scholarly journals Anxiety Depression Stress Scale (ADSS): A Factor Analytic Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megha Singh ◽  
Pallavi Bhatnagar
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Gear Up ◽  
Professional Students ◽  
Stress Scale ◽  
Factor Analytic Study ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
Physical Ailment

Everyone experiences anxiety, depression and stress at one time or another. Be it educated, professional, students or those living in marginalized existence, for almost all, it is an overwhelming experience predisposing them at times for emotional and psychiatric breakdowns and physical ailment at other point of time. Objective: To explore the factors underlying a scale to assess anxiety, depression and stress (Bhatnagar et.al, 2011). Sample: The factors underlying ADSS were assessed on both psychiatric and non psychiatric patients (972 non-psychiatric and 205 psychiatric individuals). Main Outcomes and Results: The scale developed and used in the present study had 48 items. The principal factoring with VARIMAX rotation yielded 3 factors in anxiety scale viz. physical symptoms, apprehension and dryness of mouth, 2 factors in depression scale viz. inertia-loss of interest and worth and poor emotional control and 2 factors in stress scale i.e. emotional arousal and negative life events. Conclusion: The need of the hour is to gear up efforts for accessibility of mental health services both in terms of screening, as well as, prevention and treatment.

Differentiation between Schizoid and Avoidant Personalities: An Empirical Test*

1989 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 785-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Overholser
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
Univariate Analyses ◽  
Number Of Authors

A number of authors have questioned the rationale for subdividing the DSM-II schizoid diagnosis into three separate personality disorders in DSM-III, the schizoid, avoidant, and schizotypal. The present study was designed to explore differences between psychiatric patients with schizoid and avoidant personalities as compared to psychiatric controls with no personality disorder. Differences were examined on demographic data, self-report measures, and clinical information. A Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) revealed a significant overall effect for groups across MMPI subscales. However, subsequent univariate Analyses of Variance (ANOVA's) revealed that almost all differences were between the two personality disorder groups as compared to the psychiatric controls. Contrary to expectations, schizoid and avoidant personalities were found to display equivalent levels of anxiety, depression, and psychotic tendencies as compared to psychiatric control patients. No meaningful distinctions were found between the avoidant and the schizoid personalities. Results are discussed in terms of problems with the assessment methods and the diagnostic criteria.

The Evaluation of Psychiatric Illness in Asian Patients by the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale

1989 ◽  
Vol 155 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salim Nayani
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
Hospital Anxiety ◽  
Interview Schedule ◽  
Asian Patients ◽  
Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
Had Scale

Twenty Asian psychiatric patients suffering from neurotic illness completed the Urdu version of the HAD Scale. The results were compared with the Clinical Interview Schedule. Somatic symptoms were significantly related to various measures of anxiety but not to those of depression. This finding contradicts the previously held view of linking somatic symptoms with the presentation of depression.

scholarly journals Do Anxiety and Depression Predict Persistent Physical Symptoms After a Severe COVID-19 Episode? A Prospective Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo Bottemanne ◽  
Clément Gouraud ◽  
Jean-Sébastien Hulot ◽  
Anne Blanchard ◽  
Brigitte Ranque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Study ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Physical Symptom ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Background: Persistent physical symptoms are common after a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) episode, but their pathophysiological mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to explore the association between anxiety and depression at 1-month after acute infection and the presence of fatigue, dyspnea, and pain complaints at 3-month follow-up.Methods: We conducted a prospective study in patients previously hospitalized for COVID-19 followed up for 3 months. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD-S) was administered by physicians at 1-month follow-up, and the presence of fatigue, dyspnea, and pain complaints was assessed at both 1 month and 3 months. Multivariable logistic regressions explored the association between anxiety and depression subscores and the persistence of each of the physical symptom at 3 months.Results: A total of 84 patients were included in this study (Median age: 60 years, interquartile range: 50.5–67.5 years, 23 women). We did not find any significant interaction between anxiety and the presence of fatigue, dyspnea, or pain complaints at 1 month in predicting the persistence of these symptoms at 3 months (all p ≥ 0.36). In contrast, depression significantly interacted with the presence of pain at 1 month in predicting the persistence of pain at 3 months (OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.02–2.51, p = 0.039), with a similar trend for dyspnea (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 0.99–2.28, p = 0.052).Discussion and Conclusion: Contrary to anxiety, depression after an acute COVID-19 episode may be associated with and increased risk of some persistent physical symptoms, including pain and dyspnea.

