Laboratory Method to Assess Efficacy of Dust Suppressants for Dirt and Gravel Roads

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (6) ◽  
pp. 188-199
Author(s):  
Audrey M. Stallworth ◽  
Eric H. Chase ◽  
William D. Burgos ◽  
Nathaniel R. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Road Dust ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Dust Suppression ◽  
Gravel Roads ◽  
Proctor Test ◽  
Road Materials ◽  
Standard Proctor Test

Particulate matter (PM) generated from dirt and gravel roads is a concern for both human and environmental health. To help reduce the amount of PM generated, many states allow the use of water coproduced from oil and gas wells (i.e., brines) as road dust suppressants. However, few methods exist to quantify the effectiveness of these brines and other dust suppressants. Here we designed and tested a bench-scale method to test the efficacy of dust suppressants on dirt and gravel road materials. The Standard Proctor test was modified to create discs of road aggregate that could be treated with dust suppressant, dried, and then tumbled in a mechanical drum attached to an aerosol monitor that measured PM generated within the drum. Using two types of road aggregate (DSA and 2RC) and a combination of nine simulated brines, the effects of brine total dissolved solids (TDS), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) on dust suppression were calculated. The effects of moisture content and aggregate type were also observed. Higher TDS and lower SAR were found to be good predictors of dust-suppression effectiveness, with the degree of effectiveness partially dependent on the type of road aggregate. The test method provides a means to quickly and reproducibly compare effectiveness of dust suppressants, with other variables such as aggregate type and moisture content, to accurately estimate dust suppression. Comparisons of dust measurements collected within the laboratory and vehicle-based measurements offer the ability to relate laboratory results to conditions encountered on dirt and gravel roads.

Static Compaction of Soils with Varying Clay Content

2015 ◽  
Vol 668 ◽  
pp. 238-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandr Zhemchuzhnikov ◽  
Khosrow Ghavami ◽  
Michéle dal Toé Casagrande
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Optimum Moisture Content ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Compressed Earth Blocks ◽  
Proctor Test ◽  
Earth Blocks ◽  
Standard Proctor Test ◽  
Static Compaction

The use of compressed earth blocks (CEBs) is widespread in the field of earth construction. They present better mechanical performance than adobe and the equipment for their production is simple. Laboratory testing of compressed earth blocks requires large amounts of material. There are variations of unconfined strength testing procedures such as testing halves of the blocks with layers of mortar between them or testing whole blocks in diverse directions. This complicates the interpretation of test results as the shape factor and mortar characteristics influence the results significantly. Static compaction test can be used to produce cylindrical samples representative of CEBs. The water content of soil used for the production of CEBs is often determined in standard Proctor test while experimental data indicate that the optimum moisture content for static and dynamic compaction is different. The present article addresses the behavior of four soil mixes with varying clay content compacted statically with a constant rate of strain. Static compaction curves were compared with those obtained in standard Proctor test. For all the soil mixes the static optimum moisture content was found to correspond to the start of consolidation. The compaction curve presented no wet side of optimum in contrast to Proctor test. The energy needed to achieve a desired density by static compaction was analyzed for soils with varying clay contents. Static compaction was found to be more efficient than dynamic for clayey soils. An increase in water content was observed to help achieving higher densities at low pressures, which can improve the performance of manual CEB presses.

scholarly journals PENGARUH ENERGI PEMADATAN DI LABORATORIUM TERHADAP PARAMETER KOMPAKSI MATERIAL CRUSHED LIMESTONE PADALARANG

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-132
Author(s):  
Andrias Suhendra Nugraha
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Optimum Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Fill Material ◽  
Proctor Test ◽  
Standard Proctor Test ◽  
Crushed Limestone

Pelaksanaan konstruksi timbunan jalan (road embankment) merupakan suatu pekerjaan yang memerlukan kajian geoteknik. Kajian geoteknik dilakukan terhadap material timbunan (fill material) yang akan digunakan pada saat tahapan pemadatan (kompaksi) di lapangan. Evaluasi terhadap hasil suatu proses kompaksi mengacu terhadap parameter kompaksi dari fill material yang telah disyaratkan oleh spesifikasi desain. Parameter kompaksi tersebut  antara lain adalah  kadar air optimum (optimum moisture content, wopt) dan berat isi kering maksimum (maximum dry density, ?dry max). Tujuan studi ini adalah untuk menganalisis dan mengevaluasi pengaruh energi pemadatan di laboratorium terhadap parameter kompaksi material crushed limestone yang berasal dari daerah Padalarang, Jawa Barat. Terdapat 4 (empat) variasi energi pemadatan (E) yang ditinjau  pada studi ini yaitu : 605 kN.m/m3 (energi standard Proctor, E1); 1.4 E1; 2.2 E1 dan 3.0 E1. Keseluruhan uji kompaksi di laboratorium menggunakan mold dan rammer untuk standard Proctor test (ASTM D 698). Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan energi pemadatan untuk kompaksi di laboratorium  sebesar 3 kali energi pemadatan standard Proctor, hanya menghasilkan kenaikan gdry max sebesar 5% dan merubah nilai wopt sebesar 3%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan energi pemadatan di laboratorium tidak terlalu berpengaruh terhadap nilai gdry max maupun wopt , untuk kondisi crushed limestone  bergradasi buruk (poorly graded) dengan rentang ukuran butir  0.85mm – 4.75mm.

