Differentiation between Schizoid and Avoidant Personalities: An Empirical Test*

1989 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 785-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Overholser
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
Univariate Analyses ◽  
Number Of Authors

A number of authors have questioned the rationale for subdividing the DSM-II schizoid diagnosis into three separate personality disorders in DSM-III, the schizoid, avoidant, and schizotypal. The present study was designed to explore differences between psychiatric patients with schizoid and avoidant personalities as compared to psychiatric controls with no personality disorder. Differences were examined on demographic data, self-report measures, and clinical information. A Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) revealed a significant overall effect for groups across MMPI subscales. However, subsequent univariate Analyses of Variance (ANOVA's) revealed that almost all differences were between the two personality disorder groups as compared to the psychiatric controls. Contrary to expectations, schizoid and avoidant personalities were found to display equivalent levels of anxiety, depression, and psychotic tendencies as compared to psychiatric control patients. No meaningful distinctions were found between the avoidant and the schizoid personalities. Results are discussed in terms of problems with the assessment methods and the diagnostic criteria.

Acute Day Hospitalization as an Alternative to Inpatient Treatment

1996 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 629-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Russell ◽  
François Mai ◽  
Keith Busby ◽  
David Attwood ◽  
Marie Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Partial Hospitalization ◽  
Day Hospital ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Significant Clinical Improvement ◽  
Set Up

Objective: This paper describes the administrative process by which the Ottawa General Hospital (OGH) closed 6 beds and used the staff and space resources thus released to set up an acute day hospital (ADH) for the treatment of 8 acutely ill psychiatric patients. Outcome data are presented on the first 160 patients admitted to the ADH. Methods: Demographic and clinical information including diagnostic (DSM-III-R; Global Assessment of Functioning [GAF]) and questionnaire data (Symptom Checklist-90 Revised [SCL-90R]; Beck Depression Inventory [BDI]; State-Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI]; patient satisfaction) were obtained from 160 ADH patients at admission and discharge. Forty-two of these patients provided follow-up data 3 to 6 months postdischarge. The outcome of ADH patients was compared with that of a retrospectively obtained random sample (n = 100) of inpatients on selected diagnostic and demographic variables. Results: On clinician-rated and self-report clinical scales, ADH patients showed significant clinical improvement reflected in higher GAF scores and less psychological distress, depression, and anxiety at discharge relative to admission. There were no significant group differences in outcome indices except for shorter length of stay in the ADH group compared with inpatients. The ADH group rated the program highly in help received and quality of service. Short-term follow-up showed that gains made during treatment were maintained 3 to 6 months later. Conclusions: These results show that a time-limited day hospital program is clinically effective for acutely ill psychiatric patients and leads to a more efficient use of inpatient resources. We believe that partial hospitalization for the treatment of acute psychiatric disorders may have wide application in psychiatric hospital practice.

scholarly journals Anxiety Depression Stress Scale (ADSS): A Factor Analytic Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megha Singh ◽  
Pallavi Bhatnagar
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Gear Up ◽  
Professional Students ◽  
Stress Scale ◽  
Factor Analytic Study ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
Physical Ailment

Everyone experiences anxiety, depression and stress at one time or another. Be it educated, professional, students or those living in marginalized existence, for almost all, it is an overwhelming experience predisposing them at times for emotional and psychiatric breakdowns and physical ailment at other point of time. Objective: To explore the factors underlying a scale to assess anxiety, depression and stress (Bhatnagar et.al, 2011). Sample: The factors underlying ADSS were assessed on both psychiatric and non psychiatric patients (972 non-psychiatric and 205 psychiatric individuals). Main Outcomes and Results: The scale developed and used in the present study had 48 items. The principal factoring with VARIMAX rotation yielded 3 factors in anxiety scale viz. physical symptoms, apprehension and dryness of mouth, 2 factors in depression scale viz. inertia-loss of interest and worth and poor emotional control and 2 factors in stress scale i.e. emotional arousal and negative life events. Conclusion: The need of the hour is to gear up efforts for accessibility of mental health services both in terms of screening, as well as, prevention and treatment.

scholarly journals The Association Between Psychological Symptoms and Self-Reported Temporomandibular Disorders Pain Symptoms in Children and Adolescents