scholarly journals Ψυχολογικά και σωματικά συμπτώματα, συμβολική λειτουργία και ρύθμιση του συναισθήματος σε ασθενείς με σκλήρυνση κατά πλάκας

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Αντώνιος Πούλιος
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Expanded Disability Status Scale ◽  
Hospital Anxiety ◽  
Stress Scale ◽  
Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale ◽  
Disability Status ◽  
Inkblot Test ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Η σκλήρυνση κατά πλάκας (ΣΚΠ) είναι η συχνότερη αιτία μη τραυματικής νευρολογικής αναπηρίας με επιπτώσεις στο σύνολο της ζωής των πασχόντων. Ο ψυχολογικός παράγων, με προεξάρχοντα το συναίσθημα, το στρες και την ψυχοπαθολογία, θεωρείται ιδιαίτερα σημαντικός στην πρόγνωση και την ποιότητα ζωής των πασχόντων. Η ΣΚΠ και άλλες χρόνιες σωματικές παθήσεις έχουν αποτελέσει αντικείμενο ενδιαφέροντοςτης ψυχανάλυσης καίτοι με μικρή εμπειρική τεκμηρίωση. Σκοπός της έρευνας ήταν να διερευνήσει από ψυχαναλυτική σκοπιά την επίδραση της συμβολικής λειτουργίας και της αλεξιθυμίας στην κλινική εικόνα και την πορεία των ασθενών με ΣΚΠ. Δεκαέξι πάσχουσες/ντες απο ΣΚΠ εξετάστηκαν με τα Rorschach Inkblot Test, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Hospital Anxiety-Depression Scale και Expanded Disability Status Scale. Στη συνέχεια κράτησαν ημερολόγιο απαντώντας το δις εβδομαδιαίως για 3 μήνες. Το ημερολόγιο αποτελείτο από τις Multiple Sclerosis Impact Diary, Perceived Stress Scale και Positive Affect-Negative Affect Scale. Είναι η πρώτη φορά που η μεθοδολογία παρούσας έρευνας χρησιμοποιήθηκε για τη μελέτη της ΣΚΠ και συγκεκριμένα για τις υπό μελέτη μεταβλητές. Οι αναλύσεις έγιναν με Πολυεπίπεδη Ιεραρχική Γραμμική Μοντελοποίηση. (1) Η αλεξιθυμία και η ψυχοπαθολογία προέβλεψαν τα συμπώματα κινητικότητας και κόπωσης της ΣΚΠ, της επίπτωσής τους στη ζωή των ασθενών και την ποιότητας ζωής τους. Υψηλότερα επίπεδα αλεξιθυμίας και πιο σοβαρή ψυχοπαθολογία συνδέθηκαν με περισσότερα συμπτώματα κινητικότητας και κόπωσης, μεγαλύτερη επίπτωση των συμπτωμάτων αυτών στη ζωή των ασθενών και χειρότερη ποιότητα ζωής. (2) Η φαντασιακή δραστηριότητα προέβλεψε τα συμπτώματα των ασθενών όπου ελλιπης ή υπερβολική φαντασιακή δραστηριότητα προέβλεψε περισσότερα συμπτώματα κινητικότητας και κόπωσης. (3) Το αρνητικό συναίσθημα και το αντιλαμβανόμενο στρες συσχετίστηκαν με τα συμπτώματα κόπωσης και κινητικότητας της ΣΚΠ, την επίπτωση της κόπωσης στη ζωή των ασθενών και την ποιότητα ζωής με κυκλικής φύσης συσχέτιση. Η επίπτωση των συμπτωμάτων κινητικότητας προέκυψε να ακολουθεί χρονικά αλλαγές του θετικού συναισθήματος, το οποίο προβλέφθηκε από τα ίδια τα συμπτώματα κινητικότητας. (4) Τα προβλήματα στη συμβολική λειτουργία και η αλεξιθυμία προέκυψαν να επαυξάνουν την επίδραση του αρνητικού συναισθήματος και του στρες στη δραστηριότητα της πάθησης αλλά πλευρές της χρηστικής ή και νορμοπαθούς σκέψης και καταστολής της φαντασίωσης να μειώνουν την επίπτωσή της στη ζωή των ασθενών. Συνοψίζοντας τα ιδιαίτερα πρωτότυπα ευρήματα, επιβεβαιώνεται ότι η δυσλειτουργική συμβολική λειτουργία, το αντιλαμβανόμενο στρες και το αρνητικό συναίσθημα επιβαρύνουν τους ασθενείς ψυχολογικά αλλά και σωματικά, ενώ το θετικό συναίσθημα δρα προστατευτικά ως προς την ψυχολογική και σωματική ευρρωστία των ασθενών. Μολαταύτα, οι πλευρές της συμβολικής λειτουργίας που αφορούν στην καταστολή ή την αποφυγή της συναισθηματικής και φαντασιακής ζωής προέκυψαν να προστατεύουν την καθημερινότητα των ασθενών μειώνοντας τη συνειδητή επίπτωση του αρνητικού συνασθήματος και του στρες. Ταυτόχρονα μειώνουν όμως και την ευεγερτική επίδραση του θετικού συναισθήματος. Η αποτυχία της συμβολοποίησης φαίνεται ότι επιβαρύνει άμεσα τους ασθενείς ως προς τη δραστηριότητα της πάθησης. Εντούτοις, πιθανώς λειτουργεί ως άμυνα έναντι του στρες και του συναισθήματος, τα οποία καίτοι έχουν ιδιαίτερα σημαντική επίδραση στην ΣΚΠ θα πρέπει να διερευνώνται λαμβάνοντας υπόψιν την αλληλλεπίδρασή τους με άλλους παράγοντες.

