The Microflora Diversity and Profiles in Dental Plaque Biofilms on Brackets and Tooth Surfaces of Orthodontic Patients

Objective: Fixed orthodontic appliances may influence the oral environment through accumulation of plaque, decreased plaque pH, and increased gingival inflammation. These changes in the oral cavity can potentially lead to periodontal disease, demineralization, and other infectious diseases. Materials and Methods: To investigate the changes in biofilm throughout the initial 2 weeks, we placed a stainless steel bracket on the upper second premolar and collected plaque samples on the bracket and on the tooth surface at different time points (0, 24, 48 h and 1 and 2 weeks) and plated on tryptic soy agar blood agar plate, and kept at 37°C in an anaerobic chamber for 5 days to determine the CFUs of bacteria. At the end of 2 weeks, we removed the bracket and elastomeric module, and we isolated genomic DNA from the bacterial biofilm for identification of bacteria by 16S rRNA PCR analysis. We also analyzed the morphology of biofilm on the bracket by scanning electron microscope. Results: Our results show that the bacterial biofilm was significantly increased on the bracket in all the subjects, whereas on the tooth surface, the CFUs were not significantly increased. PCR assay showed that biofilm on orthodontic brackets from all subjects showed colonization by Streptococcus gordonii, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans were observed on some of the subjects after 48 h, whereas Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans biofilm was observed in all the time points except 24 h. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that both periodontal and cariogenic bacterial biofilms were formed on the bracket as early as 24 h.

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Scanning electron microscopic examination of enamel surface after fixed orthodontic treatment: In-vivo study

Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo ◽

10.2298/sarh1202022s ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 140 (1-2) ◽

pp. 22-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Tijana Sessa ◽

Jelena Civovic ◽

Tina Pajevic ◽

Jovana Juloski ◽

Milos Beloica ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopic Examination ◽

Surface Damage ◽

Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽

Enamel Surface ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Tooth Surfaces ◽

Scanning Electron

Introduction. Therapy with fixed orthodontic appliances starts with bracket bonding and ends with debonding of brackets, leaving enamel surface varied. Objective. The aim of this pilot study was to examine enamel surface before and after debonding of orthodontic brackets by the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Methods. Epoxy replicas of four patients? premolars indicated for therapy with fixed orthodontic appliances were made and brackets were bonded to their teeth with a different adhesives (Enlight, No-mix, Fuji Ortho LC and Heliosit Orthodontic) (n=4). Two months later, brackets on premolars were debonded and amounts of adhesive left on the tooth surfaces and the bracket bases were evaluated with the adhesive remnant index (ARI). After resin removal, epoxy replicas were made and the surface of premolars was evaluated with the enamel surface index (ESI). All replicas of premolars (n=32) were prepared for SEM examination and compared under different magnifications. Tooth damage was estimated based on correlation between ARItooth and ESI. Results. Pearson?s ?2 test showed no significant differences between ARItooth and ARIbracket of four materials used. Nonparametric correlations showed significant differences between ARItooth and ARIbracket, ESI and ARItooth, and between ESI and ARIbracket. Increasing of ARItooth is followed with the descent of ARIbracket and the ascent of ESI. Multivariate regression analysis showed a significant correlation between ESI and ARItooth. Conclusion. Most bond failures took place at enamel-adhesive interface. ARItooth was a predictor to enamel surface damage. The type of material did not affect enamel surface damage.

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External Bleaching Effect on the Color and Luminosity of Inactive White-Spot Lesions after Fixed Orthodontic Appliances

The Angle Orthodontist ◽

10.2319/060106-224 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 77 (4) ◽

pp. 646-652 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Michael Knösel ◽

Rengin Attin ◽

Klaus Becker ◽

Thomas Attin

Keyword(s):

White Spot ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

White Spot Lesions ◽

Color Matching ◽

Orthodontic Appliance ◽

Anterior Teeth ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Tooth Surfaces ◽

Initial Lesions ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliance

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effect of external bleaching on the color and luminosity of inactive white-spot lesions (WSLs) present after fixed orthodontic appliance treatment as means for achieving color matching of the WSLs with adjacent tooth surfaces. Materials and Methods: Ten patients with inactive WSLs after therapy with fixed orthodontic appliances were selected. At baseline, the lightness of maxillary incisors and canines was assessed with a colorimeter. Color determinations were performed in the area of the initial lesions (F1) and at adjacent, sound enamel areas (F2). Then, anterior teeth were bleached once with a bleaching gel for 60 minutes. After a break of 14 days, in-office bleaching was followed by a 2-week home bleaching period with daily home bleaching for 1 hour. After this, color determinations were repeated. Additionally, patients were asked to fill out a questionnaire to provide information about their degree of contentment with the treatment. Results: The lightness values of both the F1 and F2 regions were significantly higher after bleaching as compared with baseline. F2 L-values increased significantly more as compared with F1, indicating a better color matching of these two areas in comparison with baseline. All patients were satisfied with the outcome of the bleaching therapy. Conclusion: External bleaching is able to satisfactorily camouflage WSLs visible after therapy with fixed orthodontic appliances.

