relationship quality is predictable and 2) identify which constructs reliably predict relationship quality. Across 43 dyadic longitudinal datasets from 29 laboratories, the top relationship-specific predictors of relationship quality were perceived-partner commitment, appreciation, sexual satisfaction, perceived-partner satisfaction, and conflict. The top individual-difference predictors were life satisfaction, negative affect, depression, attachment avoidance, and attachment anxiety. Overall, relationship-specific variables predicted up to 45% of variance at baseline, and up to 18% of variance at the end of each study. Individual differences also performed well (21% and 12%, respectively). Actor-reported variables (i.e., own relationship-specific and individual-difference variables) predicted two to four times more variance than partner-reported variables (i.e., the partner’s ratings on those variables). Importantly, individual differences and partner reports had no predictive effects beyond actor-reported relationship-specific variables alone. These findings imply that the sum of all individual differences and partner experiences exert their influence on relationship quality via a person’s own relationship-specific experiences, and effects due to moderation by individual differences and moderation by partner-reports may be quite small. Finally, relationship-quality change (i.e., increases or decreases in relationship quality over the course of a study) was largely unpredictable from any combination of self-report variables. This collective effort should guide future models of relationships.

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“Just the Way You Are”: Linking Music Listening on Spotify and Personality

Social Psychological and Personality Science ◽

10.1177/1948550620923228 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 194855062092322

Author(s):

Ian Anderson ◽

Santiago Gil ◽

Clay Gibson ◽

Scott Wolf ◽

Will Shapiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Personality Traits ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Streaming Data ◽

Self Report ◽

Big Five Personality ◽

Music Listening ◽

Listening Behavior ◽

Listening Behaviors ◽

Musical Preferences

Advances in digital technology have put music libraries at people’s fingertips, giving them immediate access to more music than ever before. Here we overcome limitations of prior research by leveraging ecologically valid streaming data: 17.6 million songs and over 662,000 hr of music listened to by 5,808 Spotify users spanning a 3-month period. Building on interactionist theories, we investigated the link between personality traits and music listening behavior, described by an extensive set of 211 mood, genre, demographic, and behavioral metrics. Findings from machine learning showed that the Big Five personality traits are predicted by musical preferences and habitual listening behaviors with moderate to high accuracy. Importantly, our work contrasts a recent self-report-based meta-analysis, which suggested that personality traits play only a small role in musical preferences; rather, we show with big data and advanced machine learning methods that personality is indeed important and warrants continued rigorous investigation.

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Relations among Early Adolescents' Parent-Adolescent Attachment, Perceived Social Competence, and Friendship Quality

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/02.07.09.21.pr0.109.6.819-841 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 109 (3) ◽

pp. 819-841 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Melissa W. Boling ◽

Carolyn McNamara Barry ◽

Beth A. Kotchick ◽

Jen Lowry

Keyword(s):

Social Competence ◽

Metropolitan Area ◽

Early Adolescents ◽

Friendship Quality ◽

Self Report ◽

Hierarchical Regression ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Affective Quality ◽

Adolescent Attachment

To assess whether the relation between attachment and friendship quality may be explained by social competence, 113 students in Grades 7 and 8 from the Baltimore metropolitan area completed self-report questionnaires on the variables of interest. In hierarchical regression analyses, both maternal Affective Quality of Attachment and the interaction of School with paternal Affective Quality of Attachment predicted social competence. Also, the interaction of School with paternal Affective Quality of Attachment predicted negative friendship features, whereas social competence predicted positive friendship features. These findings provide support for a pathway between adolescents' attachment to both parents and adolescents' perceived social competence and, in turn, their friendship quality.

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Personality traits and personal values of servant leaders

Leadership & Organization Development Journal ◽

10.1108/lodj-11-2018-0406 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 177-192

Author(s):

Peter Sun ◽

Sudong Shang

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Servant Leadership ◽

Personality Traits ◽

Leadership Behaviors ◽

Personal Values ◽

Individual Characteristics ◽

Future Research ◽

Servant Leaders ◽

Content Type ◽

Direct Reports

Purpose Servant leaders focus on their direct reports to enable them to grow to be independent and autonomous leaders. The purpose of this paper is to understand the way personal values and personality traits collectively influence this other-centered behavior. This will go a long way to unravel this unique style of leadership. Design/methodology/approach The study surveys managers and their direct reports. Leaders rated their personality trait and personal values, while their direct reports rated the leader’s servant leadership behaviors. Age, educational level, conscientiousness, extraversion and neuroticism of leaders were used as controls. The study also checked for endogeneity threats. Findings Using a sample of 81 leaders and 279 of their direct reports, the study finds that the personal value of benevolent dependability relates negatively to servant leadership behaviors. In addition, the personality traits of agreeableness and openness/intellect moderate the relationship between benevolent dependability and servant leadership behaviors. Research limitations/implications The findings shed important insights into what motivates servant leaders to engage in other-directed behaviors, thereby enabling future research into individual characteristics that define servant leaders. Originality/value Although studies have examined how values and personality traits influence leadership behaviors, no research has examined both types of individual differences in a single study. Studies examining the individual differences of servant leaders are few, and this study answers the call by Liden et al. (2014) to examine individual characteristics that are both personality based (traits) and malleable (values).