Anxiety Depression and Burden among the Caregivers of Persons with Neurological Illness

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Anil Kumar Roy ◽  
Nilesh Maruti Gujar ◽  
Arif Ali ◽  
Utpal Borah
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Hospital Anxiety ◽  
Care Burden ◽  
Neurological Illness ◽  
Rehabilitation Sciences ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Background: Studies have shown that caregivers of the persons with the neurological illness have high levels of psychological distress, depression and caregiver’s burden. The aim of the study was to find out anxiety, depression and caregiver’s burden among the caregivers of persons with neurological illness (PWNI). Method: Thirty caregivers of PWNI attending the Centre of Rehabilitation Sciences, LGB Regional Institute of Mental Health, Tezpur, Assam were selected using purposive sampling technique for the present study. Socio-demographic and clinical data sheet, Zarit Burden Interview Scale and The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used. Results: The results shown that in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, 26.6% of the caregivers' scores were in the abnormal range in the domain of depression. While in the domain of anxiety, 16.6% scored in the abnormal range. In Zarit Burden of Scale, 13.3% of the caregivers were having little or no burden, 26.6% of the caregivers were having mild to moderate level of burden, 20% were having moderate to severe burden and 30% were having a severe burden of care. Care burden has significant positive correlation with depression (r= .124, p≤ 0.01 and anxiety (r= .124, p≤ 0.05). Conclusion: Caregivers of PWNI have been found to be at higher risk of mental health problems and care burden. The importance of addressing the burden of caregivers involved in the care of PWNI need to be taken into consideration while providing treatment and rehabilitation of PWNI.     Keywords: Anxiety, depression, burden, neurological illness

scholarly journals Loneliness and Depression among Polish High-School Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1706
Author(s):  
Beata Dziedzic ◽  
Paulina Sarwa ◽  
Ewa Kobos ◽  
Zofia Sienkiewicz ◽  
Anna Idzik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Young Person ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
School Students ◽  
Loneliness Scale ◽  
Emotional Loneliness ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Introduction: Having impaired relations and limited interpersonal contact is associated with a sense of loneliness, and can result in a number of mental disorders, including the development of depression. Approximately one in five adolescents in the world suffers from depression, and first episodes of such are occurring at increasingly young ages. Due to a lack of appropriate support from parents, teachers and the healthcare system, the young person feels alone when dealing with their problem. Aims: The aims of this study are to determine the prevalence of anxiety, depression, aggression and sense of loneliness among high school students, and to analyze a correlation between loneliness and depression. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on 300 high school students in Poland. The study material was collected using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-M) and De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (DJGLS). Results: A feeling of loneliness correlated significantly with depressive disorders (p < 0.005), with the strongest effect between the total HADS-M score and the total loneliness scale score (r = 0.61). The overall presence of disorders as per HADS-M was found to be 23%, and borderline conditions were found in 19.3%. In 24% of the students, disorders were revealed on the anxiety subscale and in 46.3% on the aggression subscale. On DJGLS, a very severe sense of loneliness was observed in 6.67% of the subjects, and in 42.3% of them, a moderate feeling of loneliness was indicated. On the social loneliness subscale, a severe sense of loneliness was found in 22.7%, while on the emotional loneliness subscale, it was found in 16.7% of the subjects. Conclusions: In this study, a quarter of the student participants experienced anxiety and depression disorders. Students showing higher levels of anxiety, depression, and aggression also showed enhanced loneliness. Girls showed higher levels of anxiety, depression and aggression, as well as emotional loneliness.

