scholarly journals Gender Differences in Social Cognition: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study of Recently Diagnosed Patients with Schizophrenia and Healthy Subjects

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (8) ◽  
pp. 538-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillem Navarra-Ventura ◽  
Sol Fernandez-Gonzalo ◽  
Marc Turon ◽  
Esther Pousa ◽  
Diego Palao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Mind

Objectives: This study had 2 objectives: First, to explore the gender-related differences in emotional processing (EP) and theory of mind—both cognitive (CToM) and affective (AToM)—in patients with schizophrenia and in a control group of healthy subjects; and, second, to examine, from a gender perspective, the possible association between EP and CToM in the AToM performance. Methods: Forty patients with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder were recruited and matched by gender, age and years of education with 40 healthy subjects. EP was measured by the pictures of facial affect (POFA) test. CToM was measured using first- and second-order false-belief (FB) stories. AToM was measured by the reading the mind in the eyes test (RMET). Group and gender differences in CToM were analysed using the X2 test, whereas EP and AToM were analysed using the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U Test and a general linear model. Results were adjusted by intelligence quotient and negative symptomatology. Results: Patients with schizophrenia underperformed against healthy subjects in the POFA test, second-order FB, and RMET, but not in first-order FB. No significant gender differences were found. However, there was a trend showing that females outperformed males in the POFA ( P = 0.056). Group ( P < 0.001), POFA ( P < 0.001) and second-order FB ( P = 0.022) were the best factors predicting RMET performance (adjusted R2 = 0.584). Conclusions: Our results suggest that the illness is the main factor related to the deficit in social cognition, except for the basic aspects of the CToM that were unimpaired in most patients. Nevertheless, the influence of female gender in EP should not be neglected in any group. Finally, the hierarchal interaction between these domains is discussed.

scholarly journals Gender as Embedded Social Cognition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Diekman ◽  
Toni Schmader
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
The Self ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Categories ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Gendered Expectations

We examine gender as a cultural construct enacted through social cognitive processes that are embedded within the self, social interactions, and societal institutions. The embeddedness perspective elaborates how the binary gender categorization can create quite real gendered outcomes and experiences even if gender differences are not biologically essential. These categories take on a reality outside of the mind of perceivers because the meanings attached to gender categories are shared by others in the culture, enacted in social interactions, internalized into self-views, and maintained by social systems. Societal institutions explicitly and implicitly organize around gender, producing gendered norms, roles, and expectations. These norms, roles, and expectations shape the nature of interpersonal interactions both within and across gender lines and an individual’s self-selected experiences. Critically, these social interactions and personal choices in turn create behavioral and cognitive confirmation of the gendered expectations of others. Gendered expectations and experiences become internalized into the self, including one’s own self-concept and gender identity. We close by examining implications of this perspective for gender differences and similarities in social cognition, as well as malleability and stability in gender cognitions and outcomes.

scholarly journals Retinal vascular findings in patients with COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 251584142110304
Author(s):  
Emre Aydemir ◽  
Alper Halil Bayat ◽  
Burak Ören ◽  
Halil Ibrahim Atesoglu ◽  
Yasin Şakir Göker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Fundus Photography ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fundus Fluorescein Angiography ◽  
University Of Wisconsin ◽  
Retinal Vascular Caliber ◽  
Retinal Artery ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Gender ◽  
College Of Engineering