Time Delay Effects on Compactability of Soil-Cement Materials during Proctor Testing

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812199870
Author(s):  
W. Griffin Sullivan ◽  
Isaac L. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Time Delay ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Soil Cement ◽  
Delay Effects ◽  
Proctor Test ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Departments Of Transportation ◽  
Cement Mixtures

The Proctor test method, as specified in AASHTO T134 and ASTM D558, continues to play a vital role in design and construction quality control for soil-cement materials. However, neither test method establishes a methodology or standardized protocols to characterize the effects of time delay between cement addition and compaction, also known as compaction delay. Compaction delay has been well documented to have a notably negative effect on compactability, compressive strength, and overall performance of soil-cement materials, but specification tools to address this behavior are not prevalent. This paper aims to demonstrate the extent of compaction delay effects on several soil-cement mixtures used in Mississippi and to present recommended new test method protocols for AASHTO T134 to characterize compaction delay effects. Data presented showed that not all soil-cement mixtures are sensitive to compaction delay, but some mixtures can be very sensitive and lead to a meaningful decrease in specimen dry density. Recommended test method protocols were presented for AASHTO T134 and commentary was presented to provide state Departments of Transportation and other specifying agencies a few examples of how the new compaction delay protocols could be implemented.

scholarly journals Comparison of Geotechnical Properties of Laterite, Kaolin and Peat

2015 ◽  
Vol 773-774 ◽  
pp. 1438-1442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Aimi Nadia Mohd Yusoff ◽  
I. Bakar ◽  
Devapriya Chitral Wijeyesekera ◽  
Adnan Zainorabidin ◽  
Aziman Madun
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
General Information ◽  
Geotechnical Properties ◽  
Grain Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Proctor Test ◽  
Construction Operation ◽  
Soil Behaviour

This paper compares some geotechnical properties of Kaolin, Laterite and Peat. Laterite was collected from Bukit Banang while Peat sample was collected from Parit Nipah, both locations were in Batu Pahat, Johor. Meanwhile, kaolin that was used in this research was manufactured kaolin. These soil samples were subjected to routine laboratory analysis and resulting data were analyzed statistically using a correlation analysis. A laboratory testing program consists of “Basic properties test” to obtain general information on the materials (e.g Natural moisture content, Atterberg Limit, Specific gravity, grain size analysis, chemical composition and pH) and “Geotechnical properties tests” to measure specific properties that characterize soil behaviour for design and constructability assessments (e.g Standard Proctor Test, Unconfined Compressive Strength and CBR).The results showed that the Natural/initial moisture content for laterite, peat and kaolin is 22.54%, 480.61% and 0.22% respectively. Meanwhile Specific gravity for each soil was in the range 1.50-2.79.It was also found that the pH of all soil is acidic which lay in the range of 3.76-5.95.The UCS for the optimally compacted sample of laterite is 445.77 kPa, kaolin is 199.23 kPa and for peat is 58.70 kPa. This paper summarizes the result of analysis performed on all tests conducted. Based on the results, the geotechnical property of the soil is a highly dependent with the type of soil and therefore, determining the soil characterization and the soil strength should be considered during the planning phase of any earthwork construction operation.

scholarly journals Steel-shot method for measuring the density of soils

2010 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1299-1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reed B. Freeman ◽  
Chad A. Gartrell ◽  
Lillian D. Wakeley ◽  
Ernest S. Berney ◽  
Julie R. Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Rapid Determination ◽  
Content Volume ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Soil Density ◽  
Engineering Construction ◽  
Steel Shot ◽  
Time Requirements