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amal Al-Khotani ◽  
Dalia E. Meisha ◽  
Samaa Al Sayegh ◽  
Britt Hedenberg-Magnusson ◽  
Malin Ernberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Temporomandibular Disorder ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Psychosocial Burden ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Background: Several studies have reported an association between temporomandibular disorder pain (TMD-P) and emotional disorders in children and adolescents. However, no studies have reported if self-reported TMD-P in Saudi Arabia is associated with psychosocial symptoms. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the association between self-reported TMD-P with depression, anxiety and somatic problems in children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia. The hypothesis was that there is an association between self-reported TMD-P and psychological symptoms among children and adolescents.Materials and Methods: The included participants were randomly selected boys and girls aged between 10 and 18 years, with a mean (SD) age of 14.0 (2.3) years. Out of 633 children and adolescents that were invited to participate, 509 voluntarily agreed to participate, and 466 completed all questionnaires. The questionnaires included items retrieved from the Youth Self Report (YSR) and Axis II of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD) besides demographic data, medical history, and presence of oral parafunctions. To assess the presence of self-reported TMD-Pain, each participant was verbally asked two validated questions regarding the presence of TMD-P and dysfunction (2Q-TMD).Results: Self-reported TMD-P in children and adolescents was significantly associated with anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms, and social problems (P < 0.0001). Further, the frequencies of anxiety, depression, and somatic disorders were more evident among children and adolescents who suffered from TMD-P (P < 0.0001). The odds of reporting TMD-P in children and adolescents was 1.4 times for border line and clinical diagnosis scores for anxiety and withdrawal depression domains, and 2.6 times for the somatic symptoms' domains. However, in the multiple regression model after controlling for possible confounders, only somatic symptoms and social scores were significant. Moreover, self-reported TMD-P was twice as prevalent among girls compared to boys.Conclusion: This study reports a significant association between psychosocial burden and presence of self-reported TMD-Pain, with a stronger impact on girls than boys. There were significantly higher number of participants with self-reported TMD-P reporting a poor oral and general health. In addition, self-reported TMD-P was higher among those with borderline and clinically diagnosed anxiety/depression scores. Based on this finding, the current study supports that an early approach and recognition of children and adolescents with anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms, and TMD problems. This could result in a lesser burden for these children and adolescents both in regard to pain and psychosocial implications with increased quality of life.

scholarly journals Investigation of the clinical functioning of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 criticism avoidance dimension

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas de Francisco Carvalho ◽  
Catarina Possenti Sette ◽  
Fabiano Koich Miguel
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Operating Characteristic ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Personality Inventory ◽  
Scale Analysis ◽  
Avoidant Personality Disorder ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Post Hoc

Abstract Objective: To investigate the clinical functioning of the criticism avoidance dimension from the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (Inventário Dimensional Clínico da Personalidade 2 [IDCP-2]), establishing a clinically relevant cut-off for the typical traits of avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) for screening purposes. Methods: We administered the IDCP-2 to a sample of 2,276 subjects aged 18 to 90 years (mean = 26.95, standard deviation = 9.71). Of the total sample, 1,650 were women (67%) and most were college students (72.7%). The sample was divided into psychiatric patients diagnosed with other personality disorders (PDs) (n = 53), patients diagnosed with AvPD without comorbidities (n = 10), patients with AvPD with comorbidities (n=42) and those without a known diagnosis of PD (nonpsychiatric patients; n=2,171). Results: We checked for psychometric properties, assessed the adequacy of psychometric assumptions, and proceeded to focus analyses. The Wright item-person map showed the predominance of patients with AvPD in high levels of the scale. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) post hoc comparisons pointed to significant and expressive differences for almost all the comparisons; in the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, we observed a sensitivity of 79% and a specificity of 87%. Conclusion: We found a suitable cut-off for the dimension, and results suggest that the dimension may help clinicians discriminate between patients with and without high levels in the symptoms of AvPD.

Incidence and comorbidity of personality disorders among first ever admitted psychiatric patients

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 175-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
O Mors ◽  
LV Sørensen
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Axis Ii ◽  
Axis I ◽  
Cluster A ◽  
One Year ◽  
Almost All ◽  
State Examination

SummaryDuring a period of one year, 157 first ever admitted psychiatric patients in the age group 18-49 years from a catchment area of 217,649 persons were interviewed with the Present State Examination 10th edition, development version and the Personality Disorder Examination, 1988 version. Of the sample, 23% received at least one DSM III-R personality disorder (PD) diagnosis. Rates avoidant PD, very few borderline PDs were found. Almost all patients with PDs also had major psychiatric disorders and the sample was biased towards younger individuals with more severe Axis I symptomatology compared with first ever admitted psychiatric patients aged 18-49 years in Denmark. Cluster A was associated with schizophrenia, cluster B with alcohol or other substance use disorders, and cluster C with anxiety disorders. Within Axis II, schizotypal PD was associated with avoidant and dependent PD, and paranoid with antisocial and dependent PD.

DSM‐IV personality disorders and the Five‐Factor Model of personality: a multi‐method examination of domain‐ and facet‐level predictions

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Michael Bagby ◽  
Paul T. Costa ◽  
Thomas A. Widiger ◽  
Andrew G. Ryder ◽  
Margarita Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Five Factor Model ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Neo Personality Inventory ◽  
Personality Functioning ◽  
Personality Psychopathology