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the retinal vascular caliber of COVID-19 patients with that of healthy subjects. Methods: This was a prospective case–control study. Forty-six patients who had COVID-19 were successfully treated, and 38 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. Fundus photography was taken using fundus fluorescein angiography (FA; Visucam 500; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany). Retinal vascular caliber was analyzed with IVAN, a semi-automated retinal vascular analyzer (Nicole J. Ferrier, College of Engineering, Fundus Photography Reading Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA). Central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE), central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE), and artery–vein ratio (AVR) were compared between groups. Results: The mean age was 37.8 ± 9.5 years in the COVID-19 group ( n = 46) and 40 ± 8 years in the control group ( n = 38) ( p = 0.45). The mean CRAE was 181.56 ± 6.40 in the COVID-19 group and 171.29 ± 15.06 in the control group ( p = 0.006). The mean CRVE was 226.34 ± 23.83 in the COVID-19 group and 210.94 ± 22.22 in the control group ( p = 0.044). AVR was 0.81 ± 0.09 in the COVID-19 group and 0.82 ± 0.13 in the control group ( p = 0.712). Conclusion: Patients who had COVID-19 have vasodilation in the retinal vascular structure after recovery. As they may be at risk of retinal vascular disease, COVID-19 patients must be followed after recovery.

scholarly journals Influence of Body Mass Index and Gender on Growth Hormone (GH) Responses to GH-Releasing Hormone Plus Arginine and Insulin Tolerance Tests

2005 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 1563-1569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Dan Qu ◽  
Irene T. Gaw Gonzalo ◽  
Mohammed Y. Al Sayed ◽  
Pejman Cohan ◽  
Peter D. Christenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Gh Deficiency ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Insulin Tolerance Test ◽  
Insulin Tolerance ◽  
Stimulation Tests ◽  
And Gender

The aim of this study is to assess whether gender and body mass index (BMI) should be considered in developing thresholds to define GH deficiency, using GH responses to GHRH + arginine (ARG) stimulation and insulin tolerance test (ITT). Thirty-nine healthy subjects (19 males, 20 females; ages 21–50 yr) underwent GHRH + ARG, and another 27 subjects (19 males, 8 females; ages 20–49 yr) underwent ITT. Peak GH response was significantly higher (P = 0.005) after GHRH + ARG than with ITT, and this difference could not be explained by age, gender, or BMI. Peak GH response was negatively correlated with BMI in both tests (GHRH + ARG, r = −0.76; and ITT, r = −0.65). Peak GH response to GHRH + ARG was higher in females than males (P = 0.004; ratio = 2.4), but it was attenuated after eliminating the influence of BMI (P = 0.13; ratio = 1.6). No significant gender differences were found in peak GH responses to ITT, which could be due to the smaller number of female subjects studied. GH response to GHRH + ARG and ITT stimulation is sensitive to BMI differences and less so to gender differences. A higher BMI is associated with a depressed GH response to both stimulation tests. BMI should therefore be considered as a factor when defining the diagnostic cut-off points in the assessment of GH deficiency, whereas whether gender should be likewise used is inconclusive from this study.

Abstract P113: Female Gender is Associated with a Low Ankle Brachial Index in the General Population

Circulation ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 133 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ridhima Kapoor ◽  
Colby Ayers ◽  
Jacquelyn Kulinski
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
General Population ◽  
Ankle Brachial Index ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
And Gender

Background: The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a predictor of cardiovascular events, mortality and functional status. Gender differences in ABI have been reported in some population studies. Differences in height might account for these observed gender differences, but findings are conflicting. Objective: This study investigated the association between gender, height and ABI in the general population, independent of traditional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Methods: Participants ≥ 40 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 with ABI data, were included. A low ABI was defined as a value < 1.0 (including borderline values). Sample-weighted multivariable logistic regression modeling was performed with low ABI as the dependent variable and height and gender as primary predictor variables of interest. A backward elimination model selection technique was performed to identify significant covariates. Results: There were 3,052 participants with ABI data (mean age 57, 51% female (1570 of 3052). The sample-weighted mean (±SE) ABI was 1.09 (±0.006) and 1.13 (±0.005) for females and males, respectively. Women were more likely to have a low ABI compared to men, 42% (659 of 1570) versus 28% (415 of 1482), respectively (p<0.0001). Female gender was associated with a low ABI (OR 1.34, [95% CI, 1.04-1.72]; p=0.025), independent of traditional CVD risk factors (see Figure). Age, diabetes, tobacco use, known CVD, BMI and black race were also associated with a low ABI (all p<0.003). Self-reported hypertension and non-HDL cholesterol levels, however, were not associated with a low ABI. An interaction between height and body mass index (BMI) was identified. Conclusions: Female gender is associated with a low ABI in the general population. This association appears to be independent of height and other traditional CVD risk factors and warrants further investigation.