The density of soil is crucial in engineering, construction, and research. Standard methods to determine density use procedures, equipment or expendable materials that limit their effectiveness in challenging field conditions. Some methods require burdensome logistics or have time requirements that limit their use or the number of tests that can be executed. A test method, similar to the sand-cone method, was developed that uses steel shot as the material to which a volume of soil is compared to calculate soil density. Steel shot is easily recovered and reused, eliminating the need for specialty sand and calibrated cones or containers, and allows rapid determination of the volume of displaced soil. Excavated soil also provides measurements of total mass and moisture content. Volume, mass, and moisture content are applied in simple calculations to determine wet and dry densities and unit weight of the soil. Proficiency in performing the test can be achieved with minimal training, and the required kit can be assembled for a reasonable cost. Field uses of the method in dry environments in a variety of soil types demonstrated that the method can produce repeatable results within 2% of the values of soil density determined by traditional methods, with advantages in logistics.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Penambahan Abu Arang Tempurung Kelapa Pada Tanah Lempung Terhadap Hasil Uji Kompaksi

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-285
Author(s):  
Brigita Suzanna ◽  
Irwan Lie Keng Wong ◽  
Monika Datu Mirring Palinggi
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Coconut Shell Ash ◽  
American Society ◽  
Index Value

The purpose of this research is to determine the physical properties of clay soil and to analyze the effect of adding coconut shell charcoal ash to the clay soil. The soil samples used in this study came from Tanralili District, Maros Regency, two sample points were taken and the variations in the levels of addition of coconut shell charcoal ash is 0%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%. The test method used refers to ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials). The tests carried out were testing the physical properties of the soil in the form of moisture content, specific gravity, Atterberg boundaries, filter analysis, and hydrometer analysis, then a compaction test was carried out to determine the maximum soil density. The results of the test obtained a moisture content value of 28.811%, a specific gravity of 2.58 g / cm3 so that it is classified as organic clay. As well as the plasticity index value of 9.926% with moderate plasticity from the 7% -17% interval. Then from the test results of soil compaction testing with the addition of coconut shell ash, the dry density (gdry) equal to 0.862, 0.886, 0.914, 0.943, 0.962, this means that the soil sample experienced an increase in dry density (gdry) of 11.60%. From the research results it can be concluded that the addition of coconut shell charcoal ash can increase the value of soil dry density so that it can be used to increase the value of the carrying capacity of clay soil.

scholarly journals Comparison of Accelerated Decay and Graveyard Test on Selected Malaysian Timber Species

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 238-241
Author(s):  
Noor Azrieda A.R ◽  
Salmiah U ◽  
Rahim S
Keyword(s):  
Service Life ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Natural Durability ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Ground Contact ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Geographical Locations

The natural durability of timber may be defined as ‘inherent resist ance of timber to attackby wood deteriorat ion agents such as wood decay ing fungi and wood destroying insects’. In Malay sia, natural durabilit y of t imber is det ermined using a ‘gravey ard’ test . The average time taken for this test is more than 10 years. The results of this test method donot provide information on longevity (service life) either out of ground contact, or inother geographical locations. Comparison of natural durability requires the use ofstandard test method where for example in Europe, the accepted laboratory method is EN350-1. This paper briefly describes the rating of natural durability based on comparisonresults of the two test methods stated i.e the exterior graveyard test and the interior laboratory test.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION INTO HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATION BY THE GRAVEL ROADSIDES / SUNKIŲJŲ METALŲ KONCENTRACIJŲ ŽVYRKELIŲ PAKELIŲ DIRVOŽEMIUOSE VERTINIMAS / ОЦЕНКА КОНЦЕНТР АЦИЙ ТЯЖЕЛЫХ МЕТАЛЛОВ В ПОЧВЕ ОБОЧИН ГРАВИЙНЫХ ДОРОГ

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audronė Mikalajunė ◽  
Lina Jakučionytė
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Concentration ◽  
Road Dust ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentration ◽  
Concentration Limit ◽  
Roadside Soils ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Gravel Roads ◽  
The Impact

