The effect of varying encoding conditions on jazz, instrumental, and choral musicians’ memorization accuracy: Implications for music literacy

2021 ◽  
pp. 030573562198897
Author(s):  
Aaron Lohmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Concert Band ◽  
Music Literacy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Band Group ◽  
Music Memorization ◽  
Post Hoc

The primary purposes of this study were (1) to determine the effect of three encoding conditions (singing, playing, studying silently) on participants’ music memorization accuracy; (2) to examine potential differences between choral, jazz, and concert band musicians’ accuracy in completing the music memorization task; and (3) to determine whether ensemble affiliation yielded any performance advantages among the three presentation conditions. Three folk melodies were selected for memorization under the three encoding conditions. Participants ( N = 81) had 75 s to commit each melody to memory while studying silently, singing, or playing on a keyboard. Participants then notated the three melodies using conventional staff notation. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures on one factor revealed significant differences based on participants’ ensemble affiliation. A Tukey’s honest significant difference (HSD) post hoc test revealed the jazz group had higher accuracy scores than the band group. No significant differences were found based on encoding conditions, and no significant interactions were found between the encoding conditions and ensemble groups. The experiment is framed by questions related to memory, reading, and differing notions of literacy.

Effect of communication skills based group counseling on mothers’ sex dialogue with their adolescent daughters

2018 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tayebe Ziaei ◽  
Maryam Ghanbari Gorji ◽  
Naser Behnampour ◽  
Masumeh Rezaei Aval
Keyword(s):  
Communication Skills ◽  
Group Counseling ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mother And Daughter ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
And Control

AbstractBackgroundSex dialogue is one of the most critical and challenging topics between mothers and adolescents. The knowledge and skills of mothers in sex dialogue with their daughters are essential. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of group counseling based on communication skills on mothers through their sex dialogue with their daughters.MethodsA randomized controlled field trial was conducted on 168 couples of mothers and their daughters selected by the stratified matching method and randomly divided into two control and intervention groups. The mothers in the intervention group participated in a communication-based consultation in groups consisting of 6–12 people for 6–7 weekly sessions, each one lasting 60 min. The data collection tool was a Persian-translated questionnaire by Jaccard for sex dialogue between mother and daughter. The data were analyzed using Chi-square (χ2), ANOVA with repeated measures and modified post hoc Bonferroni tests.ResultsThere was a significant difference in the mean score of mother-daughter sex dialogue 1 week after intervention between the intervention (34.48 ± 8.74) and control (40.44 ± 9.49) groups (p = 0.001) and 1 month after the intervention between the intervention (30.41 ± 10.07) and control (42.47 ± 9.62) groups (p < 0.001).ConclusionThrough applying communication skills, an increase in mother-daughter sex dialogue frequency was observed after group counseling. Therefore, it is suggested to promote mother-daughter communication skills by accessing the mothers via schools, health centers and with the aid of midwifery counselors, midwives and other trained caretakers.

scholarly journals Influence of maxillary canine torque variations on the perception of smile esthetics among orthodontists and laypersons

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Correia Barbosa Lemos ◽  
Juliana de Brito Vasconcelos ◽  
Bianca Mota dos Santos ◽  
Andre Wilson Machado
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
T Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Maxillary Canine ◽  
Visual Analog Scales ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Unpaired Student ◽  
Full Face ◽  
Smile Esthetics ◽  
Post Hoc

ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the perception of smile esthetics among orthodontists and laypersons with respect to unilateral maxillary canine torque variations in a frontal smile analysis. Methods: Full face and close-up smile photographs of two subjects (1 man and 1 woman) were used. Both smiles displayed healthy maxillary anterior dentitions. The images were digitally altered to obtain a bilateral 0° torque in the maxillary canines. From this image, unilateral variations of the left canine were made with -15°, -10°, -5°, 0°, +5°, +10° and +15°. Final images were randomly assembled into an album that was given to 53 orthodontists and 53 laypersons. Each rater was asked to evaluate the attractiveness of the images using visual analog scales. Data collected were statistically analyzed with one-way analysis of variance with Tukey post-hoc test and the unpaired Student t test. Results: For orthodontists, most attractive smiles were those with 0°, -5° and -10°. For laypersons, most attractive smiles were those with 0°, -5°, -10°, -15° and + 5°. For both groups, the lowest scores were given for the smiles with +10° and +15° torque. When comparing the perceptions of the orthodontists and laypersons, they did not show statistical differences in most situations. Moreover, in general, there was no significant difference between the full-face and close-up assessments of the smiles. Conclusions: The present findings indicated that smiles with unilateral palatal (negative values) maxillary canine torque variations were more tolerated than smiles with buccal crown torque (positive values) variations.