The Effect of Lavender Oil on Perioperative Pain, Anxiety, Depression, and Sleep after Microvascular Breast Reconstruction: A Prospective, Single-Blinded, Randomized, Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronnie L. Shammas ◽  
Caitlin E. Marks ◽  
Gloria Broadwater ◽  
Elliot Le ◽  
Adam D. Glener ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Breast Reconstruction ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lavender Oil ◽  
Entire Cohort ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Abstract Background Psychosocial distress, depression, or anxiety can occur in up to 50% of women after a breast cancer diagnosis and mastectomy. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential benefit of lavender oil as a perioperative adjunct to improve anxiety, depression, pain, and sleep in women undergoing microvascular breast reconstruction. Methods This was a prospective, single-blinded, randomized, controlled trial of 49 patients undergoing microvascular breast reconstruction. Patients were randomized to receive lavender oil or placebo (coconut oil) throughout their hospitalization. The effect of lavender oil on perioperative stress, anxiety, depression, sleep, and pain was measured using the hospital anxiety and depression scale, Richards–Campbell Sleep Questionnaire, and the visual analogue scale. Results Twenty-seven patients were assigned to the lavender group and 22 patients were assigned to the control group. No significant differences were seen in the perioperative setting between the groups with regard to anxiety (p = 0.82), depression (p = 0.21), sleep (p = 0.86), or pain (p = 0.30) scores. No adverse events (i.e., allergic reaction) were captured, and no significant differences in surgery-related complications were observed. When evaluating the entire cohort, postoperative anxiety scores were significantly lower than preoperative scores (p < 0.001), while depression scores were significantly higher postoperatively as compared with preoperatively (p = 0.005). Conclusion In the setting of microvascular breast reconstruction, lavender oil and aromatherapy had no significant adverse events or complications; however, there were no measurable advantages pertaining to metrics of depression, anxiety, sleep, or pain as compared with the control group.

scholarly journals Patients referred to a German TMD-specialized consultation hour—a retrospective on patients without a diagnosis according to RDC/TMD decision trees

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelika Rauch ◽  
Sebastian Hahnel ◽  
Anita Kloss-Brandstätter ◽  
Oliver Schierz
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Decision Trees ◽  
Temporomandibular Disorders ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Health Related

Abstract Objectives The objective was to describe the physical and psychosocial features of patients attending a specialized consultation hour for temporomandibular disorders (TMD). This investigation focused on those patients who did not receive a diagnosis according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). Materials and methods From 2004 to 2017, patients seeking care during a TMD-specialized consultation hour were consecutively recruited. Each patient completed a TMD-related questionnaire, psychosocial questionnaires (Graded Chronic Pain Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Beschwerden-Liste), and the Oral Health Impact Profile-49. The clinical examination was performed according to the RDC/TMD. Results The mean age of the 1020 patients was 43.3 years (75.3% female). According to the RDC/TMD decision trees, 351 patients were categorized without a TMD diagnosis (NoTMDdx). The most frequent reasons for seeking care were orofacial pain/TMJ pain or headaches revealing an OR of 1.89 (for TMDdx group). A relevant proportion of patients was categorized as positive for anxiety (NoTMDdx/TMDdx 30.8/41.2%; p = 0.072), depression (20.8/23.9%; p = 0.433), non-specific physical symptoms (31.4/44.1%; p < 0.001), or dysfunctional chronic pain (11.5/18.2%; p < 0.001). In both patient groups, the oral health-related quality of life was impaired (42.9/52.7 points; p < 0.001), and the frequency of therapy measures prior to the consultation hour was high. Conclusions Patients seeking care from TMD specialists were usually referred with TMD-associated symptoms. Of those, a relevant proportion did not receive a diagnosis according to RDC/TMD decision trees. Clinical relevance Psychosocial screening and the avoidance of overtreatment are recommended for patients with TMD-related symptoms.

scholarly journals Scanxiety: a scoping review about scan-associated anxiety

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. e043215
Author(s):  
Kim Tam Bui ◽  
Roger Liang ◽  
Belinda E Kiely ◽  
Chris Brown ◽  
Haryana M Dhillon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Severity Scores ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