The personality disorder classification system (Axis II) in the various versions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manuals of Mental Disorders (DSM) has been the target of repeated criticism, with conceptual analysis and empirical evidence documenting its flaws. In response, many have proposed alternative approaches for the assessment of personality psychopathology, including the application of the Five‐Factor Model of personality (FFM). Many remain sceptical, however, as to whether domain and facet traits from a model of general personality functioning can be successfully applied to clinical patients with personality disorders (PDs). In this study, with a sample of psychiatric patients (n = 115), personality disorder symptoms corresponding to each of the 10 PDs were successfully predicted by the facet and domain traits of the FFM, as measured by a semi‐structured interview, the Structured Interview for the Five Factor Model (SIFFM; Trull & Widiger, 1997) and a self‐report questionnaire, the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI‐R; Costa and McCrae, 1992). These results provide support for the perspective that personality psychopathology can be captured by general personality dimensions. The FFM has the potential to provide a valid and scientifically sound framework from which to assess personality psychopathology, in a way that covers most of the domains conceptualized in DSM while transcending the limitations of the current categorical approach to these disorders. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Personality Diagnosis and Childhood Care Associated with Adult Marital Quality

1994 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 269-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.S. Truant
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Marital Quality ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Parent Care ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Childhood Experience ◽  
Childhood Care ◽  
Axis I ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Adjustment Test

This paper reports on a continuation of previous research into the connection between childhood experience of relationships and adult relationships such as marriage. A group of 41 married, mixed psychiatric patients showed the strongest correlations between adult marital quality as measured by the Marital Adjustment Test and mother care, same sex parent care or lowest caring parent care, as measured by the Parental Bonding Instrument. There was little correlation between childhood care and adult marital quality in both subgroups; one group was composed of 24 patients with Axis I diagnosis alone and the other group was composed of 17 patients with personality disorder. Married patients with personality disorder, almost all of whom had an Axis I diagnosis as well, did report lower levels of both childhood care and adult marital quality compared with patients with Axis I diagnoses and no personality disorder. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.

scholarly journals Implementation of the DSM-5 and ICD-11 Dimensional Models of Maladaptive Personality Traits Into Pre-bariatric Assessment

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karel D. Riegel ◽  
Judita Konecna ◽  
Martin Matoulek ◽  
Livia Rosova
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Psychiatric Medication ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Personality Psychopathology ◽  
Age Range

Background: Personality pathology does not have to be a contraindication to a bariatric surgery if a proper pre-surgical assessment is done. Indicating subgroups of patients with their specific needs could help tailor interventions and improve surgical treatment outcomes.Objectives: Using the Alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders (AMPD) and the ICD-11 model for PDs to detect subgroups of patients with obesity based on a specific constellation of maladaptive personality traits and the level of overall personality impairment.Methods: 272 consecutively consented patients who underwent a standard pre-surgical psychological assessment. The majority were women (58.0%), age range was 22–79 years (M = 48.06, SD = 10.70). Patients’ average body mass index (BMI) was 43.95 kg/m2. All participants were administered the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) from which Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Self Report (LPFS-SR) and Standardized Assessment of Severity of Personality Disorder (SASPD) scores were gained using the “crosswalk” for common metric for self-reported severity of personality disorder. The k-means clustering method was used to define specific subgroups of patients with obesity and replicated for equality testing to the samples of non-clinical respondents and psychiatric patients.Results: The cluster analysis detected specific groups in the sample of patients with obesity, which differed quantitatively from the samples of non-clinical respondents and psychiatric patients. A vast majority of patients with obesity showed above-average values in most of the PID-5 facets compared to the United States representative general community sample. In two out of the three clusters defined, patients demonstrated moderate (> M + 1.5 × SD) to severe (> M + 2.0 × SD) personality psychopathology within the Detachment and Negative Affectivity domains according to PID-5, which in one of the clusters corresponded to the mild overall impairment in both, LPFS-SR (M = 2.18, SD = 0.27) and SASPD (M = 8.44, SD = 2.38). Moreover, higher levels of psychopathology prove to be associated with higher age and use of psychiatric medication.Conclusions: The dimensional DSM-5 and ICD-11 trait models are suitable procedures for defining specific “characters” of patients in a pre-bariatric setting. As such, they help to identify subgroups of patients with obesity who are different from general population and psychiatric patients. Implications for clinical practice and further research are discussed.

Too Much to Bear

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole J. Peak ◽  
James C. Overholser ◽  
Josephine Ridley ◽  
Abby Braden ◽  
Lauren Fisher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Concurrent Validity ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Veterans Affairs ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Perceived Burdensomeness ◽  
Scale Method

Abstract. Background: People who feel they have become a burden on others may become susceptible to suicidal ideation. When people no longer feel capable or productive, they may assume that friends and family members would be better off without them. Aim: The present study was designed to assess preliminary psychometric properties of a new measure, the Perceived Burdensomeness (PBS) Scale. Method: Depressed psychiatric patients (N = 173) were recruited from a veterans affairs medical center. Patients were assessed with a structured diagnostic interview and self-report measures assessing perceived burdensomeness, depression severity, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation. Results: The present study supported preliminary evidence of reliability and concurrent validity of the PBS. Additionally, perceived burdensomeness was significantly associated with higher levels of hopelessness and suicidal ideation. Conclusion: It is hoped that with the aid of the PBS clinicians may be able to intervene more specifically in the treatment of suicidality.

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