Static and Dynamic Acute Stretching Effect on Gymnasts’ Speed in Vaulting

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theophanis Siatras ◽  
Georgios Papadopoulos ◽  
Dimitra Mameletzi ◽  
Vasilios Gerodimos ◽  
Spiros Kellis
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Static Stretching ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Dynamic Stretching ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Stretching Effect ◽  
Stretching Exercises

Although warm-up and stretching exercises are routinely performed by gymnasts, it is suggested that stretching immediately prior to an activity might affect negatively the athletic performance. The focus of this investigation was on the acute effect of a protocol, including warm-up and static and dynamic stretching exercises, on speed during vaulting in gymnastics. Eleven boys were asked to perform three different protocols consisting of warm-up, warm-up and static stretching and warm-up and dynamic stretching, on three nonconsecutive days. Each protocol was followed by a “handspring” vault. One-way analysis of variance for repeated-measures showed a significant difference in gymnasts’ speed, following the different protocols. Tukey’s post hoc analysis revealed that gymnasts mean speed during the run of vault was significantly decreased after the application of the static stretching protocol. The findings of the present study indicate the inhibitory role of an acute static stretching in running speed in young gymnasts.

Effects of Implant Drill Wear, Irrigation, and Drill Materials on Heat Generation in Osteotomy Sites

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. e19-e23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ki-Tae Koo ◽  
Min-Ho Kim ◽  
Hae-Young Kim ◽  
Ulf M. E. Wikesjö ◽  
Jae-Ho Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Initial Time ◽  
Zirconia Ceramic ◽  
Thermal Change ◽  
Coated Metal ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Initial Time Point ◽  
Carbon Coated

This study evaluated the effects of drill wear on bone temperature during osteotomy preparation with 3 types of drills and compared heat production between drills. The drills used in this study were titanium nitride-coated metal, tungsten carbide carbon-coated metal, and zirconia ceramic drills. An osteotomy 11 mm in depth was formed in bovine scapular bone following the manufacturer's recommended drill sequences. Drilling was performed without irrigation and repeated 20 times; temperature was measured every 5 times. Next, 200 rounds of drilling during irrigation were performed for each drill, with temperature change monitored until round 200. Analysis of variance statistics were used for analyses of the measured data. Drilling without irrigation showed significant thermal increase at all time points compared to drilling with irrigation (P &lt; .001). No significant difference was found between drill materials. Under irrigation, the frequency of previous drilling had minimal effects on thermal change. The repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed major thermal change at the initial time point (P &lt; .0001), and the multiple comparison tests revealed a significant difference in temperature between the initial drills that had been used 50 or fewer times and those that had been used more than 50 times, irrespective of the drill material. The results of this study indicate that the initial drill should be changed in osteotomy preparation with irrigation after they have been used 50 times. Irrigation may be a more critical factor for the control of temperature elevation than is the drill material.

scholarly journals The Effect of Clinical Pilates on Functional Movement in Recreational Runners

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 776-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Laws ◽  
Sean Williams ◽  
Cassie Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Functional Movement Screen ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Functional Movement ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Movement Ability ◽  
Recreational Runners ◽  
Post Hoc

AbstractBiomechanical imbalances and inefficient functional movements are considered contributing factors to running-related injuries. Clinical Pilates uses a series of exercises focused on retraining normal movement patterns. This study investigated whether a 6-week course of Clinical Pilates improves functional movement and thereby, potentially, reduces the risk of running-related injuries associated with movement dysfunction. A modified functional movement screen was used to analyze the functional movement ability of forty runners. Forty participants completed a 6-week course of Clinical Pilates delivered by a Clinical Pilates instructor. The movement screen was carried out 3 times for each runner: 6 weeks pre-intervention (baseline), within one week pre-intervention (pre) and within one week post-intervention (post). Repeated-measures analysis of variance and post-hoc tests found significant increases in scores between baseline and post (mean±SD; 13.4±2.4 vs. 17.0±1.7, p<0.01) and pre and post (mean±SD; 13.5±2.5 vs. 17.0±1.7, p<0.01), but no significant difference between baseline and pre (p=0.3). A 6-week course of Clinical Pilates significantly improves functional movement in recreational runners, and this may lead to a reduction in the risk of running-related injuries.

scholarly journals A comparison of the effectiveness of group reality therapy and positive psychotherapy on irrational beliefs and psychological hardiness in brilliant talent students

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Safar Abdi ◽  
Tayebeh Sharifi ◽  
Ahmad Qazanfari ◽  
Kamal Solati
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Irrational Beliefs ◽  
Reality Therapy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
School Students ◽  
Positive Psychotherapy ◽  
Psychological Hardiness ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Hoc