ObjectivesTo identify available literature on prevalence, severity and contributing factors of scan-associated anxiety (‘scanxiety’) and interventions to reduce it.DesignSystematic scoping review.Data sourcesOvid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, Ovid PsycINFO, Ovid Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus, EBSCO CINAHL and PubMed up to July 2020.Study selectionEligible studies recruited people having cancer-related non-invasive scans (including screening) and contained a quantitative assessment of scanxiety.Data extractionDemographics and scanxiety outcomes were recorded, and data were summarised by descriptive statistics.ResultsOf 26 693 citations, 57 studies were included across a range of scan types (mammogram: 26/57, 46%; positron-emission tomography: 14/57, 25%; CT: 14/57, 25%) and designs (observation: 47/57, 82%; intervention: 10/57, 18%). Eighty-one measurement tools were used to quantify prevalence and/or severity of scanxiety, including purpose-designed Likert scales (17/81, 21%); the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (14/81, 17%) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (9/81, 11%). Scanxiety prevalence ranged from 0% to 64% (above prespecified thresholds) or from 13% to 83% (‘any’ anxiety, if no threshold). Mean severity scores appeared low in almost all measures that quantitatively measured scanxiety (54/62, 87%), regardless of whether anxiety thresholds were prespecified. Moderate to severe scanxiety occurred in 4%–28% of people in studies using descriptive measures. Nine of 20 studies assessing scanxiety prescan and postscan reported significant postscan reduction in scanxiety. Lower education, smoking, higher levels of pain, higher perceived risk of cancer and diagnostic scans (vs screening scans) consistently correlated with higher scanxiety severity but not age, gender, ethnicity or marital status. Interventions included relaxation, distraction, education and psychological support. Six of 10 interventions showed a reduction in scanxiety.ConclusionsPrevalence and severity of scanxiety varied widely likely due to heterogeneous methods of measurement. A uniform approach to evaluating scanxiety will improve understanding of the phenomenon and help guide interventions.

scholarly journals Depressive, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress symptoms affecting hospitalized and home-isolated COVID-19 patients: a comparative cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amany Elshabrawy Mohamed ◽  
Amira Mohamed Yousef
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Symptoms ◽  
Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale ◽  
Medical Occupation ◽  
Group A ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Group B ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Abstract Background Coronavirus has affected more than 100 million people. Most of these patients are hospitalized in isolation wards or self-quarantined at home. A significant percentage of COVID-19 patients may experience psychiatric symptoms. This study attempts to assess depressive, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress symptoms in home-isolated and hospitalized COVID-19 patients, besides whether the isolation setting affected these symptoms’ presentation. Results The study involved 89 patients with confirmed COVID-19 virus, and the patients were divided into 2 groups: 43 patients in the home-isolated group (group A) and 46 patients in the hospital-isolated group (group B). The majority of subjects were male and married; also, they were highly educated. 30.2% from group A and 47.8% from group B had a medical occupation. There was a statistically significant difference (p= 0.03) between both groups in the presence of chronic disease. There was a statistically significant increase in suicidal thoughts in the home-isolated group (37.2%) (p = 0.008**). We found a statistically significant increase in the abnormal scores of Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale–Depression (HADS–Depression) in the home-isolated group (69.7%) compared to the hospital-isolated group (32.6%) (p <0.001**) which denotes considerable symptoms of depression. Moreover, we found that (32.6%) from the home-isolated group and (39.1%) from the hospital-isolated group had abnormal scores of Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale–Anxiety (HADS–Anxiety) which denotes considerable symptoms of anxiety. Also, we found 66.7% and 87.2% scored positive by the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS) in the home-isolated group and hospital-isolated group, respectively. Which was statistically significant (p = 0.02**). On doing a binary logistic regression analysis of HADS and DTS with significantly related independent factors, we revealed that lower education levels and family history of psychiatric disorder were risk factors for abnormal HADS–Anxiety scores in COVID-19 patients. The medical occupation was a protective factor against having abnormal HADS–Depression scores in COVID-19 patients, while home isolation was a risk factor. On the contrary, the medical occupation was a risk factor for scoring positive in DTS in COVID-19 patients. Simultaneously, low levels of education and home isolation were protective factors. Conclusion A significant number of patients diagnosed with the COVID-19 virus develop depressive, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress symptoms, whether they were isolated in the hospital or at home; besides, the isolation setting may affect the presenting symptoms.

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