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Fluorescence-Aided Identification Technique (FIT) Improves Tooth Surface Clean-Up after Debonding of Buccal and Lingual Orthodontic Appliances

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm11010213 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 213

Author(s):

Olivia Engeler ◽

Oliver Stadler ◽

Simone Horn ◽

Christian Dettwiler ◽

Thomas Connert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Tooth Surface ◽

Fluorescent Light ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Human Teeth ◽

Enamel Defects ◽

Tooth Surfaces ◽

Identification Technique ◽

Best Fit

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of fluorescence inducing light to aid the clean-up of tooth surfaces after bracket removal when using buccal or lingual orthodontic appliances. Two full sets of dental arches using extracted human teeth were assembled, with 14 teeth per arch. All teeth were bonded on their buccal and lingual surfaces. After debonding, a single blinded operator performed the tooth surface clean-up, as commonly performed in clinical practice; without the use of fluorescent light (non-FIT) and with two methods using fluorescent light to identify composite remnants on the tooth surfaces (FIT; OPAL and BRACE). Tooth surfaces were scanned before bonding and after clean-up, and the two scans were superimposed using the best-fit method. The results showed that the debonding method, type of tooth and type of tooth surface had a significant effect on the presence of composite remnants, enamel defects, and on debonding time. Contrary to the non-FIT method, there were no composite remnants after clean-up with the use of fluorescence inducing light. Clean-up time was significantly reduced on the buccal surfaces when using the FIT methods. On the lingual surfaces, the FIT methods resulted in larger enamel defects.

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Changes in salivary periodontal pathogens after orthodontic treatment: An in vivo prospective study

The Angle Orthodontist ◽

10.2319/070615-450.1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 86 (6) ◽

pp. 998-1003 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Kyungsun Kim ◽

Woo-Sun Jung ◽

Soha Cho ◽

Sug-Joon Ahn

Keyword(s):

Oral Hygiene ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Time Points ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Whole Saliva ◽

Total Bacteria

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the initial changes in salivary levels of periodontal pathogens after orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Materials and Methods: The subjects consisted of 54 adult patients. The Simplified Oral Hygiene Index, Plaque Index, and Gingival Index were measured as periodontal parameters. Both the plaque and gingival indexes were obtained from the central and lateral incisors and first molars of both arches. Whole saliva and periodontal parameters were obtained at the following four time points: immediately before debonding (T1), 1 week after debonding (T2), 5 weeks after debonding (T3), and 13 weeks after debonding (T4). Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to determine salivary bacterial levels and periodontal parameters among the four time points after quantifying salivary levels of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Tannerella forsythia (Tf), and total bacteria using the real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: All periodontal parameters were significantly decreased immediately after debonding (T2). The salivary levels of total bacteria and Pg were decreased at T3, while Pi and Tf levels were decreased at T4. However, the amount of Aa and Fn remained at similar levels in saliva during the experimental period. Interestingly, Aa and Fn were present in saliva at higher levels than were Pg, Pi, and Tf. Conclusion: The higher salivary levels of Aa and Fn after debonding suggests that the risk of periodontal problems cannot be completely eliminated by the removal of fixed orthodontic appliances during the initial retention period, despite improved oral hygiene.