Background and aims: Irrational beliefs in brilliant talent students can influence their psychological hardiness and lead to adverse social and academic outcomes. The present study mainly aimed to compare the effectiveness of group reality therapy and positive psychotherapy in improving the irrational beliefs and psychological hardiness of male brilliant talent high school students in Shahrekord during 2017. Methods: The present experimental research, used pretest and posttest design including intervention and control groups. The study population included all the male gifted students in Shahrekord (N=276) who were first screened and then, 60 individuals were selected by convenience random sampling. Next, the individuals were assigned a number and then divided into two experimental groups (each containing 20 students) and one control group (including 20 students) using a random number table. Afterward, group reality therapy and positive psychotherapy interventions were performed within eight and ten weeks for the experimental groups, respectively. In addition, Jones Irrational Beliefs Test (IBT) and Kobasa’s Psychological Hardiness Scale were employed to data collection. Six months after post-test implementation, the students were followed up. Finally, the data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test. Results: The findings revealed that group reality therapy and positive psychotherapy led to a decrease in irrational beliefs while such therapies improved psychological hardiness in brilliant talent students (P<0.001). Conversely, the results of the post-hoc test indicated no significant difference between the effects of group reality therapy and positive psychotherapy on irrational beliefs and psychological hardiness in brilliant talent students (P>0.05). Conclusion: In general, group reality therapy and positive psychotherapy reduced irrational beliefs whereas they improved psychological hardiness of the brilliant talent students and therefore, these therapies can be used as effective interventions for the intended population.

scholarly journals Comparing the Effect of Face-To-Face Education and E-learning on the Physical Activity of the Elderly

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43
Author(s):  
Shahab Papi ◽  
◽  
Yadollah Abolfathi Momtaz ◽  
Mahshid Foroughan ◽  
Farahnaz Mohammadi Shahboulaghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Learning Methods ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Educational Groups ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Post Hoc

Introduction: Regular physical activity is very effective in preventing or delaying chronic diseases and premature death in the elderly. Objective: This study aimed to compare the effect of face-to-face education and e-learning methods on the physical activity of the elderly. Materials and Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study conducted in Karaj, Iran in 2018. The participants were 88 elderly people referred to a senior rehab center and then were assigned into three groups of face-to-face education (n=30), e-learning (n=28), and control (n=30).The study data were collected by a demographic form and the 41-item community healthy activities program for seniors questionnaire (CHAMPS) before the intervention, 1 month after the intervention, and 3-month follow-up. Face-to-face education and e-learning were presented to the two educational groups’ during eight 20-minute sessions. The obtained data were analyzed using ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc test, the Chi-square test, and repeated measures ANOVA. The significance level was set at0.05. Results: Between the two educational groups, a significant difference was observed in the mean score of physical activity at three measurement phases (P = 0.001).The effect size was 0.61 for face-to-face education and 0.64 for e-learning. Based on the results of the Bonferroni post hoc test, there was no significant difference between e-learning and face-to-face education groups. Conclusion: Both face-to-face and e-learning methods were effective in promoting the physical activity behavior of the elderly. E-learning method can be used as one of the complementary methods of traditional education for improving the physical activity of the elderly.

Comparison of music stimuli to support mindfulness meditation

2019 ◽  
pp. 030573561987849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbey L Dvorak ◽  
Eugenia Hernandez-Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mindfulness Meditation ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Harmonic Progression ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Mindful Attention Awareness Scale ◽  
Post Hoc

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of and preference for different auditory stimuli in supporting mindfulness meditation. Undergraduate non-musicians ( N = 57) listened to four different auditory stimuli guiding them in a mindfulness meditation: script only (i.e., Script), steady beat (i.e., Beat), beat and harmonic progression (i.e., Harmony), and beat, harmony, and melody (i.e., Melody). This study used a within-subjects repeated-measures design with the four conditions counterbalanced and randomized across participants. Participants rated responses using the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), completed the Absorption in Music Scale (AIMS), and ranked auditory stimuli according to preference and usefulness for mindfulness meditation. A repeated-measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) on the MAAS scores, using the AIMS as a covariate, indicated no statistically significant difference between auditory stimuli. However, with the AIMS removed, the analysis revealed significant differences between stimuli, indicating that levels of absorption in music may moderate participants’ responses to auditory stimuli for mindfulness meditation. Friedman analyses of variance (ANOVAs) and post hoc analyses indicated that participant rankings of usefulness and preference were significantly different among conditions, with the Melody and Harmony conditions ranked highest.

scholarly journals Location of Scoliosis and Postural Reactions Among Girls Aged 7-18 Years

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Jacek Wilczynski ◽  
Natalia Habik ◽  
Sylwia Janecka ◽  
Przemyslaw Karolak ◽  
Alicja Sliwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Postural Reactions ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Lateral Curvature ◽  
Bonferroni Test ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Ellipse Area ◽  
Selection Of