Relationship Among 3 Different Core Stability Tests in Healthy Young Adults: Validity and Gender Differences

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Masahiro Kuniki ◽  
Yoshitaka Iwamoto ◽  
Daiki Yamagiwa ◽  
Nobuhiro Kito
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Core Stability ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stability Tests ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
And Gender

Context: Core stability is important for preventing injury and improving performance. Although various tests for evaluating core stability have been reported to date, information on their relationship and the effect of gender differences is limited. This study aimed to (1) identify correlations among the 3 core stability tests and to examine the validity of each test and (2) identify gender differences in the test relationship and determine whether gender influenced test selection. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Fifty-one healthy volunteers (27 men and 24 women) participated in the study. The participants underwent the following 3 tests: Sahrmann Core Stability Test (SCST), the lumbar spine motor control tests battery (MCBT), and Y Balance Test (YBT). Each parameter was analyzed according to all parameters and gender using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Results: Overall, there was a strong positive correlation between SCST and MCBT and moderate positive correlations between SCST and YBT and between MCBT and YBT. Conversely, gender-specific analyses revealed no significant correlations between YBT and SCST and between YBT and MCBT in women, although significantly strong correlations were found among all tests in men. Conclusion: Although these 3 tests evaluated interrelated functions and may be valid as core stability tests, the results should be carefully interpreted when performing YBT in women.

Personality disorders and opiate addiction: a descriptive analysis by SPECT in dual pathology patients / Trastornos de personalidad y adicción a opiáceos: un estudio descriptivo mediante SPECT en pacientes con patología dual

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
César Mateu ◽  
Ana Benito ◽  
Josep Pena-Garijo ◽  
José Ferrer ◽  
Juan Barea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Radioactive Tracer ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intravenous Route ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dual Pathology ◽  
Not Otherwise Specified

Introducción: Los sujetos dependientes de sustancias presentan algunos rasgos de personalidad comunes, pero no se ha podido demostrar que la presencia de estas características determine la adicción. Se pretende analizar la actividad cerebral en un grupo de pacientes con dependencia de opiáceos más Trastorno Límite de Personalidad (TLP) o Trastorno de Personalidad No Especificado (TPNE).Método: Se comparó una muestra de 25 sujetos con patología dual con 17 sujetos sanos. Se obtuvieron imágenes SPECT utilizando como trazador radioactivo el Tc99m-ECD por vía intravenosa. Los datos se analizaron con el paquete de software Entegra.Resultados: Al comparar el grupo de adictos con TPNE con el grupo de control, se apreciaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el número de cuentas registradas en el tálamo ( =9043,26; p<0,029) lo que evidencia una menor actividad talámica en estos sujetos respecto a aquellos que no presentaban patología. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el resto de comparaciones.Conclusión: Los pacientes con adicción a opiáceos y TPNE presentan un patrón de hipoactividad talámica comparados con un grupo de sujetos normales. Este hecho nos puede ayudar en el entendimiento de la etiología de estos trastornos, al menos en el subgrupo de pacientes con patología dual. AbstractIntroduction: Patients with substance abuse show some common personality characteristics but it has not been possible to demonstrate that the presence of these characteristics determines their addiction. In the present investigation we tried to analyze cerebral activity in a group of patients with dependency on opiates and Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) or Personality Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDNOS).Method: Cross-sectional study of an observational type with descriptive and analytical components in a sample of 25 subjects with dual pathology in comparision with 17 healthy subjects. SPECT images were acquired using 99mTC-ECD (Tcm-Ethyl Cysteinate Die-thylester) by intravenous route as a radioactive tracer. Data were analyzed with the software package Entegra.Results: When we compared subjects with PDNOS to the control group, statistically significant differences in the number of counts registered in the thalamus were noticeable ( =9043.26; p<0.029), which demonstrates less thalamic activity in PDNOS subjects with respect to healthy subjects. Statistically significant differences in the rest of comparisons between groups were not observed.93 Trastornos de personalidad y adicción a opiáceos: un estudio descriptivo Health and Addictions / Salud y Drogas 2010, Vol. 10, nº 2, pp. 91-110Conclusion: Pacients with PDNOS and adiction show a thalamic hypoactivity pattern. This conclusion could help us in the understanding of the pathogenesis of this disorder and its differentiation from the other PD, like BPD, at least in patients with dual pathology. 