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The impact of fixed orthodontic appliances on oral microbiome dynamics in Japanese patients

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-78971-2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Isamu Kado ◽

Junzo Hisatsune ◽

Keiko Tsuruda ◽

Kotaro Tanimoto ◽

Motoyuki Sugai

Keyword(s):

Relative Abundance ◽

Japanese Patients ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Supragingival Plaque ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Microbial Dna ◽

The Impact ◽

Level Analysis

AbstractFixed orthodontic appliances are common and effective tools to treat malocclusion. Adverse effects of these appliances, such as dental caries and periodontitis, may be associated with alteration of the microbiome. This study investigated the impact of these appliances on the dynamics of the oral microbiome. Seventy-one patients were selected. Supragingival plaque samples were collected before placement (T0) and six months after placement (T1). Saliva samples were collected at T0 and T1, and then when appliance removal (T2). Microbial DNA was analyzed by 16S rRNA meta-sequencing. The diversity analysis indicated dynamic changes in the structure of the oral microbiome. Taxonomic analysis at phylum level showed a significant increase in Bacteroidetes and Saccharibacteria (formally TM7) and decrease in Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria over time, in both plaque and saliva. Genus level analysis of relative abundance indicated a significant increase in anaerobic and facultative anaerobes in both plaque and saliva. Fixed orthodontic appliances induced measurable changes in the oral microbiome. This was characterized by an increase in relative abundance of obligate anaerobes, including periodontal pathogens. It can be concluded that this dysbiosis induced by fixed orthodontic appliances is likely to represent a transitional stage in the shift in microbiome from healthy to periodontitis.

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Exploring the possibilities of infrared spectroscopy for urine sediment examination and detection of pathogenic bacteria in urinary tract infections

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) ◽

10.1515/cclm-2020-0524 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 58 (10) ◽

pp. 1759-1767

Author(s):

Mieke Steenbeke ◽

Sander De Bruyne ◽

Jerina Boelens ◽

Matthijs Oyaert ◽

Griet Glorieux ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Urinary Tract Infections ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Agar Plate ◽

Principal Component ◽

Blood Agar Plate ◽

Urine Sediment ◽

Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽

Tract Infections

AbstractObjectivesIn this study, the possibilities of Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for analysis of urine sediments and for detection of bacteria causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) were investigated.MethodsDried urine specimens of control subjects and patients presenting with various nephrological and urological conditions were analysed using mid-infrared spectroscopy (4,000–400 cm−1). Urine samples from patients with a UTI were inoculated on a blood agar plate. After drying of the pure bacterial colonies, FTIR was applied and compared with the results obtained by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Chemometric data analysis was used to classify the different species.ResultsDue to the typical molecular assignments of lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates, FTIR was able to identify bacteria and showed promising results in the detection of proteins, lipids, white and red blood cells, as well as in the identification of crystals. Principal component analysis (PCA) allowed to differentiate between Gram-negative and Gram-positive species and soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) revealed promising classification ratios between the different pathogens.ConclusionsFTIR can be considered as a supplementary method for urine sediment examination and for detection of pathogenic bacteria in UTI.

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A single-centre investigator-blinded randomised parallel group clinical trial to investigate the effect of probiotic strainsStreptococcus salivariusM18 andLactobacillus acidophiluson gingival health of paediatric patients undergoing treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances: study protocol

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030638 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. e030638 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Eleftherios G Kaklamanos ◽

Rania Nassar ◽

Sotirios Kalfas ◽

Manal Al Halabi ◽

Mawlood Kowash ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Control Group ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Single Centre ◽

Paediatric Patients ◽

Gingival Health ◽

Parallel Group ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances

BackgroundThere is limited data on the beneficial effects of probiotics on the gingival health of patients undergoing treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances. This study aims to compare the effect of probiotic tablets combined with regular oral hygiene versus regular oral hygiene alone on gingival status in these patients. The effect of probiotic intake on plaque formation and salivary microbiome composition will be also assessed.Methods and analysisThis is a 3 month single-centre, single blind (clinical and laboratory examiners), parallel group randomised controlled two arm superiority trial. Fifty paediatric patients attending the Postgraduate Orthodontic Clinic at the Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, United Arab Emirates, who meet the eligibility criteria will be recruited. Block randomisation with 1:1 allocation and concealment of allocation will be carried out. The treatment group will receive probiotic tablets containingStreptococcus salivariusM18 andLactobacillus acidophilustogether with regular oral hygiene versus the control group on regular oral hygiene alone. Clinical examination and collection of saliva for microbiome assay will be carried out at baseline and end of study. Self-reporting by patients will be used to document acceptability and adverse effects. Statistically significant decrease in gingival bleeding on probing in the treatment group will be classified as primary outcome of treatment success. Statistically significant reduction in Plaque Index, Gingival Index and shift in the composition of the oral microbiome in favour of beneficial bacteria are secondary outcomes indicative of efficacy of probiotic intake.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval for the study has been granted by the HBMCDM, MBRU, Institutional Review Board (Reference #: MBRU-IRB-2018–015). Study findings will be disseminated via publication in peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration numberISRCTN95085398

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