Vehicles release large amounts of heavy metals to the environment. There have been done a lot of investigations analysing the distribution of heavy metals in soils near intensive regional roads. However, there is lack of investigations into the impact of small-intensity gravel roads on roadside soil contamination with heavy metals. The object of this investigation is four gravel roads of local significance connecting small villages. The intensity of these roads is very low. The gravel roads are chosen according to application of dust-minimizing materials, for example, CaCl2 and oil emulsion. According to our results, none of the soil samples had an excess of heavy metal concentration limit. Besides, heavy metal concentrations were decreasing with a distance from the road increasing. We can make an assumption that road dust-minimizing materials do not have a significant impact on heavy metal distribution in roadside soils. The major factors of heavy metal pollution distribution in roadside soils are traffic intensity, roadside trenches, and topographic conditions. Santrauka Eksploatuojant autotransportą, į aplinką patenka daug sunkiųjų metalų. Atlikta nemažai tyrimų sunkiųjų metalų paplitimuidirvožemyje šalia intensyvių magistralinių kelių nustatyti, tačiau mažo intensyvumo keliai šiuo požiūriu tiriami mažai.Tirti pasirinkta 4 žvyrkeliai – vietinės reikšmvs keliai, jungiantys nedideles gyvenvietes. Eismo intensyvumas šiuose keliuose mažas. Žvyrkeliai pasirinkti pagal taikomas priemones dulkėtumui mažinti, t. y. du nagrinvjami žvyrkeliai apdorotiCaCl2, kiti du – naftos emulsija. Nė viename mėginyje sunkiųjų metalų koncentracijos neviršijo DLK, o tolstant nuo važiuojamosios kelio dalies sunkiųjų metalų koncentracijos buvo mažesnės. Galima daryti prielaidą, kad kelio apdorojimo medžiagos dulkėtumui mažinti žymios įtakos sunkiųjų metalų pasiskirstymui pakelių dirvožemyje nedaro, lemia transporto srauto intensyvumas, kelio grioviai pakelėse bei reljefo sąlygos. Резюме При эксплуатации автомобилей в окружающую среду попадает много тяжелых металлов. Проведено немалоисследований, посвященных анализу распространения тяжелых металлов в почве обочин интенсивно эксплуатируемых магистральных дорог, однако исследований, касающихся аналогичных проблем дорог малой интенсивности, в настоящее время имеется немного. В настоящей работе в качестве объекта исследований выбраны четыредороги местного значения с гравийным покрытием, соединяющие небольшие поселения. Интенсивность дорог небольшая. Гравийные дороги выбраны с учетом их обработки для уменьшения пыльности – две дороги обработаны с применением CaCl2, а две другие – с применением нефтяной эмульсии. Ни в одной пробе не былозафиксировано концентраций тяжелых металлов, превышающих допустимые нормами. С удалением от проезжей части концентрации тяжелых металлов уменьшались. На основании исследований можно сделать вывод о том,что материалы, применявшиеся для уменьшения пыльности дорог, большого влияния на распространениетяжелых металлов в почве обочин дорог не оказывают. На распространение тяжелых металлов в почве обочин оказывает влияние интенсивность транспортного потока, кюветы на обочинах и условия рельефа.

scholarly journals Constraining the accuracy of flux estimates using OTM 33A

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 341-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Edie ◽  
Anna M. Robertson ◽  
Robert A. Field ◽  
Jeffrey Soltis ◽  
Dustin A. Snare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Flux Measurement ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
Multiple Points ◽  
Emission Fluxes ◽  
Site Access ◽  
Flux Measurements

Abstract. Other Test Method 33A (OTM 33A) is a near-source flux measurement method developed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) primarily used to locate and estimate emission fluxes of methane from oil and gas (O&G) production facilities without requiring site access. A recent national estimate of methane emissions from O&G production included a large number of flux measurements of upstream O&G facilities made using OTM 33A and concluded the EPA National Emission Inventory underestimates this sector by a factor of ∼2.1 (Alvarez et al., 2018). The study presented here investigates the accuracy of OTM 33A through a series of test releases performed at the Methane Emissions Technology Evaluation Center (METEC), a facility designed to allow quantified amounts of natural gas to be released from decommissioned O&G equipment to simulate emissions from real facilities (Fig. 1). This study includes test releases from single and multiple points, from equipment locations at different heights, and spanned methane release rates ranging from 0.16 to 2.15  kg h−1. Approximately 95 % of individual measurements (N=45) fell within ±70 % of the known release rate. A simple linear regression of OTM 33A versus known release rates at the METEC site gives an average slope of 0.96 with 95 % CI (0.66,1.28), suggesting that an ensemble of OTM 33A measurements may have a small but statistically insignificant low bias.

The Comparison of the Loess Mechanical Properties under Plane Strain and Conventional Triaxial Experiments

2014 ◽  
Vol 919-921 ◽  
pp. 791-794
Author(s):  
Lin Ma
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Plane Strain ◽  
Confining Pressure ◽  
Test Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Strain Condition ◽  
Plane Strain Problem ◽  
Plain Strain ◽  
The Impact

Plane strain problem is currently prevalent in the loess engineering. However, this problem still using conventional triaxial test method for processing. So the paper conducted the plain strain test, analyze differences in plane strain experiments with conventional triaxial experiments under different moisture content and confining pressure. Research shows two points, the first one is the impact on the strength of the soil is more under moisture content than confining pressure, the other is that the soil strength under the plane strain condition is significantly greater than conventional triaxial conditions. It shows that the results were conservative under the plane strain problem at past. It played a certain role in guiding the engineering.

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