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Quantifying the Predictive Role of Temperament Dimensions and Attachment Styles on the Five Factor Model of Personality

Behavioral Sciences ◽

10.3390/bs10100145 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 145

Author(s):

Efrat Barel ◽

Yonathan Mizrachi ◽

Maayan Nachmani

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Personality Traits ◽

Attachment Style ◽

Adult Attachment ◽

Attachment Styles ◽

Attachment Security ◽

Factor Model ◽

Five Factor Model ◽

Self Report

Background: The present study investigated the role of temperament and attachment security in predicting individual differences in the five factor personality traits among adults. As previous studies suggested the potential moderating role of attachment in the association between temperament and personality traits, the present study sought to examine an interactionist model combining attachment and temperament in explaining individual differences in personality traits. Methods: A sample of 1871 participants (1151 women and 719 men) completed self-report measures of adult attachment style (the Relationships Questionnaire—RQ), temperament dimension (the Fisher Temperament Inventory—FTI), and personality domain (the Five Factor Model—FFM). Results: Partial correlational analyses revealed associations between attachment security and each of the five domains of the FFM, and few associations between some temperament dimensions and several domains of the FFM. Moderated regression analyses showed that attachment security moderated the associations between temperament dimensions and the Agreeableness domain of the FFM. Among secure individuals, those with higher scores on the Curious/Energetic, Cautious/Social Norm Compliant and Prosocial/Empathetic scales exhibited higher Agreeableness scores, whereas among insecure individuals, those with higher scores on the Analytic/Tough-minded scale exhibited lower scores on the Agreeableness scale. Conclusion: Overall, the current study provides evidence in support of the substantive role of social-environmental factors (Adult Attachment) as a moderating element bridging temperament-related personality elements and a number of their FFM manifestations.

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Individuele verschillen in communicatiestijlen

Gedrag & Organisatie ◽

10.5117/2014.027.004.361 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Janneke K. Oostrom ◽

Lisanne M. de Rijke ◽

Alec W. Serlie ◽

Brigitte Heldeweg

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Negative Relationship ◽

Self Report ◽

Important Predictor ◽

Communication Styles ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Self Presentation ◽

The Social ◽

Social Style ◽

Report Measure

Individual differences in communication styles. Does personality explain our way of communicating? Individual differences in communication styles. Does personality explain our way of communicating? The aim of this study was to empirically support the structure of the communication styles within the Social Style model by relating these to personality. The communication styles in the Social Style model consist of assertiveness, responsiveness, and an indicator that represents versatility or flexibility in the use of communication styles. Prior to communication styles training, 153 participants invited a number of co-workers and supervisors to rate their communication styles. We examined the extent to which the communication styles as rated by co-workers and supervisors could be explained by a self-report measure of personality. The regression analyses showed that extraversion is the most important predictor of responsiveness. Assertiveness was predicted by extraversion, self-presentation, and agreeableness (negative relationship). Versatility was predicted by agreeableness, neuroticism (negative relationship), and openness to experience (negative relationship). Given these relationships, it seems that communication styles are partly determined by personality. Organizations should take this into account when their employees participate in communication styles training.

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Pathological Personality Traits and Utilitarian Moral Judgments

Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology ◽

10.1521/jscp.2018.37.3.182 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 182-200 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Virgil Zeigler-Hill ◽

Avi Besser ◽

Sinead Cronin ◽

Jennifer K. Vrabel

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Personality Traits ◽

Moral Judgment ◽

Personality Trait ◽

Negative Affectivity ◽

Moral Judgments ◽

Self Report ◽

Community Members ◽

The Individual ◽

Pathological Personality Traits

Recent research has highlighted important individual differences in moral judgment. The present study extends these findings by examining the associations between pathological personality traits and utilitarian moral judgments. This was accomplished by asking 2,121 Israeli community members to complete self-report measures concerning their pathological personality traits and evaluate the acceptability of utilitarian moral judgments in various sacrificial dilemmas (is it acceptable to intentionally kill one person in order to save several other people?). The results showed that the pathological personality traits of antagonism and disinhibition were positively associated with the endorsement of personal utilitarian moral judgments (i.e., those decisions requiring the individual to directly inflict harm on the would-be sacrificed individual), whereas negative affectivity was negatively associated with personal utilitarian moral judgments. Antagonism was the only pathological personality trait associated with impersonal utilitarian moral judgments (i.e., those decisions that did not require the individual to directly inflict harm on the would-be sacrificed individual). Discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for understanding the associations between pathological personality traits and moral judgments.

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The Relationships between Big Five Personality Traits and Subjective Vitality

Anales de Psicología ◽

10.6018/analesps.33.2.261911 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 218 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. Engin Deniz ◽

Seydi Ahmet Satici

Keyword(s):

Personality Traits ◽

Big Five ◽

Big Five Personality Traits ◽

Hierarchical Regression ◽

Big Five Personality ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Subjective Vitality ◽

The Relationship ◽

Negative Predictor ◽

Vitality Scale

The current study examined the relationship between big five personality traits and subjective vitality. Participant were 307 university students [180 (59%) female, 127 (41%) male, Mage = 21.24 years, SD = 1.21] who completed questionnaires package the Adjective Based Personality Scale and the Subjective Vitality Scale. A hierarchical regression analyses was used with big five personality traits to explain variance in subjective vitality. The results showed that extraversion, agreeableness, and openness were significant positive predictors and neuroticism was significant negative predictor of subjective vitality which accounted for 31% of the total variance. Consciousness did not significant predictor of subjective vitality. The significance and limitations of the results are discussed.

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