scholarly journals Dyslipidemia: A Trigger for Coronary Heart Disease in Romanian Patients with Diabetes

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihnea-Alexandru Găman ◽  
Matei-Alexandru Cozma ◽  
Elena-Codruța Dobrică ◽  
Nicolae Bacalbașa ◽  
Ovidiu Gabriel Bratu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Statin Prescription ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Internal Medicine Clinic

Previous studies have reported age and gender disparities in the occurrence and therapeutic approach of dyslipidemia and (or) coronary heart disease (CHD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We aimed to investigate these differences in Romanian patients with T2DM. A cross-sectional, observational, retrospective study was conducted using the medical records of T2DM patients who attended the outpatient facility of the Internal Medicine Clinic of the Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Romania for routine check-ups in a six-month period. We analyzed the records of 217 diabetic patients (mean age 69 ± 11 years; 51.15% women). We found no significant gender differences in the occurrence of dyslipidemia, CHD or CHD + dyslipidemia or in terms of statin prescription. However; patients aged 65 years or older were significantly more affected by dyslipidemia, CHD or CHD + dyslipidemia, versus subjects aged <65 years. Further, they were more likely to be prescribed statin therapy (p < 0.0001 for all). Statins were prescribed to 67.24% of the patients with dyslipidemia; 61.01% of the subjects with CHD; and to 91.48% of the patients who had both conditions. e recorded no gender differences in the occurrence of CHD and (or) dyslipidemia in Romanian T2DM patients. Patients aged 65 years or older had a higher prevalence of CHD and/or dyslipidemia, and were more likely to be prescribed statins, versus younger counterparts. However, many T2DM patients with CHD and (or) dyslipidemia were undertreated: Nearly 33% of the subjects with dyslipidemia, and nearly 40% of the ones with CHD were not prescribed statins.

scholarly journals Serum Analysis in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders: A Controlled Cross-Sectional Study in Norway

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Kordian Staniszewski ◽  
Henning Lygre ◽  
Trond Berge ◽  
Annika Rosén
Keyword(s):  
Temporomandibular Disorder ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Severe Systemic Disease ◽  
Masticatory Apparatus

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is characterized by pain and dysfunction in the temporomandibular join (TMJ) and the masticatory apparatus. Associations with autoimmune diseases, inflammatory conditions, and nutrition deficiencies have been reported in previous studies of TMD patients. To evaluate essential proteins, hormones, electrolytes, and vitamins in serum from TMD patients, a standard blood sample analysis was performed in 60 TMD patients and 60 healthy controls matched for age and gender, retrieving 19 different analyses. We found that TMD patients had significantly higher values of hemoglobin (p=0.036), cobalamin (p=0.023), albumin (p=0.005), parathyroid hormone (PTH) (p=0.038), and vitamin D (p=0.005), and significantly lower values of creatinine (p=0.006) and potassium (p=0.011), compared to controls. In the TMD group, most of the determinants had a wider range, and several subjects, compared to the control group, had values outside the normal reference area. However, most of the TMD patients and controls had values within normal biological range. Our findings could not associate any severe systemic disease, malnutrition, or systemic inflammation with the TMD. Results from our study suggest that serum analyses should neither be used as a biomarker of TMD nor a diagnostic tool for an individual subject with TMD.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document