The objective of the study was evaluation of the relationships between location of scoliosis and postural reactions in girls aged 7-18. The study included 28 girls aged 7-18 with lateral curvature of the spine and scoliotic posture. Selection of the examined girls was targeted. The children were treated in the Inter-School Centre for Corrective and Compensatory Gymnastics in Starachowice. The study was conducted in June 2011. Digital Exhibeon radiograms were applied to determine the location of the curvature. Postural reactions were evaluated using the static-dynamic platform Tecnobody ST 310 Plus Stability System. The variables were verified for normality of the distribution by means of Shapiro-Wilk test. The variability of the quantitative characteristics with respect to categorial characteristics was verified by using one-way and two-way repeated measures ANOVA. In the case of significant main results or interactions, the Bonferroni test and Tukey test were applied as a post hoc analysis. The p values p&lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant. Analysis of variance showed significant relationships between Average Forward-Backward Speed, Perimeter, Ellipse Area in open eyes test (OE), and location of the curvature. The highest amplitudes of the reactions Average Forward-Backward Speer, Perimeter, Ellipse Area in open eyes test (OE) were observed in lumbar curvatures. In examination with eyes closed (CE), a correlation was found between the location of the curvature and Forward-Backward Standard Deviation, Average Forward-Backward Speer, and Perimeter. The highest amplitudes of reactions Average Forward-Backward Speer, Perimeter, Ellipse Area in eyes closed test (CE) were noted also in lumbar curvatures. The comparative analysis of variance of postural reactions with respect to the location of the secondary curvature showed significant results only for Average Forward-Backward Speed (OE). Average Forward-Backward Speed (OE) was the highest in curvatures with thoracic location. 

The Resuscitative and Pharmacokinetic Effects of Humeral Intraosseous Vasopressin in a Swine Model of Ventricular Fibrillation

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Burgert ◽  
Arthur D. Johnson ◽  
Jose Garcia-Blanco ◽  
Lawrence V. Fulton ◽  
Michael J. Loughren
Keyword(s):  
Ventricular Fibrillation ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Swine Model ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Publication Type ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control

AbstractIntroductionThe American Heart Association (AHA; Dallas, Texas USA) and European Resuscitation Council (Niel, Belgium) cardiac arrest (CA) guidelines recommend the intraosseous (IO) route when intravenous (IV) access cannot be obtained. Vasopressin has been used as an alternative to epinephrine to treat ventricular fibrillation (VF).Hypothesis/ProblemLimited data exist on the pharmacokinetics and resuscitative effects of vasopressin administered by the humeral IO (HIO) route for treatment of VF. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of HIO and IV vasopressin, on the occurrence, odds, and time of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and pharmacokinetic measures in a swine model of VF.MethodsTwenty-seven Yorkshire-cross swine (60 to 80 kg) were assigned randomly to three groups: HIO (n=9), IV (n=9), and a control group (n=9). Ventricular fibrillation was induced and untreated for two minutes. Chest compressions began at two minutes post-arrest and vasopressin (40 U) administered at four minutes post-arrest. Serial blood specimens were collected for four minutes, then the swine were resuscitated until ROSC or 29 post-arrest minutes elapsed.ResultsFisher’s Exact test determined ROSC was significantly higher in the HIO 5/7 (71.5%) and IV 8/11 (72.7%) groups compared to the control 0/9 (0.0%; P=.001). Odds ratios of ROSC indicated no significant difference between the treatment groups (P=.68) but significant differences between the HIO and control, and the IV and control groups (P=.03 and .01, respectively). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) indicated the mean time to ROSC for HIO and IV was 621.20 seconds (SD=204.21 seconds) and 554.50 seconds (SD=213.96 seconds), respectively, with no significant difference between the groups (U=11; P=.22). Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) revealed the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and time to maximum concentration (Tmax) of vasopressin in the HIO and IV groups was 71753.9 pg/mL (SD=26744.58 pg/mL) and 61853.7 pg/mL (SD=22745.04 pg/mL); 111.42 seconds (SD=51.3 seconds) and 114.55 seconds (SD=55.02 seconds), respectively. Repeated measures ANOVA indicated no significant difference in plasma vasopressin concentrations between the treatment groups over four minutes (P=.48).ConclusionsThe HIO route delivered vasopressin effectively in a swine model of VF. Occurrence, time, and odds of ROSC, as well as pharmacokinetic measurements of HIO vasopressin, were comparable to IV.BurgertJM, JohnsonAD, Garcia-BlancoJ, FultonLV, LoughrenMJ. The resuscitative and pharmacokinetic effects of humeral intraosseous vasopressin in a swine model of ventricular fibrillation. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(3):305–310.

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